| 释义 |
▪ I. naked, a. and n.1|ˈneɪkɪd|
Forms: 1 naecad, nacod, -ud, naced, 2 næcod, nakod, 2– naked, (3 -edd, 3–5 -ede, 4 -ide, 4–6 -id, -yd), 6 nakt, 7 nak't; 4–6 naket, Sc. nakit, (6 nakkit), nakyt, 6 Sc. naiket, -it, -yt, -att, nakyt.
[OE. nacod, næcad, = OFris. naked, naket, MDu. naket, naect (Du. naakt), MLG. naket, OHG. nakot, naccot, nachot, nahhut, etc. (MHG. naket, nachet, G. nackt), ON. nǫkkviðr, neycquiðr (also nǫkð-, nǫkt-, etc.; MSw. nakudher, naqvidher), Goth. naqaþs, naqad-, a participial derivative from the stem *naq-:—pre-Teut. *nogw-, which is also represented in OSl. nagŭ (Russ. nagói), Lith. nůgas, Skr. nagnás, L. nūdus (:—*nogwedos), OIr. nocht.
The West Germ. languages have also forms ending in -n, -nd, or -nt, as OFris. naken, MDu. nakent (Du. dial. nakend), MLG. naken(t, MHG. nackent, nachent (G. nackend), ME. nake(n: the explanation of these is not clear. In Icel. nakinn (Norw. and Sw. naken, Da. nögen) the ending has been altered from -iðr on the analogy of such participles as vakiðr, vakðr, vaktr: vakinn.]
A. adj.
I.
1. a. Unclothed, having no clothing upon the body, stripped to the skin, nude. † Also occas. having only an under-garment on.
c850O.E. Martyrol. (Herzfeld) 26 Þa het he hi nacode lædan to sumum scandhuse. c950Lindisf. Gosp. Mark xiv. 52 He miððy forwarp [sindonem, &] nacod foreflæh from ðæm. c1000ælfric Gen. iii. 7 Hiᵹ oncneowon þa, þæt hiᵹ nacode wæron. Ibid. 10. c 1205 Lay. 6273 Nakede heo weoren and naðing ne rohten. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 27/45 Men vrne nakede al a-boute and wummen al-so. c1369Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 125 Hyr women kaught hir vp anoon, And broghten hir in bed al naked. 1439E.E. Wills (1882) 116 My Image to be made all naked, and nothyng on my hede but myn here cast bakwardys. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon i. 49 It is rayson that we take of oure goode gownes, and goo to the kynge naked. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 43 Then he is torned naked and decked againe with a laymans apparell. 1593Shakes. Rich. II, i. iii. 298 Who can..Wallow naked in December snow by thinking on fantasticke summers heate? 1608R. Armin Nest Ninn. (1842) 24 To bed he goes; and Jemy euer used to lye naked, as is the use of a number. 1673[R. Leigh] Transp. Reh. 11 Innocence..is no less a stranger to the use of swords and guns then the naked Indian. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. (Globe) 498 We advanced a little Way farther, and behold, to our Astonishment, three Women naked..come flying. 1761Brit. Mag. II. 445 The streets were..filled with naked people, some with shirts and shifts on only, and numbers without either. 1822Lamb Elia Ser. i. Decay of Beggars, To be naked is to be so much nearer to the being a man, than to go in livery. 1870Morris Earthly Par. III. iv. 17 Three damsels stood, naked from head to feet Save for the glory of their hair.
absol.c1220Bestiary 219 He fleð fro ðe so neddre fro de nakede. 1663Gerbier Counsel d 6 b, The Inhabitants..affecting no other livery then that of the first naked.
fig.1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 59 b, Where they nowe appeare in theyr likenes, and are beholden naked with the eies of all men. 1579W. Wilkinson Confut. Familye of Love 7 Christ commeth not bare or naked, but clothed and accompanied with all his mercies.
b. In comparisons, as naked as a needle, a worm, one's nail, etc.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xii. 162 Take two stronge men, and in themese caste hem, And bothe naked as a nedle. a1467Gregory's Chron. (Camden) 211 The Lorde Schalys..was slayne at Synt Mary Overeyes.., and laye there dyspoyly nakyd as a worme. 1470–85Malory Arthur xi. i. 572 There syr launcelot toke the fayrest lady by the hand..and she was naked as a nedel. 1559Mirr. Mag. (1562) B b vij, We..Were led in prysoners naked as my nayle. 1633Heywood Eng. Trav. ii. i. C iij b, He..did..so Plucke them and Pull them till hee left them as naked as my Naile. 1654E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot iii. iv. 88 As naked and bare as a shorne Sheep, as we say in our English Proverbe. 1860O. W. Holmes Prof. at Breakfast-Table iii. 39 A friend..had a watch given him..with a loose silver case... You know them,—the cases that you hang on your thumb, while the..real watch, lies in your hand as naked as a peeled apple. 1879–81G. F. Jackson Shropshire Word-Bk. 297 W'y yo' bin as naked as a robin. 1890D. C. Murray John Vale's Guardian III. xxxviii. 215 Time was I wouldn't ha' married her..without her lands. You can send her now as naked as a robin, if you like. 1939N. & Q. 15 July 42/1 As naked as a needle. 1943Amer. Speech XVIII. 67/2 Naked as a jaybird. 1963J. T. Rowland North to Adventure xi. 160 Tell us what you were doing, standing naked as a jaybird. 1974State (Columbia, S. Carolina) 8 Mar. 1-B/1 Just a footnote to ask if there is any truth to the rumor that ‘naked as a jaybird’ is going to be amended to use ‘gamecock’!
c. In the plant-names naked lady or naked ladies, and naked boys, popular appellations of the Meadow Saffron (Colchicum autumnale).
