| 释义 |
naturalism|ˈnætjʊərəlɪz(ə)m|
[f. natural a. + -ism. Cf. F. naturalisme.]
1. Action arising from, or based on, natural instincts, without spiritual guidance († also with pl.); a system of morality or religion having a purely natural basis.
a1641Bp. R. Montagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 211 Atheists or men..who will admit of nothing but Morality, but Naturalismes, and humane reason. 1753tr. Frey's Acc. Moravians 34 The Naturalism and lawless Priviledges of the first Class. 1866Liddon Bampton Lect. vi. (1875) 308 Pagans yield to those instincts of creature-worship which mere naturalism is ever prone to indulge. 1884Symonds Shaks. Predec. iii. 96 A spirit survived from the old heathen past,..which we may describe as naturalism. 1894Thinker V. 346 A mythological system, with innumerable gods grafted upon the original element of naturalism.
2. Philos. A view of the world, and of man's relation to it, in which only the operation of natural (as opposed to supernatural or spiritual) laws and forces is admitted or assumed. Also, the view that moral concepts can be analysed in terms of concepts applicable to natural phenomena.
1750Warburton Julian 42 note, [Ammianus] being..a religious Theist, and untainted with the Naturalism of Tacitus. 1794Hurd Life Warburton 72 Lord Bolingbroke..was of that sect, which, to avoid a more odious name, chuses to distinguish itself by that of Naturalism. 1816R. Hall Let. Wks. 1832 V. 502 Their system is naturalism, not the evangelical system. 1858Sears Athan. 4 By the word ‘Naturalism’ we describe a belief in nature alone. 1874W. Wallace Hegel's Logic §60. 100 Materialism or Naturalism, therefore, is the only consistent and thorough-going system of Empiricism. 1894J. Seth Study of Ethical Princ. iii. ii. 398 We are offered..a new version of the ‘Ethics of Naturalism’, far superior to the old Utilitarian version, superior because so much more scientific. 1903G. E. Moore Principia Ethica ii. 40, I have thus appropriated the name Naturalism to a particular method of approaching Ethics. 1945K. R. Popper Open Society I. v. 60 Ethical naturalism..has recently been used for confusing the whole issue by advertising certain reactionary, and allegedly ‘natural’ rights as ‘natural laws’. 1952R. M. Hare Lang. Morals ii. 30 Professor G. E. Moore's celebrated ‘refutation of naturalism’. Ibid. v. 92 Naturalism in ethics, like attempts to square the circle..will constantly recur so long as there are people who have not understood the fallacy involved. 1967Encycl. Philos. III. 69/1 According to ethical naturalism, moral judgments just state a special subclass of facts about the natural world.
3. A style or method characterized by close adherence to, and faithful representation of, nature or reality:
a. in literature.
a1850Rossetti Dante & Circ. i. (1874) 21 The earliest prominent example of a naturalism without afterthought in the whole of Italian poetry. 1859Kingsley Misc. II. 136 That Naturalism which threatened to end in sheer brutality. 1881Daily News 13 June 4/4 That unnecessarily faithful portrayal of offensive incidents for which M. Zola has found the new name of ‘Naturalism’.
b. in art.
1852A. Jameson Leg. Madonna Introd. 37 The mannerism of the Italians, and the naturalism of the Flemish painters. 1853Ruskin Stones Ven. III. i. §11 The Gothic naturalism advancing gradually from the Byzantine severity. 1884Bazaar 26 Dec. 681/3 Foregrounds of rush and wild flower he paints with extraordinary facility and naturalism.
4. Adherence or attachment to what is natural.
1865M. Arnold Ess. Crit. v. 186 Goethe's profound, imperturbable naturalism is absolutely fatal to all routine thinking. 1884Seeley in Contemp. Rev. Oct. 502 His naturalism, his enjoyment of the world as it is. |