| 释义 |
reservation|rɛzəˈveɪʃən|
Also 4 -cioun, 5 -cion.
[a. OF. reservation (14th c.), or ad. late L. reservātiōn-em, n. of action f. reservāre to reserve.]
I.
1. Eccl. a. The action of reserving as a tithe.
c1380Wyclif Last Age Ch. (1840) 23 Þei [priests] make reseruaciouns, þe whiche ben clepid dymes, ffirst fruytis, oþer penciouns. 1645E. Pagitt Heresiogr. (1661) 265 The reservation of Tythes is set down in expresse words, Levit. 27. 30.
b. The action, on the part of the Pope, of reserving to himself the right of nomination to a vacant benefice, or the fact of this being reserved to him by some rule or constitution of the Church. (Usually in pl.)
1480Caxton Chron. Eng. vii. 130 b, The kynge send..ambassatours to y⊇ pope pryenge hym yt he sholde leue of & medle not in his courte of y⊇ kepynge & reseruacions of benefyces in Englande. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 365 b, Bishops of Rome..by reservations and graces expectative, as they name them, have derived all the gaine to Rome. 1725tr. Dupin's Eccl. Hist. 17th c. I. ii. iii. 46 Benedict XII made a general Reserve of all the Benefices in Curia;..Innocent VI was oblig'd to revoke all the Reservations by a Bull. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. I. 493 That the prerogatives of the papal months,..reservations, and of course, annates, should be abolished. 1884Catholic Dict. 716/1 Reservations..which depend only on a rule of the Chancery, and not also on a Papal constitution.
c. The action or fact, on the part of a superior, of reserving to himself the power of absolution in certain cases. (Cf. reserved ppl. a. 5.)
1608Willet Hexapla Exod. 279 The papall reseruation of cases..to the pope. 1884Catholic Dict. (1897) 786/2 The object of the reservation is to increase the shame of the penitent. Ibid., This power of reservation, however, is given for edification, not destruction.
2. Law. The action or fact of reserving or retaining for oneself some right or interest in property which is being conveyed to another; an instance of this; a right or interest so retained; the clause or part of a deed by which something is thus reserved.
1487Rolls of Parlt. VI. 390/2 That..all other Actes..be as to the said Fee Ferme onely,..except the said reservation of xviii li vs. 1532Dial. on Laws Eng. ii. xxii. 43 b, If a man make a feffement and reserue the profites.., that reseruacion is voyde in the lawe. 1579W. Rastell Termes Lawes 167 b/2 Reseruation, is taken diuers waies, and hath diuers natures... Sometimes a reseruation doth get and bring forth an other thing which was not before... And dyuers other such reseruations there be. 1596Bacon Max. & Use Com. Law ii. (1635) 30 He reserved some retribution of rents, or services, or both, to him and to his heires: which reservation is that, which is called the tenure of land. 1642tr. Perkins' Prof. Bk. v. §431. 186 When shee had the third part of the land out of which the reservation was made, it is reason [etc.]. 1766Blackstone Comm. II. 290 The reddendum or reservation, whereby the grantor doth create or reserve some new thing to himself out of what he had before granted. 1776Adam Smith W.N. i. v. (1869) I. 35 When a landed estate, therefore, is sold with a reservation of a perpetual rent [etc.] 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 223 The reservation was in the same terms with the power, and consequently was pursuant to it. 1872Yeats Growth Comm. 295 A reservation was made of a royalty of 20% on all silver produced.
3. a. The action or fact of reserving (for oneself or another) some right, power, privilege, etc.; a right, etc., thus reserved.
