| 释义 |
▪ I. north, adv., n., and a.|nɔːθ|
Forms: 1–3 norð, 1–4 norþ (Orm. norrþ), 3– north, 5–6 northe, Sc. northt. Also abbrev. N.
[Common Teutonic: OE. norð, norþ = OS. norđ, OFris. north, noerd, MDu. nort, noort (Du. noord), MLG. nort, OHG. nort, nord (G. nord), ON. norðr (Sw. nord, norr, Da. nord): not recorded in Gothic, and of uncertain relationship. From Teutonic come F. nord (OF. also nort, north), It. norte, nort, nord, Sp. norte, nord, Pg. norte.
In OE. and OS. north appears only as an adv., in OHG. only as a n.; in OFris., MDu., and ON. it had both functions. For the development of the adjectival use in Eng. see below. OE. had also the adv. form norðan ‘from the north’, = OHG. nordana, ON. norðan (Sw. nordan, Da. norden-), whence be norðan, which survived in the later language as benorth.]
A. adv.
1. Towards, or in the direction of, that part of the earth or the heavens which (in the northern hemisphere) is most remote from the midday sun. Also with qualifications, as north by east, etc.
a. With ref. to movement, extent, or direction.
a900O.E. Chron. (Parker MS.) an. 823, Hie Baldred þone cyning norþ ofer Temese adrifon. a1000Boeth. Metr. xiii. 59 Merecondel scyfð on ofdæle..norð eft & east. a1122O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1064, Fela hund manna hi namon & læddon norð mid heom. c1205Lay. 16442 Hengest is ifaren norð. a1250Owl & Night. 921 Ac ich fare boþe norþ & soþ. c1300Havelok 1255 She lokede norþ, and ek south. c1391Chaucer Astrol. ii. §17 Fro which lyne alle planetes som tyme declinen north or south. c1470Henry Wallace iv. 324 Northt so our Ern throuch out the land thai went. 1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 80 Can they not in like maner, draw paralleles from th' æquinoctiall Southward as they do North? 1612Capt. Smith Descr. Virg. Wks. (Arb.) 53 There is one [river] that commeth due north. 1725De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 175, I changed my course a little, and went away north-by-east. 1788Cowper Mischievous Bull 21 Therefore go—I care not whether east or north. 1863Kingsley Water-Bab. iv, I wandered north and north..till I met with cold icebergs. 1894F. A. Steel Flower Forgiveness 79 If you will take my advice, come up north.
Comb.1891Scribner's Mag. Sept. 282/1 The traveller boards the north-bound steamer.
b. With reference to place or location. Also north-away, in the north.
Beowulf 858 Moniᵹ oft ᵹecwæð, þætte suð ne norð be sæm tweonum..oþer næniᵹ selra nære. c893K. ælfred Oros. i. i. 17 Þa wæs he swa feor norþ swa þa hwæl-huntan firrest faraþ. 971Blickl. Hom. 209 Wæron norð of ðæm stane awexene swiðe hrimiᵹe bearwas. c1205Lay. 3443 Leir þe king wende forh to is dohter [þat] wunede norð. c1250Gen. & Ex. 278 Min fliȝt..ic wile up-taken, Min fete norð on heuene maken. c1391Chaucer Astrol. i. §17 Tak kep of thise latitudes north and sowth. c1425Wyntoun Cron. i. xi. 985 Þe hil of Cawcasus,..North on til Ewrop marchande nere. a1539Cartul. Abb. Rievalle (Surtees) 341 The iij romys north therof seelyd round with waynscot. 1607T. Walkington Opt. Glass ii. 15 The rudenes and simplicitie of the people, that are seated far north. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 569 In the Mount that lies from Eden North,..he first lighted. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. (Globe) 379 They saw another Island on the Right-Hand North. 1738― Tour (ed. 2) III. 337 North of the Mouth of this River is..Cromarty Bay. 1878W. Morris in Mackail Life (1899) I. 370 The heap of grey stones with a grey roof that we call a house north-away. 1955J. R. R. Tolkien Return of King 197 Going swiftly to lesser posts and strongholds north-away.
c. In phr. north and south.
