| 释义 |
occupation|ɒkjʊˈpeɪʃən|
[a. F. occupation (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), Anglo-F. ocupacioun (1292 in sense 1): ad. L. occupātiōn-em seizing, taking possession, employment, n. of action from occupā-re to seize, occupy.]
The action of occupying or condition of being occupied, or that in which this action is embodied (in senses of the verb).
1. a. The action of taking possession, esp. of a place or of land; seizure, as by military conquest, etc.; entrance upon possession.
[1292Britton ii. ii. §3 Terre ou autre heritage dount nul n'est en seysine, et..tote autre chose guerpie, demoraunt hors de chescuni seysine, des queles choses homme se pora purchacer par ocupacioun.] 1552Huloet, Occupation as deprehension, Catalepsis. 1624Bacon Consid. War with Spain, I speak not of matches or unions; but of arms, occupations, invasions. 1628Coke On Litt. i. 249 b, Occupation..signifieth a putting out of a mans Freehold in time of warre, and it is all one with a disseisin in time of peace. 1659B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 372 Wars begun, and carried on..for the.. occupation, or seazure of Countries. 1767Blackstone Comm. II. xxv. (1830) 393 Occupation, that is, hiving or including them, gives the property in bees. 1893Traill Soc. Eng. Introd. 48 Its inhabitants must have possessed the art of working in metals before the Roman occupation.
b. spec., by Germany and her allies during the war of 1939–45; usu., the period during which a country was held by German, etc., troops, or the state of being held by such troops.
1940A. Huxley Let. 7 July (1969) 455 Jehanne was out of Paris during the occupation. 1957Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Dec. 783/3 The particular man whose life has been conditioned by the hot North African sun and the cold chill of the Occupation. 1972Guardian 9 Sept. 12/4 The programme is..divided into three parts... There is life under the occupation..as drawn from experience in occupied Europe.
2. a. Actual holding or possession, esp. of a place or of land; rarely, also, of an office or position; tenure; occupancy.
army of occupation, an army left to occupy a newly conquered country or region until the conclusion of hostilities or establishment of a settled government.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 305 Forto begile þe occupacioun of þe pope. c1475Crabhouse Reg. (1889) 59 The viij yere of the ocupacion of the same Jane, Prioresse. 1574tr. Littleton's Tenures 4 Suche thinges as a man may have a manuell occupacion, possession, or resceyte. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 196 If to such a corporal occupation, as this, wee add also, that they excluded others from the Sea. 1791W. Jessop Rep. River Witham 12 A Swivel-bridge over the Witham for the occupation of the common. 1842Alison Hist. Europe xcv. §24 Maintaining the army of occupation. 1870Freeman Norm. Conq. I. App. AA. 621 Owners of lands then in monastic occupation. 1872E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 160 The Irish peasant..has..confounded the occupation with the ownership of the land. Mod. During his occupation of the house and land.
b. A piece of land occupied by a tenant; a holding. (local. Cf. occupying vbl. n. 2.)
1792A. Young Trav. France 411 These small occupations are a real loss of labour;..people are fed upon them, whose time is worth little or nothing. 1807Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 108 The occupations fluctuate between 30l. and 120l. per annum. 1879T. H. S. Escott England I. 59 Held by tenantry whose occupations range from 100 to 500 acres each.
3. The taking up of space or time. rare.
1460–70Bk. Quintessence 6 Wherby ȝe may make oure quinte essence wiþoute cost or traueile, and withoute occupacioun and lesynge of tyme. 1815Jane Austen Emma i. x, Stooping down in complete occupation of the foot-path.