1605Shakes. Lear ii. iv. 255, I gave you all..But kept a reseruation to be followed With such a number. 1622Malynes Anc. Law-Merch. 429 His estate onely is liable..and yet with reseruation of such necessarie things, as Honestie, Honour, Humanitie, and Christianitie doth challenge. a1683Sidney Disc. Govt. iii. xiv. (1704) 284 There was therefore a reservation of the supreme Power in the People, notwithstanding the creation of Magistrats without Appeal. 1714Swift Public Spir. Whigs Wks. 1751 VIII. 28 These are the Opinions which Steele and his Faction..are endeavouring..to propagate..; with what Reservation to the Honour..of the Queen, I cannot determine. 1790Burke Fr. Rev. 18 Whilst our government is soothed with a reservation in its favour, to which it has no claim, the security..is taken away. 1848Mill Pol. Econ. ii. xii. §2 The labourers..have always done so, with the reservation of a power to tax those superfluities for purposes of public utility.
b. Orig. in the U.S., a tract of land set apart by Government for some special purpose, or for the exclusive use of a native people, esp. North American Indians. (Cf. reserve n. 5 b.)
1789Deb. Congress U.S. 25 May (1834) 41 The reservation,..of six miles square round the fort at Oswego, is within the territory of the State of New York. 1792Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. (1806) 1st Ser. I. 287 The whole Six Nations live on grounds, called the State Reservations, and are intermediate spaces settled on both sides by white people. 1830Galt Lawrie T. iv. xii. (1849) 186 Without touching the reservation round Jadiville. 1841Catlin N. Amer. Ind. (1844) II. 102 In these states, their reservations became surrounded by white people. 1859Marcy Prairie Trav. vi. 216 A reservation of land upon which the government designed to establish the Comanches. 1859Native Voice (Vancouver) (1959) Feb. 5/4 Has the Government of this Island the power to remove the Indians (by purchase) from that piece of outside Victoria Harbour known as the Indian Reservation? 1883Century Mag. June 218/1 Between these two lines was a Government reservation. 1953D. Cushman Stay away, Joe 22 Won't have anything to do with the Injuns off the reservation. 1957M. Banton W. Afr. City i. 15 A tangle relating to the ownership of land in the Kru Reservation. 1965Austral. Encycl. I. 88/2 Western Australia maintains 167 native reservations. 1970Times 24 Mar. 6/6 Port Elizabeth is close enough to the Transkei Bantustan (African reservation) to be affected by the complex restrictions designed to stop industry from attracting Africans out of the reservations. 1971D. Heffron Nice Fire & Some Moonpennies ii. 18 He told me to remember that when you're off the Reservation, people take you not as an individual but as an Indian. 1973Black Panther 8 Sept. 8/2 The Apaches, originally from Arizona, New Mexico and parts of Mexico, were sent to Florida by the U.S. Army after they refused to remain on a reservation in Arizona.
attrib.1866Rep. Indian Affairs (U.S.) 100 The reservation Indian is under the protection of the general government. 1887Pall Mall G. 31 Oct. 7/1 It is acknowledged on all sides..that the reservation policy is a failure. Ibid., The reservation Indians in that State. 1946G. Foreman Last Trek of Indians 260 Eighty of them came to their agency and enrolled with the reservation Indians. 1977Listener 13 Oct. 462/1 In the 1950s..a whole generation of reds..was squashed... A few of us survivors are kept on like reservation Indians to remind the winners of how tolerant they've become.
c. orig. U.S. The action or fact of engaging seats, rooms, places, etc., or of hiring a vehicle, in advance; something reserved in advance. Also attrib.
1906F. Lynde Quickening xiii. 118 That sleeping-car reservation for Thomas Gordon—have you secured it? 1907Springfield (Mass.) Weekly Republican 19 Dec. 16 A considerable number of New York and Boston people have made reservations at the Curtis hotel in Lenox for the holiday season. 1925Scribner's Mag. July 32/1 (Advt.), Reservations for 1925–26 should be made as soon as possible to insure entrance. 1935R. Macaulay Personal Pleasures 18 Do tickets, passports, money, travellers' cheques, packing, reservations, boat trains, inns, crouch and snarl before you like those surly dragons that guard enchanted lands? 1949Skyline Trail (Montreal) Mar. 14/2 It is most important that hikers procure their hotel reservations well in advance. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 17 Feb. 35 (Advt.), For reservations, call or write Atlantic Car & Truck Rental. 1971Financial Mail (Johannesburg) 26 Feb. 656/2 When his travel agent phoned the Cape Town reservation centre about that day's 19.15 flight to Johannesburg, a reservation clerk said: ‘We have no idea how many seats are left.’ 1977E. Leonard Unknown Man No. 89 xx. 207 Ryan kept going,..past the reservation desk to the foyer.