14..Sailing Directions (Hakluyt) 11 Fro Vamborugh to the poynt of the Ilond the cours lieth north and South. 1612Capt. Smith Descr. Virg. Wks. (Arb.) 48 This Bay lieth North and South. c1630Risdon Surv. Devon §249 (1810) 260 Whom though they accounted an heretick, yet buried they him in the church-yard, north and south. 1720Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) VII. 169 A certain Chapell..which he plac'd North and South, in opposition to all other Churches and Chapells.
attrib.1839Penny Cycl. XIV. 288/1 The deviation of which from the true north-and-south line is the declination of the needle.
d. In slang phrases: too far north, too clever, too knowing. a little more north (see quot. 1864).
1748Smollett Rod. Rand. (1780) I. 124 It shan't avail you, you shall find me too far north for you. 1797A. M. Bennett Beggar Girl (1813) III. 28 She was what I call too far north for that. 1864Glasgow Her. 9 Nov., An old salt delights to order his steward to make his grog ‘a little more North’, ‘another point, steward’.
2. a. quasi-n. = B. 1. In early use chiefly in from north to south. Also † at north, from the north.
c1200Ormin 11258 All þiss middellærd iss ec O fowwre daless dæledd Onn æst, o Wesst, o Suþ, o Norrþ. 13..Cursor M. 22330 (Gött.), Þan sal fra north a folk rijs. c1391Chaucer Astrol. i. §15 From est to West, fro sowth to north. c1425Wyntoun Cron. i. ix. 553 Fra north on south þe streme it strekis. 1570Dee Math. Pref. a iiij b, Of the Variacion of the Compas, from true North. 1625Purchas Pilgrims I. ii. 60 The first of March a storme took vs at North. 1743Bulkeley & Cummins Voy. S. Seas 138 This Morning.., had a fresh Breeze at North. 1748Hume Ess., Nat. Characters, Most Conquests have gone from North to South. 1821–2Shelley Chas. I, ii. 421 The rainbow hung over the city..from north to south. 1859Tennyson Elaine 525 His party, knights of utmost North and West. 1870Lowell Study Wind. Ser. i. Good Word for Winter, You must have plenty of north in your gale.
†b. by north, in the north, on the north side.
Perhaps representing OE. be norðan benorth.
c1205Lay. 21043 Arður wes bi norðe, and noht her of nuste. c1305Oxford Student 1 in E.E.P. (1862) 40 A kniȝt þer was in Engelond, by norþe her biside. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 57 Þe grete see Ponticus þat passeþ by north by Thracia. a1425Cursor M. 12131 Of any mon bi norþ or souþ who herde euer suche selcouþ? 1570Levins Manip. 174/1 By Northe, Boreas.
c. by north: (see by prep. 9 b).
14..Sailing Directions (Hakluyt) 14 Seint Mary of Cille and Uschante lien northwest and by north. 1612Capt. Smith Descr. Virg. Wks. (Arb.) 50 The first of those rivers..hath his course from the West and by North. 1795Cowper Pairing Time 51 The wind..Now shifted east and east by north. 1848Lowell Biglow P. Ser. i. vii, This..leaves me frontin' South by North.
B. n. (Usually with the.)
1. a. That one of the four cardinal points which is directly opposite to the sun at mid-day.