1668Wilkins Real Char. ii. iv. 74 Having naked flowers without any stem;.. Medow Saffron, Naked Lady. a1691Aubrey Nat. Hist. Wilts (1847) 51 Naked-boys (q. if not wild saffron) about Stocton. 1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 320 Naked Ladies, Colchicum. 1853Tyas Pop. Flowers Ser. iii. 2 The Autumnal Crocus, or Meadow Saffron..bears also the name of Naked Lady, from the fact of its pretty flowers presenting themselves without leaves. 1857N. & Q. 2nd Ser. III. 254 In Herefordshire..and in Norfolk, the autumnal crocus..is called commonly..Naked-boys.
d. Of a horse or ass: Without harness or trappings; unsaddled, bare-backed.
c1000ælfric Hom. I. 210 He nolde on nacedum assan ridan. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 244 Bucephalus,..so long as he was naked and without furniture,..would suffer any man to come on his back. 1833Darwin Jrnl. Voy. Beagle viii. (1839) 143 A naked man on a naked horse is a fine spectacle.
e. In printing, naked forme (see quots.).
1683–4J. Moxon Mech. Exerc. Printing (1962) 347 Naked Form,..is when the Furniture is taken from about all sides of the Form. 1888C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 86 Naked forme, a forme of type waiting for—or stripped of—furniture. 1960G. A. Glaister Gloss. Bk. 144/1 A ‘naked forme’ consists of pages of type secured by page-cord; a ‘dressed forme’ is one of pages of type with furniture between and around them and the page-cord removed.
2. a. Of parts of the body: Not covered or protected by clothing; bare, exposed.
1340Ayenb. 244 Wyþ-oute none nakede uisage onwriȝe. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints ii. (Paul) 918 Strakis one his nakit flesche with a swerd. 1390Gower Conf. II. 15 It lay in his nakede arm. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. iv. iii. 101 There is my Dagger, And heere my naked Breast. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 772 On thir naked limbs the flourie roof Showrd Roses. 1805Scott Last Minstr. v. xxiii, His naked foot was dyed with red. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. i. 24 He was..scratching his naked skin.
b. naked bed, orig. used with reference to the custom of sleeping entirely naked; in later use denoting the removal of the ordinary wearing apparel. Now arch.
c1400Destr. Troy 13803 As Vlixes the lorde lay for to slepe..on a night in his naked bed. 1503Hawes Examp. Virt. i. vii, As I in my naked bedde was leyd. 1592Kyd Sp. Trag. ii. v. 1 What out-cries pluck me from my naked bed..? 1617Moryson Itin. i. 242, I had never lien in naked bed since I came from Venice,..having alwaies slept..in my doublet, with linnen breeches and stockings. 1666Pepys Diary 7 Sept., I went the first time into a naked bed, only my drawers on; and did sleep pretty well. 1699R. L'Estrange Erasm. Colloq. (1725) 190 He would sit in a Chair, but very rarely came into his naked bed. 1756T. Amory Buncle (1770) I. 94 This young lady went into naked bed in her cabbin. 1870Mrs. Gordon Life Brewster 297 Sir David exclaimed in horror ‘What! go to your naked bed in the middle of the ocean?’
c. In fig. context, of things personified, of unembodied spirits, etc.
1599Shakes. Hen. V, v. ii. 34 Why that the naked, poore, and mangled Peace..Should not in this..Our fertile France, put vp her louely Visage? 1628Milton Vac. Exerc. 23, I have some naked thoughts that rove about. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. 346 Pan being used not so much for the naked and abstract Deity, as the Deity as it were embodied in this Visible Corporeal World. 1722Wollaston Relig. Nat. ix. 212 When the soul shall be disengaged from the gross matter..and..become naked spirit. 1816Shelley Daemon ii. 242 Before the naked powers that thro' the world Wander like winds have found a human home. 1833Tennyson Two Voices 374 If first I floated free, As naked essence must I be Incompetent of memory.
d. transf. Applied to qualities, actions, etc. in which nakedness is involved.
1667Milton P.L. iv. 290 With native Honour clad In naked Majestie [they] seemd Lords of all. 1728Pope Dunc. ii. 283 In naked majesty Oldmixon stands. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. xl. IV. 53 The naked scenes which Theodora was not ashamed to exhibit in the theatre. 1821Shelley Adonais xxxi, He..Had gazed on Nature's naked loveliness. 1897Manch. Guard. 9 Aug. 10/4 Say whether this is naked weight or weight in cycling costume.