d. Exemption from military service because of an important civilian occupation. Also attrib., as reservation age, etc.
1916List of Certified Occupations (Local Government Board) 4 The only ground for making these reservations is that the men protected are engaged on work of national importance. 1940Economist 20 July 73/2 He [sc. Ernest Bevin]..is transferring persons to war work by pressure and persuasion rather than by compulsion. An early example of this was the raising of the reservation age in certain industries while postponing the date, so that men below the new age limit could..transfer into war jobs where they would still be reserved. 1941Manch. Guardian Weekly 26 Sept. 194 The test of reservation should be the work a man is actually doing, not his declared occupation. Ibid., The reservation system cannot be said to operate fairly in our present critical state unless its categories are tightened. 1942Ann. Reg. 1941 27 Hitherto all men above the reservation age had been exempted, whether they were actually occupied or not. 1944Manpower (Ministry of Information) 11 Each occupation had its own age of reservation. The more important the job, the lower the age of reservation. The skilled tradesmen in the Armed Forces were drawn from men below the age of reservation in corresponding civilian occupations.
e. = reserve n. 5 e. In full, central reservation.
1937Memorandum on Lay-Out & Construction of Roads (Ministry of Transport) 15 Gaps for vehicles in the central reservation should in no case be formed opposite the exits from the minor roads. Ibid. 17 The separation of dual carriageways should be effected by a reservation of the greatest width practicable. 1959Highway Code 16 Do not reverse or turn in the carriageway or cross the central reservation. 1972Times 10 June 2/2 Police are to investigate why a new M1 crash barrier near the Toddington service area failed to stop a lorry from crossing the central reservation. 1977Oxford Mail 20 Apr. 1 Oxfordshire's ambulance chief has called for safety barriers down the central reservation of the new Witney Bypass before there is a serious crash.
4. a. An expressed or tacit limitation or exception made with regard to something; the action of making an exception of this kind.
1614Raleigh Hist. World ii. (1634) 189 Such fables argue that Josephus is not to be believed, but with discreete reservations. 1676G. Towerson Decalogue 525 The same school hath admitted tacite interpretations and reservations. 1713Steele Guardian No. 57 ⁋3 The Father's close Equivocal Management, so as always to keep a Reservation to use upon Occasion, when he found himself prest. 1719D'Urfey Pills (1872) II. 75 Dearest, believe without a Reservation. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 161 Frederic subscribed, with some reservations, the freedom of four-and-twenty cities. 1794Bloomfield Rep. 30 A Bill of Sale, without any Condition or Reservation, was drawn up. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. ii. I. 157 With this highly important reservation, it had been resolved to set up in England a hierarchy closely resembling that which now exists in Scotland. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. vi. (1858) II. 11 The lay lords replied without reservation that they would support the crown. 1891― Divorce Cath. xviii. 326 The Abbots and Priors had sworn to the supremacy, but..with secret reservations to save their consciences.
b. mental reservation, a qualification tacitly introduced in making a statement, taking an oath, etc., when it is thought inexpedient or unnecessary to speak or dissent openly; also, the fact or practice of making such qualifications.