The true north and magnetic north correspond respectively to the north, and north magnetic, pole (see pole n.2 2 and 5 b).
c1290St. Kenelm 12 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 345 Abouten eiȝte hondret mile Engelond long is Fram þe South into þe North. a1300E.E. Psalter lxxxviii. 12 Þou grounded þe north to be. 1390Gower Conf. III. 310 Out of the North they sihe a cloude. a1450Fysshynge w. Angle (1883) 21 Yf hyt be by the northe or north est. 1533Gau Richt Vay 53 He sal..gader to gider al his chosine barnis..fra the sutht to ye northt. 1594Blundevil Exerc. iii. xix. (1636) 319 How much any Mariners Compasse doth vary from the true North and South. 1625N. Carpenter Geogr. Del. i. iii. (1635) 62 The magneticall needle will vary from the true point of the North. 1667Milton P.L. vi. 79 Farr in th' Horizon to the North appeer'd..a fierie Region. 1725De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 145 We were obliged to..go away afore it to the north or north-by-west. 1786H. Tooke Purley ii. iv. (1829) II. 302 Directing his view to the North rather than to the East. 1812Woodhouse Astron. xli. 409 The Magnetic North, almost always, differs from the true. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 6 It is a common practice to draw maps in such a position that the north is towards the top.
Comb.1648J. Beaumont Psyche lx. xxxix, The piercing stroke Of barbarous North-begotten Boreas. 1730–46Thomson Autumn 890 To where the north-inflated tempest foams O'er Orca's..highest peak.
b. Bridge. A person occupying a position opposite ‘South’.
1926[see east n. 4]. 1958Listener 2 Oct. 541/2 North bid Three Clubs. 1965Ibid. 20 May 758/2 The bidding should have made it clear to him that North was hoping to play in Two Hearts doubled. 1973Country Life 21 June 1842/3 Study this deal... Dealer, North. North-South vulnerable.
2. The northern part of a country or region; spec.
a. of England (beyond the Humber), Great Britain, Scotland, or Ireland; the North Country.
c1205Lay. 2134 Albanac hefde al þat norð. c1275Ibid. 2659 He..eode forþ, and droþ [= drew] him in to þat norþ. 1338R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 25 Ȝit a noþer Danes kyng in þe Norþ gan aryue. c1386Chaucer Reeve's T. 95 Of a toun..Fer in the North, I can nat telle where. c1400Brut xxii. (1906) 26 Anoþere [way] fram þe Northe into þe Southe, þat was callede Ikenyle strete. 1596Shakes. 1 Hen. IV, ii. iv. 369 The same mad fellow of the North, Percy. 1665Sir J. Lauder Jrnl. (1900) 58 A constrainct on that house of Huntly, the Cock of the North. 1674Ray Coll. Words To Rdr., Local words..in divers Counties,..especially of the North. 1786H. Tooke Purley ii. iv. (1829) II. 241 The word [scale] is still used in the North. 1855Tennyson Daisy 104, I forgot the clouded Forth,..And gray metropolis of the North.
attrib.1828Cunningham N.S. Wales (ed. 3) II. 239 The ‘Cork boys’, the ‘Dublin boys’, and the ‘North boys’.
b. Of Europe: The northern lands.
1579Fulke Heskins's Parl. 119 Peter acknowledged no Pagans, but such as dwell farthest in the North. 1667Milton P.L. i. 351 A multitude, like which the populous North Pour'd never from her frozen loyns. 1748Hume Ess., Nat. Characters, All strong Liquors are rarer in the North, and consequently are more coveted. 1784Cowper Task i. 617 Thus fare the shiv'ring natives of the north. 1838Crichton Scandinavia I. 9 The religion, laws, and literature of the ancient North. 1847Tennyson Princ. iv. 80 Dark and true and tender is the North.
c. U.S. The northern States, those in which there was no slave-holding, bounded on the south by Maryland, the Ohio River, and Missouri.
1796Washington Messages & Papers (1898) I. 217 The North, in an unrestricted intercourse with the South. 1831J. M. Peck Guide for Emigrants ii. 81 The result would be more disastrous to the south and west, than the influx of foreign goods was to..the north..in 1816. 1835in Ht. Martineau Soc. Amer. (1837) II. 132 Men of property and intelligence in the north. 1861Ld. R. Montagu Mirror Amer. 91 Between the North and South there will be feelings of implacable hatred. 1884J. Quincy Figures Past 343 Characteristic of slaveholders when upon their good behavior at the North.