3. a. Destitute of clothing (implying poverty and wretchedness). Also occas. of animals: Stripped of the usual warm covering.
c850O.E. Martyrol. (Herzfeld) 204 Him com onᵹean an þearfende man nacod on cealdum wyntra. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxv. 36 Ic wæs nacud & ᵹe me scryddon. c1200Ormin 6164 Þe birrþ claþenn nakedd mann. 1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 508 Naked we come hider, and bare And pure. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. vii. 212 Alle manere of Men þat þou mayȝt aspye, Þat neodi ben, or naket. c1480Henryson Mor. Fab. 1257 (Sheep & Dog), The Scheip..sauld the woll, he bure vpoun his bak;..Nakit and bair syne to the feild couth pas. 1551Crowley Pleas. & Pain 29 Naked and bare, hauynge no clothes my fleshe to hyde. 1605Shakes. Lear iii. iv. 28 Poore naked wretches..That bide the pelting of this pittilesse storme. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 679 Short of their Wool, and naked from the Sheer.
absol.a900Cynewulf Crist 1354 Þonne ᵹe..him hleoð ᵹefon hingrendum hlaf & hræᵹl nacedum. 971Blickl. Hom. 213 He wolde..hingriᵹendum mete syllan, & nacode scrydan. a1225Leg. Kath. 102 Ha..spende al þet oðer in neodfule & in nakede. a1300Cursor M. 20121 Naked and hungri sco cled & fede. c1400Rule St. Benet (Verse) 582 Cleth þe naked þat hase nede. 1500–20Dunbar Poems ix. 29, [I have not] Harbreit the wolsome, nor naikit cled att all. 1535Coverdale Job xxii. 6 Thou hast..robbed the naked of their clothinge. 1692Dryden Eleanora 47 The afflicted came, The hunger-starved, the naked and the lame.
b. Bare or destitute of means. rare.
a1625Fletcher Hum. Lieut. iii. v, I am a poor man, naked, Yet something for remembrance,..gentlemen. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. (Globe) 507, I had been stripp'd naked, in a remote Country, and nothing to help myself. 1722― Col. Jack (1840) 165 Thus a naked planter has credit at his beginning. 1893Stevenson Catriona v, In the meanwhile I am held naked in my prison.
†4.
a. Without weapons (or armour); unarmed.
1375Barbour Bruce x. 431 He wes armyt and wes vycht, The tothir nakyt wes,..And had nocht for till stynt no strak. 1489Paston Lett. III. 359 My seid Lord of Northumberland heryng..that they wer but naked men, addressed hym self towardes theym withoute eny harneys. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 95 This vilaine was armed, and the other man naked. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. iii. 186 Baith the parties war vnarmet, or as we vse to speik, naked men. 1644Prerog. Anatomized 4 It's hard usage,..because in time of peace, I walke unarm'd, to put me naked in the front of a Battell. 1727De Foe Hist. Appar. viii. 143, I scorn to take up a sword against a naked man. 1787Minor iii. ix. 186, I could not endure the idea of killing a naked man.
fig.1693Wood Life (O.H.S.) IV. 49 He disarmes the author, then fights with him naked.
b. Without defence or protection; defenceless, unprotected; open or exposed to assault or injury.
1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 265 If they should leave their owne countrey naked,..others would take possession. 1603R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. 61 He is forced to keepe the greater part of those troupes at home, vnless he should lay naked his estates to infinite casualties. 1688S. Penton Guard. Instr. (1897) 18 Left naked to infinite temptations of doing nothing, or worse. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 180 ⁋3 As a small garrison must leave one part of an extensive fortress naked when an alarm calls them to another. 1822Shelley When the lamp is shattered iv, Thine eagle home [will] Leave thee naked to laughter. 1863Cowden Clarke Shaks. Char. xv. 373 Gaunt suddenly fell away from him..and left him naked to the tender mercies of his priestly enemies.
II.
5. a. Of a sword or other weapon: Not covered by a sheath; unsheathed.
Beowulf 539 Hæfdon swurd nacod..heard on handa. c888K. ælfred Boeth. xxix. §1 Him ealne weᵹ.. hangað nacod sweord ofer ðæm heafde be smale þræde. c1205Lay. 686 Bi þone toppe he hine nom..& his nakede sweord leide on his necke. 13..Sir Beues (A.) 3648 Þai..bete hire wiþ swerdes naked. 1390Gower Conf. I. 287 He..tok him..A naked swerd to bere on honde. c1450Merlin 409 The Ban and the kynge Bohors com on with swerdes naked in her handes. 1535Coverdale Micah v. 6 These shal subdue..the londe of Nymrod with their naked weapens. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, iv. ii. 21 Scarce blood enough..To giue each naked Curtleax a stayne. 1634Peacham Gentl. Exerc. ii. v. 118 In her right hand a naked poniard. 1714Pope Epil. Rowe's J. Shore 44 Many an honest man may copy Cato, Who ne'er saw naked sword. 1802Naval Chron. VII. 83 Was not your sword naked? 1887Bowen Virg. æneid ii. 334 Naked steel and glittering blade Ready, and ranged for slaughter.
