| 释义 |
▪ I. paste, n.|peɪst|
Also 4–8 past, 5–6 paast, 6 payst(e, 6–7 paist.
[a. OF. paste (13th c. in Littré), mod.F. pâte = Pr., Sp., It. pasta:—Com. Romanic pasta (instanced in L. in a medical sense ‘a small square piece of a medical preparation’, Marc. Empir. c 400), generally supposed to be ad. Gr. πάστη, also pl. παστά, πασταί barley porridge, n. uses of παστός sprinkled.]
1. Cookery.
a. Flour moistened with water or milk and kneaded, dough; esp. (now only) with addition of butter, lard, suet, or the like, as used in making pastry, etc.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiii. 250 Þanne wolde I be prest..paste [v. rr. past, paast] for to make, And buxome and busy aboute bred and drynke. 1390Gower Conf. I. 294 The levein of the bred, Which soureth all the past. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 45 Make fayre past..and keuere þin cofyns with þe same past. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 39 b, Mixtynge water with floure, & werkynge it in to paste. 1582N. T. (Rhem.) 1 Cor. v. 6 A litle leauen corrupteth the whole paste. 1605Shakes. Lear ii. iv. 124 Cry to it Nunckle, as the Cockney did to the Eeles, when she put 'em i' th' Paste aliue. 1769Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 144 To make crisp Paste for Tarts. 1888Mrs. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. §1676 Common Paste for Family Use... 11/4 lb. of flour, ½ lb. of butter, rather more than ½ pint of water.
b. Name for various sweet confections of doughy consistence. † paste royal, a confection of sugar and spices: see quot. 1676.
1389–90Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 596 In iij Coffins de pastreall. c1440Anc. Cookery in Househ. Ord. (1790) 455 A half pounde of past roiale. 1591in Lyly's Wks. (1902) I. 449 Preserues,..iellies,..marmelats, pasts, comfits, of all sorts. 1653W. I. True Gentlew. Delight 53 To make Paste-royal in Sauces. Take Sugar..four ounces, very finely beaten and searced, and put into it an ounce of Cinnamon and Ginger, and a grain of Musk, and so beat it into paste, with a little Gum-Dragon. 1662Stat. Irel. (1765) II. 461, Past of Jean, the pound 7s. 6d. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. II. 635 Making marmalades and perfumed pastes, which exceed those of Genoa. 1853A. Soyer Pantroph. 285 Oublies..were thin sheets of paste composed of flour and honey. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade s.v., The term paste is applied to the inspissated juice of liquorice, and some other vegetables.
c. Applied to compositions of this consistence (usually sweet) used as baits in angling.
1653Walton Angler viii. 169 The Carp bites either at wormes or at Paste. Ibid. 170 As for Pastes, there are almost as many sorts as there are Medicines for the Toothach. 1704(title) The Compleat Fisher..Being a Clear..way of Taking all Sorts of Fresh-Water Fish with the Worm, Fly, Paste, and other Baits. 1898Westm. Gaz. 5 Oct. 9/3 Salmon-roe is his favourite and usual lure, and with this bait—the ‘paste’ he calls it—he works sad havoc.
d. A relish made of some fish or crustacean cooked, pounded, and seasoned; as anchovy-paste, shrimp-paste.
1817W. Kitchiner Cook's Oracle (1823) 320 [Receipt for making] Anchovy Paste or le Beurre d'Anchois. 1836Guide to Worcester Advt., A stock of anchovies and anchovy paste. 1855A. H. Hassall Food & its Adulterat. 505 One of the samples of bloater paste was adulterated..with starch or flour. 1902Daily Chron. 28 Aug. 3/2 The pots were first made for the shrimpers of Pegwell Bay—to contain the shrimp-paste prepared there.
2. a. A mixture of flour and water (sometimes strengthened with starch) boiled together, used as a cement for sticking paper and other substances.
1530Palsgr. 250/2 Paast or glewe, cole. 1601Holland Pliny I. 393 The common past that wee vse, made with the finest floure of wheat. 1710Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) III. 46 Small bits of Paper sticking with some of the Past with wca 'twas fix'd. 1879Print. Trades Jrnl. No. 29. 47 Brush paste, not gum, lightly over the back.
†b. = pasteboard 2. Obs.
1548–9(Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer (Colophon), The same bounde in paste or in boordes. 1562in Comm. Ld. Grey of Wilton (Camden) 59 A schoocheon of armes wrowght on payste.