3. a. The northern part of any country, etc.
c1425Wyntoun Cron. i. xiii. 1183 In to þe northe of Europe is A rywere þat hat Canays. 1622in Capt. Smith's Wks. (Arb.) 303 A thousand yeares agoe they were in the North of America. 1738[see C. 1 b]. 1863Morris Hampole's Pr. Consc. Pref. 8 In the Local-names of the North of England.
fig.1601Shakes. Twel. N. iii. ii. 28 You are now sayld into the North of my Ladies opinion.
b. North-of-England, used attrib., of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the north of England.
1816Scott Antiq. III. ii. 34 His father was a north-of-England gentleman. 1847C. Brontë J. Eyre I. xii. 212 A North-of-England spirit, called a ‘Gytrash’; which,..haunted solitary ways. 1907F. E. E. Bell At Works vi. 127 Watching football matches, a comfortless thing enough to do in a North of England winter. 1973J. Wainwright High-Class Kill 221 North-of-England conformity ― best-clothes-on-Sunday-speak-when-you're spoken-to.
4. a. The north wind. (Chiefly poet.)
1382Wyclif Song Sol. iv. 16 Ris, north, and cum, south; bloȝ thurȝ my gardyn.
1604Shakes. Oth. v. ii. 220, I will speake as liberall as the North. c1648–50R. Brathwait Barnabees Jrnl. ii. (1818) 45 Sure thou know'st the North's uncivill. 1766Gray Kingsgate 9 Here reign the blustering North and blighting East. 1786Burns Mountain Daisy iii, Cauld blew the bitter⁓biting North Upon thy early, humble birth. 1817Shelley Rev. Islam viii. i, The north breathes steadily Beneath the stars. 1871R. Ellis tr. Catullus xxvi. 3 'Tis not showery south,..North's grim fury, nor east.
b. A north wind, esp. one of those northern gales which blow in the West Indies.
1699W. Dampier Voy. II. iii. 60 In the West Indies there are three sorts, viz. Norths, Souths and Hurricanes. 1707Sloane Jamaica I. p. xxxii, Hail..comes with very great Norths, which..throw down everything before them. 1775Romans Florida App. 11 At the season when Norths are frequent. a1818M. G. Lewis Jrnl. W. Ind. (1834) 113 The drying quality of these norths is still more detrimental than the want of rain. 1851Blyth Rem. Mission. Wk. v. 205 Even the norths which occasionally prevail are mild.
5. north and south Rhyming slang, mouth; north canoe, a birchbark canoe once used north and west of Lake Superior, North America; northpaw U.S. slang (see quot. 1960).
1858A. Mayhew Paved with Gold ii. x. 169 ‘I'll smash your ‘glass case’, and damage your ‘north and south’,’ roared Bill, referring to the face and mouth of his opponent. 1928M. C. Sharpe Chicago May 287/2 North and South, mouth. 1958F. Norman Bang to Rights 36 Dust floating about in the air, which gets in your north and south. 1972Lebende Sprachen XVII. 8/2 North and south, mouth.
1819W. F. Wentzel Let. in L. F. R. Masson Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest (1889) I. 134 Sir Alexander Mackenzie has suggested that one north canoe with Canadian voyageurs, and six small Indian canoes, would be a fitter outfit. 1879H. M. Robinson Great Fur Land 31 The North canoe..is a light graceful vessel about thirty-six long, by four or five broad, and capable of containing eight men and three passengers. 1956V. Fisher Pemmican 250 A north canoe; twenty-five foot long and from four to five feet wide, it could carry a crew of eight or nine men and their supplies, as well as three passengers. 1969Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 23 Nov. 12/3 Ahead roared the Rapids of the Drowned. They gained their name after one of the Hudson's Bay Company's large north canoes capsized there with the loss of several men.