†b. Of the tongue: Thrust out, exposed. Obs.—1
c725Corpus Gloss. (Hessels) E 499 Exserta lingua, naecad tunge.
6. a. Free from concealment or reserve; plain, straightforward; outspoken, free. Now rare.
a1225Ancr. R. 316 Schrift ȝet schal beon naked, þet is, nakedliche imaked. Ibid., Þis nis nout naked schrift. c1391Chaucer Astrol. Prol., This tretis..wole I shewe the under ful lihte rewles & naked wordes in englissh. 16022nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. i. ii. 281 What cares he for modest close coucht termes... Giue him plaine naked words stript from their shirts. 1652Sir C. Cotterell tr. Calprenède's Cassandra iii. iv. (1676) 296 By this naked confession of my life. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. xl. IV. 53 note, A fragment of the Anecdotes, somewhat too naked, was suppressed by Alemannus. c1789― Mem. (1857) 122 The most naked tale in my history is told by the Rev. Mr. Joseph Warton.
b. the naked truth, the plain truth, without concealment or addition.
a1585Montgomerie Cherry & Slae 1141, I..trewly tald the naikit truth To men that melld with me. 1663Butler Hud. i. ii. 36 We shall tell The naked Truth of what befel. 1709Berkeley Th. Vision §120 It is scarce possible to deliver the naked and precise truth. 1843R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xiv. 181, I have not deviated in the slightest degree from the strict and naked truth. 1889Jessopp Coming of Friars v. 242 An unmarried woman was a chattel... That is the naked truth.
c. naked force, unconcealed, ruthless force.
1963E. Wilson in New Statesman 6 Dec. 847/2 According to the United States State Department, Fidel Castro uses naked force in Cuba.
7. a. Exposed to view or examination; uncovered, stripped of all disguise or concealment.
1382Wyclif Job xxvi. 6 Nakid is helle beforn hym. a1535Fisher Serm. Wks. (1876) 401 All thinges be naked and open before his eyes. 1579Fulke Heskins' Parl. 129 With a naked soule, and pure minde you beholde those thinges that are in heauen. 1611Bible Micah i. 11 Passe yee away thou inhabitant of Saphir, hauing thy shame naked. 1672Marvell Reh. Transp. i. 96, I shall without Art write down his own Words..as they ly naked to the view of every Reader. 1703Rowe Ulyss. ii. i, My Friends, who view my naked Soul. 1781Cowper Expost. 339 Darkness itself before His eye is light, And hell's close mischief naked in His sight. 1819Lady Charleville in Lady Morgan Autobiog. (1859) 272, I show you this to read my naked heart. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 11 Should we not ask him to show us his soul, naked and undisguised?
b. Plain, obvious, clear.
1589T. Cooper Admon. 192 That considering the proofe to be naked in it selfe, thou mayest the better iudge of the strength thereof. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 496 Chamberlayne laid his plan, in all its naked absurdity, before the Commons. 1884St. James's Gaz. 12 Aug. 3/1 People..shut their eyes in the face of staring, naked, palpable facts.
III. 8. a. Bare, destitute, or devoid of something. † Also const. from.
c897K. ælfred Gregory's Past C. lvi. 431 Se lyteᵹa feond swa micle ieðlicor ðæt mod ᵹewundað swa he hit onᵹiet nacodre ðære byrnan wærscipes. c1220Bestiary 144 Ðanne ðe neddre is of his hid naked. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 199 But þouȝ here children ben nakid fro virtues in soule, þei chargen noþing. 1533Bellenden Livy i. xi. (S.T.S.) I. 64 Mecius..was als nakit of manhede and curage as he was of faith. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 149 Freewill is made naked of all maner merite. 1632Lithgow Trav. viii. 361 The maritine Townes..being left halfe naked of defence. 1665–6Pepys Diary 19 Jan., It is a remarkable thing how infinitely naked..Covent Garden is..of people. 1709Steele Tatler No. 2 ⁋3 They thought fit to leave him naked of the proper Means to make those Excellencies useful. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. lxxvii. VI. 629 The monuments of antiquity had been left naked of their precious ornaments.
b. Bare, lacking, or defective in some respect.
c1386Chaucer Sec. Nun's T. 486 If thou speke of moo, Thow liest; for thy power is full naked. 1549Compl. Scot. Prol. 16 To condamp and repreif this raggit naykyt tracteit. 1622Bacon Hen. VII (1876) 37 Concerning which battle the relations that are left unto us are so naked and negligent [etc.]. 1692Dryden St. Euremont's Ess. 340 The Pleasures of the Senses sometimes render despicable the Satisfactions of the Mind, as too dry, and too naked. 1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. (Bohn) 210 The poem..is..written in language as unraised and naked as any perhaps in the two volumes.
c. Clean, clear, unfilled, unoccupied.
1643Prynne Sov. Power Parlt. App. 205 Moreover, he hath sold..very many naked and unwritten Parchments. c1660South Serm. John vii. 17 (1715) I. 231 It finds the Mind naked, and unprepossessed with any former Notions. 1822Syd. Smith Wks. (1859) II. 1/1 It is a great point in any question to clear away encumbrances, and to make a naked circle about the object in dispute.