4. a. The being occupied or employed with, or engaged in something; that in which one is engaged; employment, business. † to have in occupation, to be occupied or busied with. Obs.
a1340Hampole Psalter cxviii[i]. 47 My thoght & myn occupacioun sall be in þi wordis. a1420Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 281 Som man, for lak of occupacioun, Museþ forþer þanne his wyt may strecche. c1510More Picus Wks. 14/2 Vse them both, aswel studie as worldly occupacion. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §23 It is not conuenient, to haue hey and corne bothe in occupation at one tyme. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. xiii. I. 394 Minds, long exercised in business..in the loss of power..principally regret the want of occupation. 1833–6J. Eagles Sketcher (1856) 347 By the intense occupation of his mind. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. II. vii. 78 Harold and Swend..by their invasion..gave him full occupation throughout the year.
b. with pl. A particular action or course of action in which one is engaged, esp. habitually or statedly; an employment, business, calling.
c1340Hampole Prose Tr. 3 Dos a-waye coryous and vayne ocupacyons. c1386Chaucer Melib. ⁋625 He that is ydel, and casteth hym to no bisynesse ne occupacion. a1450Knt. de la Tour (1868) 7 Thenke not on none other worldly ocupaciones. 1467in Eng. Gilds (1870) 388 Doynge hur office & occupacion. 1513in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 10 The craft or occupation of brewers. 1589Pappe w. Hatchet D ij b, Though he bee but a cobler by occupation. 1604Shakes. Oth. iii. iii. 357 Farewell: Othello's Occupation's gone. 1791Burke Th. French Aff. Wks. 1842 I. 579 Condorcet..is a man of another sort of birth, fashion, and occupation from Brissot. 1868Ruskin Arrows of Chace (1880) II. 193 The character of men depends more on their occupations than on any teaching we can give them.
†c. spec. Mechanical or mercantile employment; handicraft; trade. Obs.
1530Proper Dialogue 167 in Rede me, etc. (Arb.) 138 Artificers & men of occupacion. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 364 Take awaye learning from among men, and how shall trades mechanical, occupations (I meane) be maintained? 1607Shakes. Cor. iv. vi. 97 You that stood so much Vpon the voyce of occupation and The breath of Garlicke-eaters.
†5. Use, employment (of a thing). Obs.
1388Wyclif 2 Macc. iv. 14 In ocupaciouns of a disch [gloss ether pleying with a ledun disch]. 1494Fabyan Chron. vi. clxx. 165 Churches and temples they tourned to vse of stables, and other vyle occupacyons. 1552Huloet, Occupation or vse, vsus. 1582Reg. Gild Corp. Chr. York (1872) 233 note, My wyfe..shall have the occupacion of the said silver spoones duringe hir lyfe. 1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 136 Renders the whole Floor firm enough for all common Occupation.
†6. The exercising (of any business or office); exercise, discharge. Obs.
1432Paston Lett. I. 32 Excercise and occupacion of the Kinges service. 1459Rolls of Parlt. V. 367/2 To recovere the seid penaltees for eny occupation of their seid office for the premisses. 1483Gild of the Bakers, Exeter in Eng. Gilds 336 Yn occupacyon of the said crafte.
7. attrib., as occupation bridge, a bridge for the use of the occupiers of the land, e.g. one connecting parts of a farm, etc., separated by a canal or railway; occupation centre, an establishment where occupational therapy is practised or where the mentally handicapped are trained or employed; occupation disease, an occupational disease; occupation franchise, the right to vote at parliamentary elections as a tenant or occupier; occupation neurosis Med., a painful and disabling spasm affecting muscles used more than normally because of the person's occupation; occupation number Physics, the number of particles in a system that are in any given state; occupation road, a private road for the use of the occupiers of the land. Also, in military uses, as occupation army, occupation forces, occupation troops; in archæological use, as occupation floor, occupation layer, occupation level, occupation scatter, occupation site.
1918E. S. Farrow Dict. Mil. Terms 414 Occupation Army, an army that remains in possession of a newly conquered country, retaining it as a kind of hostage, until peace is signed and the war indemnity paid. 1976T. Allbeury Only Good German xiv. 100 A goon on each staircase and the lift doors padlocked... It's like an occupation army.
1837Whittock, etc. Bk. Trades (1842) 207 The occupation bridge, at Rotterdam,..consists of two separate segments. 1878F. S. Williams Midl. Railw. 509 Soon after..we come to an occupation bridge.
