| 释义 |
▪ I. Parkinson1|ˈpɑːkɪnsən|
The name of James Parkinson (1755–1824), English surgeon and palæontologist, used in Parkinson's disease [tr. F. maladie de Parkinson (J. M. Charcot 1876, in Progrès médical 2 Dec. 838/2)], a chronic, slowly progressive disorder of the central nervous system that occurs chiefly in later life as a result of degenerative changes in the brain and produces tremor, rigidity of the limbs, and slowness and imprecision of movement (described by Parkinson, under the names shaking palsy and paralysis agitans, in An Essay on the Shaking Palsy (1817)); Parkinson syndrome = Parkinsonism.
1877G. Sigerson tr. D.-M. Bourneville in Charcot's Lect. Dis. Nervous Syst. (ser. 1) v. 144 This man, aged 50 years, was attacked by ‘Parkinson's disease’ in consequence of a strong emotion occasioned by the attempts of the Federalists, during the time of the Commune, to incorporate him in their battalions. 1888W. R. Gowers Man. Dis. Nervous Syst. II. 589 From the fact that it was first fully described by Parkinson in 1817, it has been called ‘Parkinson's disease’, but the name which he gave to it of ‘shaking palsy’ is both apt and adequate. 1909Practitioner Feb. 290 In Parkinson's disease (paralysis agitans), the drug produced considerable decrease in all the cases. 1933[see Hoffmann 3]. 1950A. Huxley Let. 19 July (1969) 627 Poor Osbert [Sitwell] has got Parkinson's disease and has started to tremble. 1955Sci. News Let. 20 Aug. 120/2 A drug of the antihistamine class has helped almost half of a group of patients suffering with the Parkinson syndrome, best known to the layman as shaking palsy. 1970[see dopa]. 1973Sci. Amer. July 98/3 Symptoms of Parkinson's disease..include active features such as tremor and muscular rigidity and negative features such as slowness in the initiation of movement and loss of the usual facial expression of emotions.
▪ II. Parkinson2|ˈpɑːkɪnsən|
The name of Cyril Northcote Parkinson (b. 1909), historian and journalist, used in the possessive to denote the ‘law’ propounded by him, that work expands to fill the time available for its completion. Also transf.
1955Economist 19 Nov. 635/1 Before the discovery of a new scientific law—herewith presented to the public for the first time, and to be called Parkinson's Law—there has..been insufficient recognition of the implications of this fact in the field of public administration. 1957C. N. Parkinson (title) Parkinson's law. 1957N.Y. Times 5 May iii. 1/7 Parkinson's Law is that British Government employes multiply by about 5 per cent a year even though their total work output does not increase in proportion. 1958C. N. Parkinson Parkinson's Law (U.K. ed.) 4 Parkinson's Law or the Rising Pyramid. Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion. 1958N. Mackenzie Conviction 15 Our civil servants are bureaucratic slaves to Parkinson's Law. 1958Times 3 July 11/6 An extension of Parkinson's Law to the parliamentary system establishes that the British instinct ‘is to form two opposing teams, with referee and linesmen, and let them debate until they exhaust themselves’. 1960Guardian 22 July 10/4 There is some ‘Parkinson's law’ that cars increase in numbers to fill..any space made available. 1962Lancet 28 Apr. 898/2 The transportation of anything to high camps is subject to Parkinson's law: the greater the weight, the greater the number of porters; the greater the number of porters, the greater the weight of supplies; the greater the weight of supplies, the greater the number of porters. 1964M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. xiv. 172 Studies of factories, hospitals and school districts of different sizes show that larger ones have if anything a lower proportion of administrators, so that Parkinson's law is by no means generally true. 1966R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics within Liberal Educ. 15 A sort of Parkinson's Law applies in vocabulary: the meaning range of a word expands to fill the available space. 1972Daily Tel. 3 Feb. 14 The engineers will tell you that, once it is built, the traffic will be there; and this, alas, is true, for Parkinson's Law ensures that traffic expands to fill the space available. 1974L. Deighton Spy Story xiii. 127 Before we had the security cards, there had been no delays. I was a victim of some Parkinson's law of proliferating security. 1978Cornish Guardian 27 Apr. 3/1 Having spent the money, they then see the need to take on scores of new planners and technical officers. It was Parkinson's Law gone mad.
Hence Parkinˈsonian a.2, of or pertaining to Parkinson or his law; also as n.2, a believer in this law; ˈParkinsonism2, the principle or doctrine reflected in Parkinson's law; an instance of this.
1957Life 15 Apr. 57/1 Maybe where the squeeze ought to be applied hardest is on ‘Parkinsonism’, that trend for every bureau to proliferate. 1959Times 3 Mar. 3/7 A port scene by Seurat, compounded of a thousand ‘pointillist’ dots must seem to Parkinsonians like a troupe of typists at {pstlg}12 a week and 10 clerks at {pstlg}20 and a dozen ‘high executives’ at {pstlg}5,000 a year all busily employed in the composition and dispatch of a ‘Yours of the 9th to hand’. Ibid. 5 May 11/5 They seem, perhaps, to be in some danger of falling into the (Parkinsonian?) trap of treating theoretical maxima as practical minima. 1960N.Y. Times 31 Jan. 56/3 Professor Parkinson's book, ‘Parkinson's Law’, expounding this and other Parkinsonisms, was published in 1957. 1962Daily Tel. 14 Mar. 12/2 The LCC has built up some efficient teams, with high status and pay at the top, for supervising its many services. Though some of these may smack of Parkinsonian internal empire building, many are good. 1964R. Braddon Year Angry Rabbit iv. 33 Committees of otherwise useless Civil Servants (whose numbers had swollen to quite terrifying and parkinsonian proportions since World War II). 1964New Society 29 Oct. 6/2 In spite of the charges of Parkinsonism, Mr. Wilson's administration is fairly orthodox in its size and structure. 1968A. Diment Bang Bang Birds ii. 15 At the outset it was just a little sub-department but by inevitable Parkinsonian growth it had assumed an identity of its own. 1971C. Russell Crisis of Parliaments iii. i. 110 The Parkinsonian process by which people administering particular subjects under the Chamber acquired subordinates and a formal organization was accelerated by the increase in government business. 1975M. Sinclair Long Time Sleeping xiv. 166 The best of all Parkinsonian models—when he had little to do he did nothing; when overstretched he always managed to fit extra into the day. |