9. a. Devoid of trees or other vegetation; bare, barren, waste. † Of water: Having no weeds.
[c1385Chaucer L.G.W. Prol. 126 Forgeten had the erthe his pore estat Of winter, that him naked made and mat.] 1549Compl. Scot. xi. 92 Ȝe sal be compellit to laubir the naikyt feildis vitht ȝour auen handis to there proffet. 1615G. Sandys Trav. 227 So was I left alone on a naked promontorie right against the Citie. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 716 We see the naked Alps, and thin Remains Of scatter'd Cotts. 1721Bradley Philos. Acc. Wks. Nat. 180 They are better fed Fish, and much larger in such Ponds, than where they have only a naked Water. 1784Cowper Task iii. 773 Those naked acres. 1793― A Tale v, Sea-beaten rocks and naked shores. 1839Alison Hist. Europe (1849–50) VIII. liii. §3. 398 No forests clothe their sides; naked, they present their arid fronts to the shivering blasts. 1879Farrar St. Paul (1883) 206 The corruption which the ebbing tide..had left upon the naked sands.
b. Bare of leaves or foliage; leafless.
1591Spenser Daphn. xlviii, Let birds be silent on the naked spray. 1602Marston Antonio's Rev. Prol., Wks. 1856 I. 71 Snarling gusts nibble the juyceles leaves, From the nak't shuddring branch. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. ii. 562 When Storms have shed From Vines the hairy Honours of their Head;..Ev'n then the naked Vine he persecutes. 1784Cowper Task vi. 141 These naked shoots, Barren as lances, among which the wind Makes wintry music. 1841Browning Pippa Passes i, How these tall Naked geraniums straggle! 1882Garden 25 Feb. 135/2 Laurels and Hollies that have got naked at bottom should now be headed down.
c. Of ground, rock, etc.: Devoid of any covering or overlying matter; exposed.
1693Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Gard. II. 146 Some plants which our Climate is not capable naturally of producing in the naked Ground. 1759Martin Nat. Hist. I. 15 The lower Parts, or Basis of the Rock lie intirely naked. 1776G. Semple Building in Water 3 The Workmen..built Part of the Piers..on Part of the Foundation..and the rest of them on the naked Bed of the River. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) II. 248/1 Whether we take this method or begin upon the naked floor [of the foundation]. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xviii. IV. 191 Huge precipices of naked stone frown on both sides. 1887W. Phillips Brit. Discomyc. 70 [It grows] on the naked ground in damp and shady woods.
d. naked fallow, a ‘bare’ fallow, one on which no crop at all is grown (cf. fallow n.2). So naked fallowing.
1805R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 364 Such soils as may..require the aid of naked or summer fallowing. 1808J. C. Curwen Hints Feeding Stock 234 Though no friend to naked fallows, I was obliged [etc.]. 1840J. Buel Farmer's Companion 169 On substituting fallow crops for naked fallows. 1889[see fallow n. 2].
e. transf. of the wind: Bleak, cold.
1821Shelley Hellas 293 A flock Of wild swans struggling with the naked storm. 1834R. Mudie Feathered Tribes (1841) I. 49 The black cock has the shelter of the bush when the naked wind blows.
10. a. Destitute of sails or tackle. rare.
1390Gower Conf. I. 183 [He] hath ordeined..A nakid Schip withoute stiere. c1400Destr. Troy 3701 All þere takyll was tynt, tylude ouer borde, The nauy wex nakit; noy was on honde. 1819Shelley Cyclops 18, I myself stood on the beaked prow And fixed the naked mast.
b. Destitute of carpets, hangings, or similar furnishings; unfurnished.
1528Gardiner in Burnet Hist. Ref. (ed. Pocock) I. 89 We pass three chambers all naked and unhanged. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. v. ii. 805 Go with speed To some forlorne and naked Hermitage. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 386 The spirits of many long before that time will finde but naked habitations. 1704Pope Windsor For. 68 The hollow winds thro' naked temples roar. 1788F. Burney Diary 1 Dec., He longed, he said, to cover all the naked, cold boards, to render them [the rooms] more habitable. 1822Galt Steam-boat iv. 74 To cover the naked walls they had brought carpets from home. a1834Coleridge in Rem. (1836) II. 77 The stage in Shakspeare's time was a naked room with a blanket for a curtain.
c. naked flooring, the timbers which support the flooring boards.
1823in Crabb Technol. Dict. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 569 Naked flooring, for ball-rooms, should be framed very strong. 1847Smeaton Builder's Man. 74 There are three kinds of naked flooring: single, double, and framed.
d. Devoid of ornament or facing of any kind; plain and bare.
1850T. Inkersley Styles Archit. France 313 The enormous projection of the naked buttresses. 1879Stevenson Trav. Donkey 48 Here and there a few naked cottages and bleak fields. 1892T. B. F. Eminson Epid. Pneumonia at Scotter 12, Cesspools of naked brick.