3. a. gen. Any composition or mixture containing just enough moisture to render it soft and plastic: see quots., and b, c below.
1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. xx. 383 An idoll made of paste of wheate and mays mingled with hony. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v. Porcelain, With the sediment, collected at bottom in form of a paste, [they] fill a kind of moulds. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VIII. 92 The egg is involved in a sort of paste, which serves at once for the young animal's protection and nourishment. 1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. II. 30 Forming corrosive muriate of mercury into a paste with water. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 631 A species of rapid crystallization ensues, and the thin paste soon acquires a solid consistence.
b. A mixture of clay and water (sometimes with other ingredients) of which earthenware or porcelain is made; distinguished as hard paste or soft paste according to its consistence and power of resisting heat.
1735Dict. Polygraph. s.v. China, To make your paste of this powder, first dissolve an ounce of very white gum arabic in a pail of water [etc.]. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Porcelain, The china-ware being made of a paste, part of which is made of a substance in itself scarce possible to be vitrified. 1879J. J. Young Ceram. Art 55 There is..very little difference in hardness between the hard-paste and the soft-paste.
c. A soft composition applied to the skin, medicinally or as a cosmetic (or taken internally).
1765Goldsm. Double Transform. 85 In vain she tries her paste and creams, To smooth her skin, or hide its seams. 1842Dunglison Med. Lex., Paste, a compound medicine like the pastil, but less consistent, flexible, less saccharine, and more mucilaginous. 1863–76T. B. Curling Dis. Rectum (ed. 4) 48 The confection of black pepper..known as Ward's Paste..in great repute as a remedy for piles... The usual dose is a drachm three times a day. 1901Brit. Med. Jrnl. No. 2097. 39 A variety of pastes are also useful in this stage [of eczema].
4. fig. The material of which a person is figuratively said to be made (in reference to quality).
c1645Howell Lett. i. i. xliv. (1655) 69 The Inhabitants of that Town [Geneva], methinks, are made of another paste. 1700Dryden Fables Ded., Others were more sweet and affable, made of a more pliant paste. 1865M. Arnold Ess. Crit. v. 174 To us..with the German paste in our composition. 1868Browning Ring & Bk. vi. 329 But you, who are so quite another paste Of a man,—do you obey me?
5. A hard vitreous composition (of fused silica, potash, white oxide of lead, borax, etc.), used in making imitations of precious stones; a factitious or artificial gem made of this. Also called strass. Also attrib. Made of, or adorned with, paste.
1662Merrett tr. Neri's Art of Glass xcii. 143 This past imitates all Jewels and colours, and hath a wonderful shining and lustre, And in hardness too it imitates the jewels. 1718Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to C'tess Bristol 10 Apr., That paste with which they make counterfeit jewels. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v., Pastes, in the glass trade, a sort of compositions of the glass kind, made from calcined crystal, lead, and metallic preparations, to imitate the several natural gems. 1796Burns Poem on Life iii, Tho' fiction out may trick her, And in paste gems and fripp'ry deck her. 1824W. Irving T. Trav. I. 28 High-heeled shoes..with paste or diamond buckles. 1827Lytton Pelham i, The diamonds went to the jeweller's, and Lady Frances wore paste.
6. Min. A mineral substance in which other minerals are imbedded.
1828in Webster.
†7. Some kind of ornamental head-dress (app. made with a foundation of pasteboard) worn by women. Obs.
1529More Suppl. Soulys L ij b, Wyth partelettes and pastis garneshed wyth perle. 1530Palsgr. 183 Vnes paces, a payre of pastes for the attyre of a womans heed. Ibid. 252 Paste for a lady or woman, unes paces. 1541–2Act 33 Hen. VIII, c. 5 Every other..person..whos Wiff shall were any Frenche hood or bonett of Velvet, wt any habiliment, past, or egge, of golde, perle or stone. 1570Billingsley Euclid xi. 320 If ye draw the like formes in matter that wil bowe and geue place, as most aptly ye may do in fine pasted paper, such as paste-wiues made womens pastes of. 1592Greene Vision Wks. (Grosart) XII. 227 The Bride..was very finelie dizond in a little Cappe, and a faire paste. [1853Rock Ch. of Fathers IV. xii. 174 The bride, when a maiden, wore her hair flowing..and nothing but a wreath of jewels, called a ‘paste’, or flowers, about her head.]