1960Wentworth & Flexner Dict. Amer. Slang 358/1 Northpaw.., a right-handed baseball pitcher; any right-handed person. 1968Listener 19 Sept. 357/1 A skilful person is ‘dextrous’: in its way as insulting to left-handers (they call us southpaws, though I have never heard anyone described as a northpaw) as ‘white man’, for someone of worthy character, is offensive to Negroes. 1972Daily Mail 1 Aug. 2/6, 20 per cent of Americans are tired of grappling with things designed for northpaws.
C. adj.
Developed from the OE. use of norð- as the first element of compounds: see examples in 1, and in the main words northdeal, -end, -half, etc. Similar compounds also occur in the cognate tongues, but have not given rise to a purely adjectival use of the word.
1. With proper names:
a. Denoting the northern division of a race or nation. (See also Northumber.)
Beowulf 783 Norð-denum stod atelic eᵹesa. c900tr. Bæda's Hist. iii. xxiv, Þa syndon tosceadene mid Trentan streame wið Norðmyrcum. c922O.E. Chron. (Parker MS.) an. 922, Þa cyningas on Norþ Wealum..hine sohton him to hlaforde. 1577–87Holinshed Chron. I. 118/2 The countrie of the Northmercies conteined in those daies 7000 housholds. 1670Milton Hist. Eng. v, Imploring his Aid against the North-Welch. 1841Latham Eng. Lang. 40 The situation of the North Frisians has been indicated.
b. Denoting the northern part of a country, land, or region, or the more northern of two places having the same name. Also attrib.
c1205Lay. 29923 Inne Norð Wales wes a king. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 69 Caerleel is a citee in þe contre of Norþ Engelond. c1450Godstow Reg. 290 Half an acre in northlonglond. 1547Boorde Introd. Knowl. ii. (1870) 127 North Wales and Sowth Wales do vary in there speche. 1615R. Brathwait Strappado (1878) 110 Where he encountred a North-britaine man. 1708Lond. Gaz. No. 4422/7 Where-ever they should be called within North-Britain. 1738De Foe Tour (ed. 2) III. 335 That which we truly call the North of Scotland, and others the North Highlands. 1845Kemble in Proc. Philol. Soc. II. 132 The Danish isles, and much of North Germany.
transf.1801Sporting Mag. XVIII. 101 North Allertons—Spurs; that place..being famous for making them.
c. With ns. and adjs. derived from the names of countries or districts.
1708–[see North Briton]. 1766[see North American]. 1796Morse Amer. Geogr. I. 654 The North Carolinians are mostly planters. 1845Kemble in Proc. Philol. Soc. II. 119 On the North Anglian Dialect.
d. North Oxford, of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the suburban part of Oxford north of the university area, where many dons and their families live. Also as n.
1935N. Mitchison We have been Warned iv. 462 She had..a Sybil Dunlop moonstone on a long silver chain. A bit North Oxfordy? Well, she was North Oxford! 1950A. Wilson Such Darling Dodos 79 The whimsical humour of North Oxford. Ibid. 97 Why you should have to drag Coleridge in, only your staunch North Oxford spirit can explain. 1973Country Life 13 Sept. 720/1 The houses behind (Carolean or North Oxford Gothic?)..seem oddly familiar. 1974F. Emery Oxfordsh. Landscape vii. 214 Between the rustic variety of Summertown and the old suburbs of St Giles lies the Victorian perfection of North Oxford proper.
2. a. With ordinary nouns: Lying towards the north; situated on the side next the north.
a1122O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 565, Columba..com to Pyhtum..þæt sind þone wærteres be norðum morum.