1606Warner Alb. Eng. xv. xcv. 380 Tongues-Othes, Harts-Thoughts, Disiunctiues, by a Mental reseruation. 1629Wadsworth Pilgr. ii. 10 They did it with a mentall reseruation. 1690Lee Massacre of Paris ii. i. 12 Without the smallest Mental Reservation, Equivocation, or the least Reserve. 1716Addison Freeholder No. 6 ⁋5 We expressly disavow all evasions and mental reservations whatsoever. 1824Scott Redgauntlet ch. xvii, A devout belief in whatever had been said of the punic faith of Jesuits, and of the expedients of mental reservation. 1888J. Rickaby Mor. Philos. 233 This looks very much like lying, but..it is speaking the truth under a broad mental reservation.
†5.
a. The action of keeping back or concealing from others; something thus kept back or concealed; a secret; a deceptive answer or excuse. Obs.
1598B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. iii. ii, He will not swear, he has some reservation, Some conceal'd purpose, and close meaning sure. 1601Shakes. All's Well ii. iii. 260, I most vnfainedly beseech your Lordshippe to make some reseruation of your wrongs. 1612Naunton in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 113 His Majesty's reservations having too many occasions in this undermining age of the world. c1645Howell Lett. i. iv. xxi, The French is.. not so full of scruples, reservations, and jealousies as the Spaniard, but deals more frankly, and with a greater confidence and gallantry.
†b. The fact or habit of being reticent; reservedness in discourse. Obs. rare.
1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. ii. §12. 40 His disciples wondred to see him alone talk with a woman, besides his custome, and usuall reservation. a1674Clarendon Hist. Reb. x. §115 Persons of all conditions repaired to his Majesty of those who had serv'd him; with whom he conferr'd without reservation.
†c. Reserved conduct, reserve. Obs. rare.
1655tr. Sorel's Com. Hist. Francion ii. 37 You could feign Chastity and Reservation to intrap me. 1658Phillips s.v, Also Reservation, or Reservednesse, is used in Romances for that distance and state, which Ladies observe in their behaviour toward those that Court them.
II.
6. Eccl. The action or practice (in the Roman Catholic, Greek, and other churches) of retaining or preserving for some purpose a portion of the eucharistic elements (esp. the bread) after the celebration of the sacrament; † also, a part of the elements thus reserved.
a1551Gardiner in Cranmer Answ. Gardiner (1551) iii. 165 Justine the Martyr..testifieth a reseruacion to be sent to them that were sycke. 1577–87Holinshed Chron. III. 1003/1 Item, we will haue in our churches reseruation. a1626Bp. Andrewes Answ. Perron 6 So that Reservation needeth not; the intent is had without it. 1832W. Palmer Orig. Liturg. II. viii. 229 It is true, that this reservation has been the most usual, and, perhaps, the most ancient, practice of the Church. 1862Union 11 Apr. 226 Another sufficient reason for reservation would be an improved liturgical arrangement for Good Friday.
†7.
a. The action or fact of keeping back a matter for further action or later decision. Obs.
1590Swinburne Testaments 260 Where the testator..reserueth somewhat to be done at another time,..euen by the ciuill law in this case the testament is perfect, notwithstanding such reseruations. 1659Pearson Creed (1839) 417 Which..signifieth a reservation of his sin unto the judgment of the world to come.
†b. The action or fact of keeping back something from others or for one's own use. Obs.
1601Shakes. All's Well i. iii. 231 He wil'd me In heedefull'st reseruation to bestow them. 1607Heywood Fayre Mayde Exch. H 2 b, My aduise in the reseruation of those Letters, Which I will haue you hide from eie of day. 1633Bp. Hall Occas. Medit. §18 O God, thou distillest thy graces upon us, not for our reservation, but conveyance. 1634― Contempl., N.T. iv. v, That in the distribution of our goods, we should expect his blessing, not in their entireness and reservation.
†c. Preservation of a thing. Obs. rare.
1637R. Humfrey tr. St. Ambrose Pref., It was the vanity of Democritus to promise the reservation of the bodyes of men. 1641Hinde J. Bruen xxx. 93 This commemoration of Saints, and Martyrs, did breed and bring forth reservation of their Reliques. |