11. a. Uncovered, unprotected, exposed.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 389 Moles want their sight, because they have not their eyes open and naked as other Beasts. 1771Burke Corr. (1844) I. 280, I always felt it on the naked nerve, and with the quickest, sorest sensibility. 1852Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xi. 94 It seemed as if every blow cut into my naked heart. 1861J. R. Greene Man. Anim. Kingd., Cœlent. 94 In some Plumulariæ the gonophores appear to be naked. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 325 These changes are described as occurring..in the ultimate naked fibrils.
b. Not placed within a case or receptacle; esp. naked light (also attrib.).
a1626Middleton Mayor Queenb. i. ii, Yes, sir, in lanterns; but I'll never trust candle naked again. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 1079 As the naked cage of Davy often gets red-hot with flame [etc.]. 1842Parnell Chem. Anal. (1845) 13 The crucible..should never be introduced naked into the fire. 1865Morn. Star 3 Nov., The Use of Naked Lights in a Fiery Mine. 1886S.W. Lincolnsh. Gloss. s.v., We don't reckon to take a nak'd light into the yard. 1929R. Graves Poems 18 Then it's those naked-light instructions That the muctions plaster up. 1966Listener 18 Aug. 237/1 The naked electric-light bulb had to be left on all day. 1971Chambers's Dict. Sci. & Technol. 787/2 Naked-light mine, nonfiery mine, where safety lamps are not required.
c. naked fire, an open fire, one not closed in by any contrivance. ? Obs.
1673Grew Philos. Hist. Plants (1682) 19 The strongest heat which a naked fire in that Furnace would produce. 1756C. Lucas Ess. Waters III. 68 It requires a naked fire to fuse it. 1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. II. 189 Place the retort on a sand-bath, or a naked fire.
12. Bot.
a. Of seeds: Not enclosed in a case or ovary; having no pericarp.
1578Lyte Dodoens iv. viii. 461 The grayne..is naked, bare, and cleane. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Naked Seeds.., such Seeds of Plants, as are not included in any Pod or Case. 1776–96Withering Brit. Plants II. 179 Flowers of 1 petal, beneath, and 4 naked seeds. 1846–50A. Wood Class-bk. Bot. 52 Truly naked seeds are found in few plants. 1875Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. 433 The cases are, however, not rare in which the seeds remain quite naked from first to last.
b. Of stalks, etc.: Destitute of leaves. Of leaves, etc.: Free from hairs; smooth, glabrous.
1721Bradley Philos. Acc. Wks. Nat. 34 Plants, whose..whole Foliate or naked Roots put forth every Spring their fresh Flower-Stalks. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Leaf, Naked Leaf expresses a leaf whose surface is smooth and equal, without any particular marks. Ibid. s.v. Stalk, Naked stalk, one that has no leaves. 1776–96Withering Brit. Plants II. 320 The barren branches naked and bent backwards. 1860A. Gray Man. Bot. 281 Flowers perfect, solitary or long naked scapes or peduncles.
c. In the specific names of varieties of grain having naked seeds, as naked barley and naked oats, or of plants with naked stems, as naked broom-rape.
1578Lyte Dodoens iv. viii. 461 The naked or hulled Barley groweth in some places of Fraunce. 1678Salmon Pharm. Lond. i. iv. 117 Zeopyrum, Naked Barley. 1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 136 In Staffordshire..is a sort of red or naked Oats. 1764Museum Rust. III. 151 The naked oat..I am told is very much cultivated in Cornwall. 1808J. Walker Econ. Hist. Hebrides I. 229 The naked oat..is so called, because the grain..falls naked from the head, like a grain of wheat. 1835Penny Cycl. III. 166/2 The naked oat..is found wild in many parts of Europe. 1838Ibid. XII. 291/1 Naked Barley, a species but little cultivated now, is of unknown origin. 1860A. Gray Man. Bot. 281 Aphyllon, Naked Broom-rape.
13. a. Zool. Destitute of hair or scales; not defended by a shell.
1769E. Bancroft Guiana 134 A long tail, which is almost naked towards the end. 1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 364 Skin naked, with longitudinal folds. 1844Carpenter Zool. §573 The Cod tribe..have a long body..covered with soft scales,—the head, however, being naked. 1897H. O. Forbes Hand-bk. Primates II. 199 The front, top, and sides of the head and face are nearly naked.
b. As the distinctive epithet of classes of animals (see quots.).
1601Holland Pliny xxix. vi. II. 365 Naked snailes (I meane those that bee found without shells.) 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VII. 112 Klein gives them a class..under the name of Naked Quadrupedes. 1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 364 Family III. Naked Serpents. 1834McMurtrie Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 270 The naked Acephala are not numerous. 1840tr. Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 336 We call those Mollusca naked in which the cloak is simply membranous or fleshy. 1851Woodward Mollusca i. 62 The rest are termed ‘naked cephalopods’, because the shell is internal.
IV.
