| 释义 |
▪ I. node, n.|nəʊd|
[ad. L. nōd-us knot, nodus.]
1. A knot or complication; an entanglement.
1572J. Bossewell Armorie iii. 4, I will not here dissolue the node, ne yet maye not, but..I will partly declare my simple iudgement therein. 1828–32Webster, Node, in poetry, the knot, intrigue or plot of a piece, or the principal difficulty. 1851C. L. Smith tr. Tasso iv. xxiii, To her are known all frauds with tangled node. 1872Geo. Eliot Middlem. xix, There are characters which are continually creating collisions and nodes for themselves in dramas which nobody is prepared to act with them.
2. a. A knot, knob, or protuberance, on a root, branch, etc.
1582J. Hester Secr. Phiorav. iii. lxv. 89 If ye take those nodes or knottes that are on the rootes, and stampe them and boile them. 1611Florio, Nocchio, any..nodositie, node,..or ruggednesse in any tree or wood. 1677Grew Anat. Seeds i. §13 This Seed,..near the Radicle, hath a very small and round Node, like a Navel. 1829J. L. Knapp Jrnl. Nat. 348 The alburnum or sap wood, being thus wounded, rises up in excrescences and nodes all over the branch. 1842Selby Brit. Forest Trees 319 The smooth nodes upon the trunk and larger branches.
b. Bot. The point of a stem from which the leaves spring.
1835Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. (ed. 2) 53 At the nodes [1832 nodi].., vessels are sent off horizontally into the leaf. 1849Balfour Man. Bot. §169 There are regular nodes or points on the stem..at which leaves appear. 1861Bentley Man. Bot. 99 Generally the arrangement of the tissue of the stem at the nodes is somewhat different from that of the internodes. 1878A. H. Green, etc. Coal iii. 75 Towards the pointed end the nodes are often closely crowded together.
3. a. Path. A hard tumour; a knotty swelling or concretion upon some part of the body, esp. on a joint affected by gout or rheumatism.
1610Healey Theophrastus (1636) 68 This fellow having ulcers in his legges, nodes or hard tumors in his fingers. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 2 It wonderfully helpeth the swellings and nodes of the joynts,..making them plain and smooth. 1691Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 417 The node, which was almost as big as a Pullets egg, was suppurated. 1745P. Thomas Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 137 Scorbutick Symptoms, such as Blackness of the Skin, hard Nodes in the Flesh. 1779Forrest Voy. N. Guinea 348 His hands and feet were..so contracted, that they grew quite crooked and full of nodes. 1804Abernethy Surg. Obs. 145 Ulcerated sore throats, eruptions, and nodes on the bones. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. ii. 33 Severe purpuric blotches, and nodes in limbs. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 467 Nodes select the shins especially.
Comb.1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 313 The periarteritic and peribronchial granulations may occur as separate nodules of node-like foci.
fig.1672Marvell Reh. Transp. i. 135 The Mind too hath its Nodes sometimes, and the Stile its Buboes.
b. Any knot, lump, or knotty formation.
1753Torriano Midwifery 20 [It] has Nodes or Glands in it, which perhaps may secrete or prove Receptacles for some Humours. 1791E. Darwin Bot. Gard. i. 184 Hence dusky Iron sleeps in dark abodes, And ferny foliage nestles in the nodes. 1827Gentl. Mag. XCVII. ii. 499 The breaks or decorative nodes which appear in the middle of these characters. 1841Emerson Lect. Conservative Wks. (Bohn) II. 266 Each of the convolutions of the sea-shell, each node and spine marks one year of the fish's life. 1863Baring-Gould Iceland 136 A huge node of crag, which is now nearly severed from the cliff.
c. Anat. Any small mass of differentiated tissue; also applied to the interruptions (called nodes of Ranvier: see Ranvier) of the myelin sheath of myelinated nerve fibres.
1885Encycl. Brit. XIX. 23/2 The medullary sheath shows at certain intervals interruptions called the ‘nodes of Ranvier’. 1892, etc. [see lymph node (lymph 5)]. 1902Trans. Chicago Path. Soc. V. 151 (heading) Are the hemolymph nodes organs sui generis? 1917Amer. Jrnl. Anat. XXI. 375 The frequent close association of lymph and hemal nodes makes differentiation of the early stages in development naturally very difficult. 1962Gray's Anat. (ed. 33) 89 At its [sc. the primitive streak's] headward end a further area of exceptionally active growth forms a knob-like thickening which is termed the primitive node. 1968Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxviii. 9/1 The part of the heart with the highest spontaneous rate..provides the source of excitation of the whole heart, and this pacemaker is normally the sinuatrial (SA) node. Ibid. 10/1 Situated low in the right atrium, near the opening of coronary sinus and tricuspid valve, is another group of cells with a specialized conducting function, the atrioventricular (AV) node.
