| 释义 |
▪ I. official, n.|əˈfɪʃəl|
[In branch I, a. F. official (12–13th c. in Godef.), ad. L. officiāl-is n., absol. use of officiālis adj.: see next. In branch II, n. use of next.]
I. One who is invested with an office.
†1. One who holds office in a household. Obs.
1340Ayenb. 37 Zuyche byeþ þe greate officials þet byeþ ine þe house of riche men.
2. Eccl. In the Ch. of Eng., the presiding officer or judge of an archbishop's, bishop's, or archdeacon's court; now usually styled Official Principal.
The Official Principal of the two Archbishops' courts is now the Dean of Arches or Judge of the Court of Arches; in the Bishops' courts, the office is united with that of Chancellor of the Diocese; the title is more ordinarily known as that of the presiding officer of an Archdeacon's court.
[1314–15Rolls of Parlt. I. 293/1 Le libel enseale du seal autentik le Official ou Evesqe.] a1327Poem times Edw. II (Percy) xxxvi, Official & denys That chapitres schuld holde. c1400Rom. Rose 6420 There shalle no jugge imperial, Ne bisshop, ne official, Done jugement on me. 1456Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 236 W[ith] offycyal nor den no favour ther ys, But if sir symony shewe them sylver rounde. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 285 Of Glasgow officiall than wes he. a1639Spottiswood Hist Ch. Scot. ii. (1677) 105 [He] was preferred first to be Official of Glasgow, afterwards made Official of St. Andrews. 1707Hearne Collect. 12 Nov. (O.H.S.) II. 71 Mr. Proast..was made official of Berks. 1899Reg. J. de Grandisson III. Pref. 30 John B., Official of the Court of Canterbury, and lately his [the Bp. of Exeter's] Official-Principal. 1900Whitaker's Alm. 238 Province of York. Official Principal and Auditor of the Chancery Court, The Hon. Sir Arthur Charles.
3. One who is invested with an office of a public nature, or has duties in connexion with some public institution; as a government, municipal, or railway official.
1555Eden Decades 194, I being then..thofficial of Iustice in that citie at yowre maiesties appoyntemente. 1598Hakluyt Voy. I. 68 The sayde Emperour, hath..an Agent, and Secretary of estate, with Scribes and all other Officials, except aduocates. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xvi, The official repeated the summons without deigning to reply. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. v. 375 He regarded himself as an official of the state religion. 1874W. P. Mackay Grace & Truth 73, I could travel thus, and the railway officials could find no fault. 1886Pall Mall G. 26 Nov. 11/2 The Irish Under-Secretaries..are supposed to be impartial administrative officials.
II.
4. a. Short for official letter. †b. pl. Official performances, rites: cf. office n. 5.
1768Sterne Sent. Journ. (1775) IV. 224 One must be almost a stone, not to raise a risible muscle at many of their officials. 1884C. G. Gordon Jrnls. 5 Nov., I then wrote him an official; he wanted me to write him an order. I said ‘No.’
▪ II. official, a.|əˈfɪʃəl|
[ad. L. officiālis, f. officium office: see -al1. Cf. OF. official (14th c. in Godef.); also mod.F. officiel (1791 in Hatz.-Darm.).]
†1. Relating to duty. Obs.
1588A. King tr. Canisius' Catech. 177 Quhilk [cardinal] vertues ar also called official or dewetifull, for that of thame proceids..al kynd of offices, and dewties.
†2. Performing some office or service; subservient to something else or to some purpose. official member, a bodily organ which serves the needs or purposes of a higher organ. Obs.
1533Elyot Cast. Helthe (1541) 12 Offycialle members [are] Synewes, whiche doo serve to the braine: Arteries, or pulses, whiche do serve to the harte. 1547Boorde Brev. Health ccxxvi. 77 Princypal members be foure, the herte, the brayne, the lyver, and the stones... All other members be officiall members, and dothe offyce to the pryncypal members. 1614W. B. Philosopher's Banquet (ed. 2) 3 The braine, and Strings thervnto offitiall. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 198 The Oesophagus or gullet,..a part officiall unto nutrition. 1667― Misc. ii. Posth. Wks. (1712) 6 Inscriptions commonly signified the Name of the Person interr'd, the Names of Servants Official to such Provisions [etc.].
3. a. Of or pertaining to an office, post, or place; belonging to the discharge of duties; connected with the tenure of office.
official arms (Her.), arms representing those of an office or dignity, as those of a city, as used by the Mayor and officers of the corporation.
