| 释义 |
osmotic, a.|ɒsˈmɒtɪk, ɒz-|
[f. osmose or osmosis, in imitation of adjs. in -otic, from Gr. words in -osis.]
1. Of, pertaining to, or caused by osmosis; osmotic pressure, the excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent the entry into it of pure solvent when they are separated by a semipermeable membrane, or the excess pressure that develops in the solution when osmosis is allowed to occur in such circumstances; osmotic shock, rupture of a cell following a sudden drop in the osmotic pressure of the surrounding liquid, owing to the inflow of liquid that occurs.
1854Graham in Phil. Trans. CXLIV. 177 On Osmotic Force. The expression ‘Osmotic Force’..has reference to the endosmose and exosmose of Dutrochet. Ibid. 181 Substances of small osmotic power. 1862H. Spencer First Princ. i. iv. §23 (1875) 72 The absorption of nutrient fluids through the coats of the intestines, is an instance of osmotic action. 1876Bartholow Mat. Med. (1879) 3 An acid fluid on one side of the osmotic membrane, and an alkaline fluid on the other, are conditions most favorable to osmosis. 1888Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LIV. 778 (heading) Osmotic pressure in the analogy between solutions and gases. 1950T. F. Anderson in Jrnl. Appl. Physics XXI. 70/1 The similar viruses, T2, T4, and T6 which appear in the electron microscope to have membranes surrounding the internal structures of the heads can be disintegrated by what might be termed ‘osmotic shock’... Presumably, the virus heads swell when the osmotic pressure is suddenly reduced, and actually burst if the reduction is sufficiently large and sudden. 1970Ambrose & Easty Cell Biol. ii. 83 A solution containing one gramme-molecule of non-ionizable solute in 22·4 litres exerts an osmotic pressure of 1 atmosphere at 0°C. The use of a delicate manometer by Adair and Adair enabled them to determine the molecular weight of proteins by comparing their osmotic properties with those of known solutes. 1973D. A. Anderson Introd. Microbiol. x. 110/1 The cells of many bacteria..are likely to burst when placed in distilled water. This method (osmotic shock) is often used to release components from inside the cell for biochemical analysis. 1973R. Krueger et al. Introd. Microbiol. v. 201/2 The cytoplasmic water contains a tremendous variety of small organic and inorganic molecules and numerous ions and soluble enzymes... Gram-positive bacteria have an osmotic pressure of 22 atm (atmospheres).
2. In fig. senses. Cf. osmosis 2.
1952W. D. Jacobs William Barnes i. 10 There is also the strong and numberless clan which utilizes all the latinic iridescence at its command..to rejoice that the language had such osmotic good fortune. 1965Economist 24 Apr. 451/2 In the osmotic way these things happen, virtually all of them [sc. workers] were absorbed by other local industries. 1975B. Garfield Hopscotch xxii. 236 The joy she took from flying..in some profound osmotic way..had communicated itself to him. |