4. Astr.
a. One of the two points at which the orbit of a planet intersects the ecliptic, or in which two great circles of the celestial sphere intersect each other. ascending node and descending node: (see the adjs.).
1665Phil. Trans. I. 38 The said Circle inclined to..the Nodes towards the beginning of Gemini and Sagittary. 1676Ibid. XI. 682 These Observations will serve to verifie the Nodes of the Orbes of the Satellites with the Orb of Jupiter. 1728Pemberton Newton's Philos. 177 The motion of the aphelion and nodes, which continually increase, become sensible in a long series of years. 1748Phil. Trans. XLV. 11, I consider'd..the Situation of the Ascending Node of the Moon's Orbit. 1812–16Playfair Nat. Phil. (1816) II. 125 The line in which the plane of the moon's orbit cuts the ecliptic, is called the Line of the Nodes. 1834M. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sci. (1849) 12 When the planet is in the plane of the ecliptic, its latitude is zero: it is then said to be in its nodes. 1864Herschel in Gd. Words 58/2 Nineteen years, the period of the circulation of the nodes of the moon's orbit.
†b. A small ball representing a planet on the Ptolemaic sphere. Obs. rare.
1674Moxon Tutor to Astron. & Geog. (ed. 3) App. 204 Bring each respective Node which represents each respective Planet, to those several places you find them in the Ephemeris. Ibid., The little golden Node on the Suns Orb.
5. Dialling. (See quot. and nodus n. 2.) ? Obs.
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Nodus or Node, in Dyalling, is a certain Point in the Axis or Cock of the Dial, by the shadow of which, either the Hour of the Day,..or the Parallels of the Sun's Declination, his Place in the Ecliptick,..&c. are shown. [Also in Chambers Cycl. (1727–38), and some later Dicts.]
6. a. A point or line of absolute or comparative rest in a vibrating body. Hence also, a point at which a spherical harmonic or similar function has the value zero. Cf. nodal a. 1.
1831Brewster Nat. Magic viii. (1833) 182 This stationary point is called a node. 1869E. J. Reed Shipbuild. i. 13 Knowing that with flexible ships the edge of the bulkhead was a sort of node to the flexure. 1873W. Lees Acoustics i. iii. 24 Ventral segments..are separated from each other by points of apparent rest, called nodes. 1879G. B. Prescott Sp. Telephone 95 There will be two equal vibrating segments and a point of rest or node at the centre. 1884Haweis Musical Life I. 83 To hit upon the lesser nodes for single harmonics was one of the recognised violin difficulties. 1905Trans. R. Soc. Edin. XLI. 601 At these points, which are called nodes, the level of the surface [of the lake] is unaltered by the seiche. 1927T. M. MacRobert Spherical Harmonics iii. 59 The middle point..is always at rest, and this point is called a node, the end-points also being nodes. For the nth mode there are n - 1 nodes, as well as the two end nodes. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. v. 299 While the periods and positions of the nodes depend on the form of the lake basin, the amplitude of the seiche depends only on the source of energy that generates it. 1964J. W. Linnett Electronic Struct. Molecules i. 6 For n = 3, the l = 0 function would be multiplied by a radial function varying with r, the distance from the nucleus, which had two nodes (i.e. it may be considered, rather approximately, as made up of 3 half-waves).
b. Electr. A point on an aerial or in a circuit where the current or voltage is zero.
1915A. E. Seelig tr. Zenneck's Wireless Telegr. ii. 25 In a lineal oscillator..the current amplitude is greatest at the middle and zero at the ends of the oscillator. In other words, there are ‘current nodes’ at each end and a ‘current anti-node’ at the middle... The ‘potential’ or ‘voltage anti-nodes’ occur at each end of the oscillator, the ‘potential node’ being at the middle. 1947E. K. Sandeman Radio Engin. I. xvi. 645 At the voltage anti-nodes (current nodes) the incident and reflected voltages are in phase and therefore add, while the incident and reflected currents are 180° out of phase and therefore subtract. 1968Radio Communication Handbk. (ed. 4) xiii. 3/1 The positions of maxima are usually known as current (or voltage) anti-nodes or loops and the intermediate positions as nodes or zeros.
7. a. Geom. A point at which a curve crosses itself; a double or multiple point; also, a similar point on a surface. Also attrib.
1850in Ogilvie. 1866Brande & Cox Dict. Sci., etc. II. 675/2 In the theory of surfaces, nodes are also called conical points. 1877Encycl. Brit. VI. 720/2 If the given curve has a node, the first polar passes through this node. Ibid. 721/1 A cusp of the second kind, or node-cusp.
b. A point or vertex of a network or graph (sense 1). Also node point.