1607Shakes. Cor. ii. iii. 148 The Tribunes endue you with the Peoples Voyce, Remaines, that in th'Officiall Markes inuested, You anon doe meet the Senate. 1796H. Hunter tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) II. 583 The enormous accumulation of landed and official property. 1828Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 154 Perorating in official garments from the rostrum. 1842J. Bischoff Woollen Manuf. II. 26 The sub-joining official documents will render this obvious. 1865Livingstone Zambesi Pref. 7 A series of papers in the Portuguese Official Journal. 1897Gladstone E. Crisis 1 A trustworthy appeal from the official to the personal conscience.
b. official secrets, information the disclosure of which outside official circles would constitute a breach of national security; so Official Secrets Act.
1889Act 52 & 53 Vict. c. 52 §10 This Act may be cited as the Official Secrets Act, 1889. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 571/1 By the Official Secrets Act 1889 it was made a misdemeanour for an official to communicate any information or documents concerning the military or naval affairs of Her Majesty, to any person to whom it ought not to be communicated. 1931‘G. Trevor’ Murder at School vi. 127 ‘I think once again I must plead the Official Secrets' Acts,’ he answered, jocularly. 1931Economist 28 Nov. 1001/1 The editor of a German Radical newspaper has been sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment on the ground that, in the course of an article on civil aviation, he revealed official secrets, whose disclosure endangered national security. 1966A. Firth Tall, Balding, Thirty-Five v. 61 He pushed forward the buff paper. It was a shortened version of the form of submission to the Official Secrets Act of 1929. 1973Guardian 29 June 14/3 Today the House of Commons debates the Franks report on the Official Secrets Acts. 1976Howard Jrnl. XV. i. 24 The workings of the Official Secrets Act and the requirement of ‘submission for prior approval’ before a prison official can make a public statement do not encourage the development of penological expertise.
4. Of persons: Holding office; employed in some public capacity; authorized to exercise some specific function.
1833H. Martineau Loom & Lugger ii. v. 96 It must be to some official person. 1838Dickens Nich. Nick. xxii, The heavy footfall of the official watcher of the night. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xix. IV. 308 The Bill..was strongly opposed by the official men, both Whigs and Tories.
5. a. Derived from, or having the sanction of, persons in office; authorized or supported by the government, etc.; hence, Authorized, authoritative.
1854H. Rogers Ess. II. i. 81 Adverting to the truer and far more important solution ‘by the way’, and omitting it in the ‘official chapter on Cause’. 1871Morley Crit. Misc. Ser. i. Condorcet (1878) 66 The official religion of the century..was lifeless and mechanical. 1895United Service Mag. July 414 The Official History of the War of 1882. 1898T. Mackay State & Charity vi. 92 The above cited preamble..still remains the official definition of a charity. 1957J. Passmore 100 Yrs. Philos. i. 28 The ‘Scottish school’..lingered on..in the United States, where it became a sort of ‘official philosophy’ in the less adventurous Colleges. 1959Chambers's Encycl. XII. 745 English and Afrikaans are treated on a footing of equality as official languages... Every child shall learn the second official language. 1970Cape Times 28 Oct. 22/6 (Advt.), A knowledge of both official languages is required. 1976Scotsman 27 Dec. 5/1 At Celtic Park, the official attendance was 47,000. 1977Belfast Tel. 24 Jan. 9/4 Sinn Fein..has failed to gain any significant support at the polls, mainly because it has been regarded as the ‘front organisation’ for the official IRA.
b. Med. Authorized by the pharmacopœia; officinal.
1884Pharmaceut. Soc. Prosp. 9 The official preparations and active principles of each drug are enumerated. 1893Pharmacopœia of U.S. Pref. 36 (Funk) The word ‘official’ has been used in this edition of the Pharmacopœia in place of the word ‘officinal’. The change was made by a special vote of the Committee at one of its first meetings in 1890. 1898Rev. Brit. Pharm. 12 An official quinine-pill had become almost a necessity.
6. Having the manner or air proper to one in office, or denoting relations which arise from one's office, as distinct from those which are personal; formal, ceremonious.
1882M. E. Braddon Mt. Royal III. i. 5 Handing it with official solemnity to Mrs. Tregonell. 1896‘M. Field’ Attila i. 27 Be distant and official. |