| 释义 |
offend, v.|əˈfɛnd|
Also 4–6 offende, (afend(e); 4–7 pa. pple. offend, 5 pa. tense and pa. pple. offende.
[a. OF. offend-re to strike against, attack, injure, wrong, sin against, excite to anger, do amiss, etc. = Sp. ofender, Pg. offender, It. offendere, ad. L. offendĕre to strike against, stumble, commit a fault, displease, vex, hurt, injure, etc., f. ob- (ob- 1 b) + -fendĕre (found only in compounds).]
I.
†1. intr. To strike with the feet against something, to stumble. Obs. rare.
1382Wyclif Zech. xii. 8 He that shal offende [Vulg. qui offendit, R.V. is feeble or that stumbleth] of hem in that day. ― Rom. xi. 11 Wher thei offendiden so that thei schulden falle doun? c1450Cov. Myst. (Shaks. Soc.) 230 If men walke whan it is nyght, Sone they offende in that dyrknes.
2. To make a false step or stumble morally; to commit a sin, crime, or fault; to fail in duty; to do amiss, transgress. Const. against, † to, † unto.
1382Wyclif James iii. 2 Alle we offenden in many thingis. If ony man offendith not in word, this is a parfijt man. c1440York Myst. xviii. 66 What ayles þe kyng at me? For vn-to hym I neuere offende. 1490Caxton Eneydos xxi. 76, I neuer dyde amys, nor neuer offended ayenst hym. 1552Bk. Com. Prayer Gen. Conf., We haue offended agaynst thy holy lawes. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 45 They that offende herein to be presented to the Magistrates and punished. 1709Pope Ess. Crit. 159 Great wits sometimes may gloriously offend, And rise to faults true Critics dare not mend. 1854Dobell Balder iii, Such forgiveness as we bring to those Who can offend no more.
†3. trans. To sin against; to wrong (a person); to violate or transgress (a law, etc.). Obs.
c1320Cast. Love 1015 But ȝef thei hem amende Of that that they dude God afende. 1340Hampole Prose Tr. 21 Breke doune Couatise..þat þou..offende not thi conscience. 1390Gower Conf. III. 201 Justice natheles Was kept and in nothing offended. 1484Caxton Fables of æsop i. xix, Thow hast so gretely offendyd and blasphemyd the goddes. 1540Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 14 Sundry persons..haue not feared..to offende the said lawes. 1603Shakes. Meas. for M. iii. ii. 16 Marry Sir, he hath offended the Law. 1651Hobbes Leviath. iii. xxxviii. 248 The person offended, is Almighty God.
†4. In Biblical use: To be a stumbling-block, or cause spiritual or moral difficulty, to (a person); to shock; to cause to stumble or sin. Obs.
1526Tindale Matt. xviii. 6 Whosoever offend one of these lytell wons which beleve in me. ― Mark ix. 43 Yf thy hande offende the cut hym of. 1577Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 114 That, if it were possible, the very Elect themselves should be offended. 1658Whole Duty Man ix. §7 If our very eyes or hands offend us (that is, prove snares to us) we must rather part with them.
†b. intr. To be caused to stumble, to be spiritually or morally shocked. Obs.
1382Wyclif Rom. xiv. 21 It is good for to not ete fleisch, and for to not drynke wyn, nether in what thing thi brother offendith [Vulg. offenditur, 16th c. vv. stumbleth, Rheims is offended], or is sclaundrid, or is maad syk. 1611Bible 1 Cor. viii. 13 If meate make my brother to offend.
II.
†5. trans. To attack, assault, assail; also absol. to act on the offensive. Obs.
c1374Chaucer Troylus i. 549 (605) Loue..With desespeir so sorwfully me offendeth That streyght vn to þe deth myn herte ffayleth. c1400Destr. Troy 12350 Make hym kyng of þis kith..your fos to offend. 1540Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 14 The nauy..is..a great defence and surete of this realme in tyme of warre, as well to offende as defende. 1653Nissena 25 The fiercest Tygers..shall not offend you, whilst [I am] by your side. 1726Leoni tr. Alberti's Archit. I. 81/1 A Fort..well disposed for offending its enemies. 1744Ozell tr. Brantome's Sp. Rhodom. 210 Some Swissers..who cou'd neither Stop, nor Follow, nor Offend M. de Guise. [1881A. J. Duffield Don Quix. II. 305 Don Quixote,..very proud to see how well his squire defended and offended.]
