| 释义 |
‖ nirvana|nɜːˈvɑːnə|
Also Nirwana.
[a. Skr. nirvāṇa, blowing out, extinction, disappearance, etc., f. nirvā to blow.]
1. In Buddhist theology, the extinction of individual existence and absorption into the supreme spirit, or the extinction of all desires and passions and attainment of perfect beatitude.
α1836Penny Cycl. V. 531/1 The expression, which Bauddhas seem to be particularly fond of employing, is Nirvâna. 1864Max Müller Sci. Lang. Ser. ii. 346 The Nothing..under the name of Nirvána has become the highest goal of millions among the followers of Buddha. 1880Goldw. Smith in Atlantic Monthly 204 In justice to Buddhism it must be remembered that there is more than one interpretation of Nirvana.
β1857W. Smith Thorndale iv. vii. 370 A Buddhist Saint sits motionless under his Bo tree to earn Nirwana. 1871Alabaster Wheel of Law p. xxxvii, Nirwana, the extinction of all this kind of existence, must therefore be the object of the truly wise man. 1876C. M. Davies Unorth. Lond. (ed. 2) 309 Breathing such a tone of mystic devotion as suggested the Brahminical Nirwana.
b. transf. or fig.
1895Balfour Foundations Belief 64 The very Nirvana of artistic imagination, without desire and without pain. 1902‘Linesman’ Words Eyewitness 341 Universal peace!..is a Nirvana unattainable until after the death of the weary, yearning bodies who desire it.
2. Nirvana principle Psychol., in psychoanalytic theory, the attraction felt by the psyche for a state of non-existence, which Freud connected with the death-instinct, countering the tensions set up by the pleasure principle.
1920B. Low Psycho-Analysis (ed. 2) iii. 73 It is possible that deeper than the Pleasure-principle lies the Nirvana-principle, as one may call it—the desire of the newborn creature to return to that stage of omnipotence, where there are no non-fulfilled desires, in which it existed within the mother's womb. 1924J. Riviere tr. Freud's Econ. Problem in Masochism in Coll. Papers II. xxii. 256 For this tendency that has been presumed by us Barbara Low has suggested the name Nirvana-principle, which we accept. But we have unquestioningly identified the pleasure-pain-principle with this Nirvana-principle. Ibid. 257 The Nirvana-principle expresses the tendency of the death-instincts. 1936Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Jan. 286 In the biological-physical conception of a tendency to death (for which they would reserve the name ‘Nirvana principle’) there is no room for Eros. 1973L. Bellak et al. Ego Functions ii. xiv. 212 Do these data invalidate the Nirvana principle, or can that tenet be modified to include the seemingly contradictory clinical observations?
Hence Nirˈvanic a., of the nature of Nirvana; Nirˈvana-ing vbl. n., experiencing the state of nirvana; Nirˈvanist, one who experiences this state.
1893E. F. Benson Six Common Things 73 In spite of the nirvanic remoteness of its nature, it is not troubled by human emotions. 1898G. B. Shaw Perfect Wagnerite 106 He rested himself as a Pessimist and Nirvanist. 1921D. H. Lawrence in Reminisc. & Corr. (1934) 23 Nirvana-ing is surely a state of continuing as you are. 1922― Aaron's Rod xxi. 309 And you've never got to think you'll dodge the responsibility of your own soul's self, by loving or sacrificing or Nirvanaing. a1930― Sex, Lit. & Censorship (1955) 101 Even the Nirvanists consider man as a fixed entity. |