1940Frazer & Stallybrass Text-bk. Public Health (ed. 10) xix. 440 If the home conditions are good and the defective's condition is suitable he may attend at an occupation centre where simple occupational training can be given. 1958[see day-hospital s.v. day n. 23 a]. 1965Peters & Kinnaird Health Services Admin. vii. 255 The [Education] Authorities establish training and occupation centres for the lower grades of the mentally handicapped who cannot take education in ordinary educational subjects.
1900Dorland Med. Dict. 209/1 Occupation-disease. 1901Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Aug. 405/1 (heading) The medical profession and the control of occupation diseases. 1930F. B. Young Jim Redlake iii. iii. 326 Overcrowding, short commons, adulterated food, occupation diseases—they're all just words in a newspaper. 1959J. D. Clark Prehist. S. Afr. plate 4 (caption) Handaxes, cleavers, and waste flakes of evolved Chelles-Acheul culture on occupation floors. 1971W. Tucker This Witch ii. 20 The native beer was vile... The occupation forces did their drinking elsewhere.
1884Gladstone Sp. 28 Feb., There were four occupation franchises in boroughs. One of them was 10l. clear yearly value, and the other three were the lodger, the household, and the service franchise. 1895Westm. Gaz. 15 Jan. 4/3 No sufficient allowance was made for tenant's improvements, nor for his occupation interest in his holding.
1953R. J. C. Atkinson Field Archaeol. (ed. 2) i. 39 The chief use of such detectors is in the excavation of graves and occupation-layers in which metal objects may be expected to occur.
1935Discovery Nov. 343/1 Further excavations..have brought to light older occupation-levels and hearth-marks.
1888W. R. Gowers Man. Dis. Nervous Syst. II. v. 656 The term ‘occupation neuroses’, adopted from the German (‘Beschaftigungs-neurosen’), is a convenient designation for a group of maladies in which certain symptoms are excited by the attempt to perform some often-repeated muscular action, commonly one that is involved in the occupation of the sufferer... The most frequent symptom is spasm. 1911Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. XXXVIII. 107 An occupation neurosis is literally a fatigue cramp, and is characterized by spasms of muscles concerned in special movements, and brought on whenever these special movements, such as writing, are attempted. 1958Sykes & Bell tr. Landau & Lifshitz' Quantum Mech. ix. 215 Let us seek to construct a mathematical formalism in which the occupation numbers..of the states (and not the co-ordinates of the particles) play the part of independent variables. 1974G. Reece tr. Hund's Hist. Quantum Theory xiii. 180 Jordan was thus entitled to express his hope of a quantum wave theory of matter in which the numbers of particles would be the occupation numbers Nr of the discrete quantum wave states.
1852J. Wiggins Embanking 132 Making the requisite occupation roads.
1954S. Piggott Neolithic Cultures ix. 271 The occupation-scatter of small sherds and flints.
1939Oxoniensa IV. 6 The region between Oxford and Northampton is notoriously, but probably deceptively, barren of occupation-sites. 1948N.Y. Jrnl. American (Sunday Mail ed.) 9 May 1/7 Police and U.S. occupation troops are prepared for bloodshed. 1975R. L. Duncan Dragons at Gate (1976) iv. 32 On the day of the surrender, before the Occupation troops could arrive, Takaeshi..set out into Tokyo Bay, and blew himself up.
Hence † occuˈpationer, one engaged in an occupation (obs.); occuˈpationist, one who advocates or favours occupation (sense 1); occuˈpationless a., having no occupation, unoccupied, idle.
1592G. Harvey Pierce's Super. (1593) 190 Let the braue enginer,..maruelous Vulcanist, and euery Mercuriall *occupationer..be respected.
1892Glasgow Herald 12 Feb. 6/3 No more a permanent *occupationist [of Egypt] now than he was an immediate evacuationist some years ago.
1890Temple Bar Mag. Nov. 314 To sit *occupationless, vaguely waiting. |