†6. To strike so as to hurt; to wound, to hurt; to give (physical) pain to; to harm, injure. Obs.
c1385Chaucer L.G.W. Prol. 392 Whan a flye offendith him or biteth He with his tayle awey the fle smyteth. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 79/1 The blynde fader aroos and began offendyng hys feet to renne to mete hys sone. c1566J. Alday tr. Boaystuau's Theat. World S vij b, Some..coulde not by no meanes be offended or grieved with any kinde of poyson or venom. 1590Spenser F.Q. iii. x. 1 His late fight With Britomart so sore did him offend, That ryde he could not till his hurts he did amend. 1685Boyle Effects of Mot. v. 48 The heat..will offend one's hand at several times the distance. 1687B. Randolph Archip. 81 A small fort..very strongly arch't over, so as no bomb can offend it. 1758J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 284 The Passage of the Sword..penetrated into the Thorax, without offending the Lungs.
7. To hurt or wound the feelings or susceptibilities of; to be displeasing or disagreeable to; to vex, annoy, displease, anger; now esp. To excite a feeling of personal annoyance, resentment, or disgust in (any one). (Now the chief sense.)
13..Chaucer Compl. to his Lady 129 Wel lever is me lyken yow and deye Than for to any thing or thinke or seye That mighte yow offende in any tyme. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 269 Furius Camillus offended þe peple in delynge of prayes. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 353 b, Many thynges whiche myght offende mens myndes. 1598Shakes. Merry W. iii. v. 94 The rankest compound of villanous smell, that euer offended nostrill. 1603― Meas. for M. iv. iii. 188 If baudy talke offend you, we'el haue very litle of it. 1667Milton P.L. viii. 379 Let not my words offend thee, Heav'nly Power. 1732Berkeley Alciphr. vii. §25 If I were not afraid to offend the delicacy of polite ears. 1842Tennyson Day-Dream 214 You shake your head. A random string Your finer female sense offends. 1859–60J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) III. ii. ii. 232 A zealous Christian preacher offends not individuals merely, but classes of men.
b. to be offended: to be displeased, vexed, or annoyed. Now, usually, To feel personal annoyance; to feel hurt, to take offence. Const. with, at, or with clause.
a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VII 17 [He] was sore offended and greatly greved with the Flemynges..for kepyng from him perforce hys sonne and heyre. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 112 Although I was offended at the enterprise, I was loath to forsake my frende. 1634Documents agst. Prynne (Camden) 16 The truthe is, Mr. Pryn..would make the people altogether offended with all thinges att the present. 1700Dryden Fables Pref., I find some people are offended that I have turned these tales into modern English, because they think them unworthy of my pains. 1833–6J. Eagles Sketcher (1856) 340 You cannot think of them together without being offended at the labour and timidity of Claude.
1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 137, I praye you be not offended althoughe at thys presente I interrupte you. 1646J. Hall Horæ Vac. 28 Wander they in their pleasing darknesse, offended if you shew them light. 1774Kelly Sch. for Wives iv. ii, Don't be offended because I decline to do you an additional wrong. Mod. He was highly offended at being passed over. You are offended with me. I assure you I am not in the least offended.
†c. intr. = prec. Sc. Obs. rare.
1561Q. Mary in Spottiswood Hist. Ch. Scot. iv. (1677) 178 The Queen offendeth that I use the Title and Arms of England. a1578Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. I. 6. a 1639 Spottiswood Hist. Ch. Scot. iii. (1677) 174 A Noble man..answered, that it was a devout imagination, where⁓with John Knox did greatly offend. Ibid. vi. 370 The King did highly offend at his escape.
Hence oˈffended ppl. a.; oˈffendedly adv., in an offended manner.
c1440Promp. Parv. 7/1 Afendyd, or offendyd, offensus. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 200 These being all mingled together, let the offended place be rubbed there⁓with. 1611Shakes. Cymb. i. i. 75 So soone as I can win th' offended King, I will be knowne your Aduocate. 1667Milton P.L. x. 566 They..Chewd bitter Ashes, which th' offended taste With spattering noise rejected. 1746–7Hervey Medit. (1818) 87 To obtain peace and reconciliation with their offended Jehovah. 1804E. de Acton Tale without Title I. 194 Our modern misses; who..look offendedly grave at those freedoms in conversation. 1847–9Helps Friends in C. (1851) I. 116 Offended vanity is the great separator. 1876G. Meredith Beauch. Career I. vii. 102 She disdained to notice them, and blinked offendedly to have her clear sight of the weakness. |