1382Wyclif Num. xxxiv. 7 To the north plage [1388 at the north coost] fro the greet see teermes shulen begynne. c1391Chaucer Astrol. ii. §21 Fro the pool artik vn-to the north Orisonte. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 93 That cuntre of Media towchethe Parthia of the northe parte. 1486Rec. St. Mary at Hill (1904) 14 On the North part of the Chirch. 1513Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 452 Kynge of the North regyon. Ibid. 473 Penda..to the North partyes went. 1591Shakes. Two Gent. iii. i. 380 Thy Master staies for thee at the North gate. 1601Holland Pliny I. 121 Being once past the vtmost quarter of the North-point. 1612Capt. Smith Descr. Virg. Wks. (Arb.) 47 The degrees of 34 and 44 of the north latitude. 1726J. Dart Canterb. Cathedr. 60 In the North-Cross or Martyrdom, where are the Tombs of the Archbishops. 1837Penny Cycl. VII. 146/2 A north transept..longer than the south transept.
Comb.1862Ansted Channel Isl. i. i. 5 A north-central group, including Guernsey, Herm, Sark [etc.].
b. Facing the north. Also Comb.
1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iii. vii. 167 A North-window is best for Butteries and Cellars. 1706London & Wise Retir'd Gard. 69 Plant no more than two sorts against a North-aspected Wall. 1727–38Chambers Cycl. s.v. Dial, A north dial shews the hours before six in the morning, and those after six in the evening. 1796C. Marshall Gardening iii. (1813) 29 The North wall is greatly advantaged, by having more sun.
c. Northern; of a northern type.
1820Keats Isabella xxxii, Before he dares to stray From his north cavern. 1836F. S[ykes] Scraps from Jrnl. 106 The building is very neat..; it is peculiarly north.
Comb.1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. II. i. xi, Considerate North-blooded Mountaineers of Jura.
d. North Circular (Road), a road passing through the northern outskirts of London.
1944M. Laski Love on Supertax xi. 102 After a prolonged..journey by 'bus, Clarissa alighted way out on the North Circular Road. 1968J. Lloyd Death at Roman Farm xviii. 171 You go straight through town and send the other car round the North Circular. 1974‘A. Garve’ File on Lester xxxi. 118 He became silent, concentrating on his driving on the busy North Circular.
3. Of the wind: Blowing from the north.
Perhaps representing OE. norðanwind.
c1340Nominale sive Verbale (Skeat) 565 Northwynde, Estwynde. 1483Cath. Angl. 256/1 Þ⊇ Northe wynde; boreas, septemtrio. 1535Coverdale Song Sol. iv. 16 Vp thou northwynde, come thou southwynde. 1608Shakes. Per. iv. i. 52 When I was born, the wind was north. 1667Milton P.L. ii. 489 The dusky clouds Ascending, while the North wind sleeps. 1712Arbuthnot John Bull i. xvi, You might argue as well with the North wind, as with her ladyship. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XIII. 106/1 The north wind is generally accompanied with a considerable degree of cold. 1833Tennyson Two Voices 259 He will not hear the north-wind rave. 1857Emerson Poems 42 Without the baffled north-wind calls.
fig.1656Earl of Monmouth tr. Boccalini's Advts. fr. Parnass. ii. vi. (1674) 145 They should sail with the safe North-wind of Ne-quid nimis.
4. Comb., north-facing a., facing the north; spec. of a window.
1952A. G. L. Hellyer Sanders' Encycl. Gardening (ed. 22) 205 Position, semi-shaded or north-facing. 1973‘I. Drummond’ Jaws of Watchdog xii. 156 A large window. North-facing so I guess a studio.
▪ II. north, v. rare.|nɔːθ|
[f. prec.]
1. intr. Of the wind: To begin to blow from the north; to turn or veer towards the north.
1866in Gregor Banffsh. Gloss. 1880–1in Jamieson.
2. trans. To steer to the north of (a place).
1887Morris Odyss. iii. 170 Whether northing Chios the craggy, our ships we so should lay. |