14. a. Left without any addition; not strengthened or increased in any way; bare, mere; † absolute.
c1000ælfric On New Test. (Grein) 21 Nu miht þu wel witan, þæt weorc sprecan swiðor, þonne þa nacodon word. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 35 Whi schulde curatis pronounsen here breþeren a cursed for nakid lettris of syche coueitous prelatis. 1523Skelton Garl. Laurel 1205 Harde to make ought of that is nakid nought. 1552Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 48 Thai that presumis owyr mekil of thair awin nakit frewill & gud deedis. a1652J. Smith Sel. Disc. iv. 103 A naked perception of sensible impressions, without any work of reason. 1700C. Nesse Antid. Armin. (1827) 17 Some grant..to the non-elect only a prescience or naked foresight. 1785Burke Sp. Nabob Arcot Wks. 1842 I. 319/2 On these principles he chooses to suppose..a naked possibility. 1837T. Jones Christian Warrior iii. xv. 77 He would make him believe that a naked Christ and a naked faith is quite enough. 1876Stainer & Barrett Dict. Mus. Terms, Naked fourth, the interval of a fourth without the addition of any other interval.
b. Not accompanied by, or overlaid with, remarks or comments; expressed in plain unadorned language.
c1400Cato's Mor. 345 in Cursor M. 1673 Þou wondris in þi witte þat I wrate þis writte in twa versis nakid. 1450–1530Myrr. our Ladye 3 In many places where the nakyd letter..ys not easy for symple soulles to vnderstonde; I expounde yt..more openly. 1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. ii. vii. §1 To draw all things unto the determination of bare and naked Scripture. 1655S. Ashe Funeral Serm. Gataker 25 This I enlarge not by specifying instances, because the naked quotations may be sufficient. 1711Addison Spect. No. 39 ⁋ 6 The naked Thought of every Speech..divested of all its Tragick Ornaments. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. 377 Herein they state the naked facts, as they find them to be proved. 1835Thirlwall Greece iii. I. 65 This is the naked abstract of the tradition. 1878O. W. Holmes Motley xxiv. 226 One who felt himself wronged must not be expected to reason in naked syllogisms.
c. Not otherwise supported, assured, or confirmed. (Chiefly in legal use.)
c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 420 Sith þei supposen þat hor naked graunte is als myche worthe as graunte wiþ hor lettres. c1555Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (Camden) 45 If the parties make but a naked and bare promise of affiance. 1616T. Godwin Moses & Aaron (1641) 257 The making of peace was a naked stipulation..for the laying aside of all hostile affections. 1681Stair Inst. Law Scot. 116 Whether it be a naked Paction or Promise, or a Mutual Contract. 1766Blackstone Comm. II. 195 The lowest and most imperfect degree of title consists in the mere naked possession, or actual occupation of the estate. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) II. 455 Suppose a naked right, or a contingent remainder had descended. 1823Crabb Technol. Dict., Nude contract, a bare naked contract, without a consideration, which is void in law. 1871Schele de Vere Americanisms 509 Naked possessor, is the odd title by which, in Texas and the Southwestern States, the occupant of a farm is known, who can show no title to his land. 1877Tennyson Harold ii. ii, Thou art perfect in all honour! Thy naked word thy bond!
d. Not supported by proof or evidence.
1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 43 b, Unlesse you suppose, that with your naked clamorous affirmatives ye may expell them out of the Church. 1632Lithgow Trav. x. 457 Onely for a naked suspition, mistaking the honorable intention of the English. 1673Cave Prim. Chr. i. iv. 81 None were ever greater Enemies to a naked profession. 1817Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. vii. 603 For the evidence of these designs, Mr. Hastings presents his own naked assertion.
15. a. naked eye, the eye itself, unassisted by the microscope, telescope, or other aid to vision. So naked sight.
1664Power Exp. Philos. i. 17 Smaller than the smallest hair our naked eyes can discover. 1672Grew Anat. Veget. iii. 77 As the Tract of these Pores appears to the naked Eye. 1711Addison Spect. No. 121 ⁋9 Such [creatures] as are bulky enough for the naked Eye to take hold of. 1789F. Burney Diary 18 Jan., With my glass..I can see just as other people see with the naked eye. 1812Woodhouse Astron. xxiii. 240 To the naked sight, or to unassisted vision. 1875Manning Mission H. Ghost xiii. 359 The naked eye cannot perceive them, but the power of the microscope reveals them.
b. attrib. Visible to the naked eye.
1876Trans. Clinical Soc. IX. 138 The naked-eye characters being..characteristic. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 963 There was no naked-eye damage to the cord. 1908Westm. Gaz. 11 Aug. 12/1 The other naked-eye planets are too near the sun to be visible. 1930Times Educ. Suppl. 5 Jan. p. iv/3 Within the limit of the naked-eye visibility. 1965Listener 20 May 741/1 Another naked-eye cluster is Præsepe in Cancer, now well placed during the evenings.
16. Undiluted, neat. rare—1.
1824Scott Redgauntlet let. xiii, I am drinking naked spirits, I think.
17. Comb., as naked-armed, naked-bladed, naked-eyed, naked-flowered, naked-flowering, naked-footed (also adv.), naked-handed (also adv.), naked-limbed, naked-nerved, naked-seeded, naked-tailed adjs. Also naked ape, man, Homo sapiens; naked-beard grass, an American grass having an abortive flower; naked boys, lady, see sense A I. 1 c; † naked-tail (see quot.).