1864H. J. S. Smith in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1863 i. 768 Let an infinite plane area be divided by two systems of parallel lines into similar and equal parallelograms. The vertices of these parallelograms we shall call nodes. 1892G. B. Mathews Theory of Numbers I. iv. 124 Let the plane of reference be divided up into a system of equal and similar parallelograms..; such a system will be called a net,..and each joint, where two lines cross, a node. 1941Proc. Cambr. Philos. Soc. XXXVII. 194 Let N be a network (or linear graph) such that at each node not more than n lines meet (where n > 2), and no line has both ends at the same node. 1957N. Chomsky Syntactic Structures vii. 68 The phrase structure of a terminal string is determined from its derivation, by tracing segments back to node points. 1964J. J. Katz in Fodor & Katz Struct. of Lang. 526 The amalgam is assigned to the set of paths associated with the node (i.e., the point at which an n-ary branching occurs) that immediately dominates the sets of paths from which the paths amalgamated were drawn. The amalgam provides one of the meanings for the sequence of lexical items that the node dominates. 1964A. Battersby Network Analysis ii. 14 The beginning and end of a job are events; they are represented as numbered circles called nodes. Ibid. 19 The nodes which represent the events are numbered successively from the beginning to the end of the network. 1966S. Beer Decision & Control ix. 194 In the first place, the nodes in the network which now represent individuals are not very tidily placed in ranks of equivalent importance. 1967Electronics 6 Mar. 132/1 The feedback loop is formed by connecting the amplifier's inverting input..to potentiometer R3. When power is first applied..the voltage at the common node rises quickly to 6·6 volts. 1971[see graph n.1 1]. 1972Sci. Amer. June 52/3 By last month the network..included 24 computer centers (‘nodes’ in the terminology of the system), ranging from Massachusetts to California. 1975Language LI. 388 The use of the empty node in the derivation of truncated passives is not motivated empirically, but rather is a way of retaining a transformational analysis of passives.
Add:[7.] c. spec. in Linguistics. Any point of a tree diagram (representing sentence structure, etc.) at which branching occurs; also, the end-point of a branch, and as node point.
1957N. Chomsky Syntactic Structures vii. 68 The phrase structure of a terminal string is determined from its derivation, by tracing segments back to node points. 1964J. J. Katz in Fodor & Katz Struct. of Lang. 526 The amalgam is assigned to the set of paths associated with the node (i.e., the point at which an n-ary branching occurs) that immediately dominates the sets of paths from which the paths amalgamated were drawn. The amalgam provides one of the meanings for the sequence of lexical items that the node dominates. 1972R. A. Palmatier Gloss. for Eng. Transformational Gram. 103 In the diagram..the S labels the sentence node, the NP labels the noun phrase node, and the VP labels the verb phrase node. 1975Language LI. 388 The use of the empty node in the derivation of truncated passives is not motivated empirically, but rather is a way of retaining a transformational analysis of passives. 1976J. S. Gruber Lexical Struct. Syntax & Semantics i. iv. 96 This is interpreted as a rule which says that a node characterized by v can be lexicalized as verb. 1986Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics XXXI. 165 Any grammatical rule which operates to build a constituent and attach it to some node is assumed to have correctly operated.
d. Computing and Telecommunications. A junction in a local or wide area network or any similar system of components interconnected by telecommunications lines; a device occupying such a position.
1964IEEE Trans. Communication Syst. XII. 5/1 A key attribute of the new media is that it permits cheap formation of new routes, yet allows transmission on the order of a million or so bits per second, high enough to be economic yet low enough to be inexpensively processed with existing digital computer techniques at the relay station nodes. 1972Sci. Amer. June 52/3 By last month the network..included 24 computer centers (‘nodes’ in the terminology of the system), ranging from Massachusetts to California. 1981B. Kamdoum in L. Csaba et al. Networks from User's Point of View 471 The network manager..must design an algorithm which at each node of the network determines the link on which a packet or a message should be routed if it is not already at its destination. 1985Personal Computer World Feb. 195/2 Designs published to date have concentrated on putting the intelligence in the node controller which then allows operation of the system through an ordinary VDU. 1987Electronics & Wireless World Jan. 34/4 Because Infotrac has 65 nodes strategically sited throughout the UK, it almost doubles the number of travel agents who can access Horizon's viewdata booking system.
▪ II. † node, v. Obs. rare—0.
[ad. It. or L. nōdāre.]
intr. To form a knot.
1611Florio, Nodare, to knot, to knit, to node, to knur.
▪ III. node
obs. form of need n. |