1967D. Morris (title) The *naked ape. 1967Spectator 10 Nov. 577/1 Even before man has destroyed all other animals to make more room for himself, the naked ape may well destroy himself also. 1973W. Barlow Alexander Principle iii. 33 The ‘Naked Ape’ has replaced Rousseau's ‘Noble Savage’.
1891T. Hardy Tess xxix, Tess had come out..*naked-armed and jacketless.
1860Gray Man. Bot. 553 Gymnopogon. *Naked-beard Grass.
1856Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh i. 330 And with two grey-steel *naked-bladed eyes Searched through my face.
1848E. Forbes (title) A Monograph of the British *naked-eyed Medusæ. Ibid. 3 In the naked-eyed species. 1870Nicholson Man. Zool. x. (1875) 119 The ‘naked-eyed’ Medusæ..are exceedingly elegant..when examined in a living condition.
1853Tyas Pop. Flowers Ser. iii. 2 The *Naked-flowered Crocus (C. nudiflorus) adorns the meadows..in the fall of the year. 1885Globe 31 Jan. 1/5 Of the shrubs,..none is more kindly than the yellow naked-flowered jasmine.
1841Macgillivray Withering's Brit. Plants 63 C. nudiflorus, *naked-flowering Crocus. 1855Miss Pratt Flower. Pl. V. 233 Naked-flowering Saffron.
1923D. H. Lawrence Birds, Beasts & Flowers 16 And yet the soul continuing, *naked-footed, ever more vividly embodied.
1848Sporting Life 1 July 210/2 The savage..does not fear to encounter the dangers of his chase *naked-handed. 1869Whittier Hive at Gettysburg in Poetical Works (1898) 380/2 And he who, lone and naked-handed, tore Those jaws of death apart.
a1930D. H. Lawrence Phoenix (1936) iii. 164 There the painted women dance..opposite the *naked-limbed men.
1933Dylan Thomas Let. Nov. (1966) 48 It is typical of the..*naked-nerved..to emphasise its brutality.
1776Lee Botany 415 (Jod.) Gymnospermia, *naked-seeded.
1845Encycl. Metrop. XIV. 495/1 In Guaiana is found the rabo pelado, or *naked-tail, a ravenous animal, of the vulpine species.
1841Waterhouse Marsup. 94 *Naked-tailed opossum, Didelphys nudi-caudata.
B. n.1
1. the naked:
†a. The naked skin. Obs. rare.
a1400–50Alexander 4182 Quare it neȝes on þe nakid it noyis for euire. c1400Destr. Troy 6403 He shot þrough the shild & the shene maile,..Hit neghit to þe nakid.
†b. Art. The nude. Obs.
1735Pope Ep. Lady 188 Artists! who can paint or write, To draw the Naked is your true delight. 1753Hogarth Anal. Beauty xi. 91 The drapery..helps to satisfy the eye,..without depriving the beholder of any part of the beauties of the naked.
c. The face or plain surface of a wall, etc.
1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 66 Angles jutting out from the naked of the Wall. 1776G. Semple Building in Water 13 The Cutwaters..extend 12 Feet each beyond the naked of the Bridge. 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Builder 339 Naked of a Wall, the vertical or battering surface, whence all projectures arise. 1842Gwilt Archit. 1007.
†2. Art. A nude figure. Obs.
1622Peacham Compl. Gent. ii. xiii. (1634) 148 Hee excelled in Perspective, and above all other masters laboured in Nakeds. 1675A. Browne App. Art of Limning 21 To understand how to make choice of a good Naked, and to draw it well.
Add:[A.] [II.] [7.] c. Astron. Designating a space-time singularity in the form of a collapsed material body which is not surrounded by an event horizon and is therefore visible to an external observer. Usu. as naked singularity.
1969R. Penrose in Rivista Nuovo Cimento I. Numero Speciale. 273 (caption) A ‘naked singularity’ (Kerr–Newman solution with m2 2 + e2 ). Ibid. 274 Have we any right to suggest that the only type of collapse which can occur is one in which the space-time singularities lie hidden, deep inside the protective shielding of an absolute event horizon?.. If in fact naked singularities do arise, then there is a whole new realm opened up for wild speculations! 1977N.Y. Rev. Bks. 29 Sept. 23/1 If a spacetime singularity actually occurs and can be observed, it is called a ‘naked singularity’. 1978Nature 20 Apr. 740/2 Dr Wald pays more attention than most authors to the intriguing question of cosmic censorship—can gravitational collapse cause the occurrence of space-time singularities that are not hidden inside black holes, that is, are naked? 1981P. Davies Edge of Infinity v. 92 A great deal of investigation has been undertaken to determine whether singularities can ever occur naked, or whether they will always be safely hidden inside black holes.
▪ II. † naked, n.2 Obs. rare.
[f. prec.]
Nakedness.
c1000ælfric Deut. xxviii. 48 Drihten asent hungor on eow and þurst and næcede. c1470Henryson Orph. & Eur. 529 For this dispyte quhen he was deid anon Was dampnyt..To suffer hunger, thrist, nakit and cald. |