8. Comb., as (sense 2) paste-bowl, paste-brush (also in sense 1), paste-pot; (sense 3) paste-blacking; paste-bodied a., of porcelain (see quots.); paste-cutter, an instrument for cutting paste into shapes for pastry; paste-eel, a small nematoid worm (Anguillula glutinis) found in sour paste; paste-fitter, a workman who fits together with paste the parts of boot-uppers for the machine; † paste-god, an idol made of paste; paste grain, split sheep-skin with paste put on the back to harden it and give a better grain; also, occas. used of morocco; paste-horn, a cow's horn used as a receptacle for paste; † paste-house, a building where pastry is made; paste-kettle, a kettle for boiling paste; paste-maker, (a) a person employed in making paste; (b) a machine for mixing the ingredients of paste; † paste-meat, pastry; † paste-pin, a wooden pin for rolling paste, a rolling-pin; paste-point (Printing): see quots., and point n.; paste-rock (Geol.), a shaly formation found in Wales, also called Tarannon shales; † paste-roller, a rolling-pin = paste-pin (obs.); paste-wash, paste much diluted with water, used in bookbinding; hence paste-wash v., to apply a mixture of paste and water to leather bindings, in order to improve the surface before lettering or decoration is applied; hence paste-washing vbl. n.; paste-water = paste-wash; † paste-wife, a woman who made and sold ‘pastes’ (sense 7) and other articles of female attire (obs.).
1915R. L. Hobson Chinese Pott. & Porc. II. ix. 141 Steatitic porcelain,..with the body..composed of hua shih..is light to handle, and opaque; and the body has a dry, earthy appearance, though it is of fine grain and unctuous to touch. It is variously named by the Chinese sha-t‘ai (sand bodied) and chiang-t‘ai (*paste bodied). 1936Burlington Mag. Jan. 10/1 Many fine specimens of a ‘soft paste’ white porcelain (paste-bodied the Chinese call it). 1964M. Medley Handbk. Chinese Art 63/1 Chiang-t‘ai, ‘paste bodied’ wares made from a fine-grained white firing clay, often miscalled ‘soft paste’. These wares occur mainly from the 18th century onward.
1873E. Spon Workshop Receipts Ser. i. 394/1 Tools for small work..*paste-bowl.
1846Jewish Manual, or Pract. Information Jewish & Mod. Cookery vi. 106 Beat the yolk of an egg, dip a *paste-brush into it, and lay it on the crust before baking.
1845E. Acton Mod. Cookery i. 5 Divide the bread into dice, or cut it with a deep *paste-cutter into any other form. 1893Baring-Gould Cheap Jack Zita II. 84, I sold a box of paste-cutters at one and nine.
1857E. C. Otté tr. Quatrefages' Rambles I. 282 Certain *Paste-eels which belong to the Helminthes.
1883B'ham Daily Post 11 Oct., Boot Trade.—Wanted, an experienced *Pastefitter for General Men's Work.
1626Purchas Pilgrimage (ed. 4) Table, *Paste-god of the Mexicans [cf. 880 the Religious Virgins or Nuns mingled a quantity of Beets with rosted Maiz, and moulded it with Hony, making an Image of that paste].
1880Bookseller 3 May 471 Cruden's Concordance..in limp *Paste-grain and Morocco. 1885Ibid. 5 Mar. 236 Books in padded paste grain and German calf. 1923H. A. Maddox Dict. Stationery 59 Pastegrain.—Also abbreviated to P.G., but more correctly specified as pastegrain roan. Comprises the thin grain side of a split sheepskin, mechanically grained with a cracked or fissured pattern and stiffened slightly by pasting on the back... In the fancy trade P.G. roan is elaborately but erroneously described as French morocco. 1963B. C. Middleton Hist. Eng. Craft Bookbinding Technique xi. 122 In the 30s and 40s of the nineteenth century hard- and paste-grain morocco replaced straight-grain morocco and russia for use on fine bindings.
1834Carlyle Sart. Res. iii. i, Working on tanned hides, amid pincers, *paste-horns, rosin, swine-bristles.
1471–2Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 94 Pro nova construccione unius *Pastehous juxta ostium Coquinæ. 1480–1Ibid. 97, j pipa et j tubba in le Pastehous.
1824Galt Quadr. in Rothelan III. 187, I..showed the *paste-impression of the seal.
1825Sporting Mag. XVII. 36 A somewhat truant disposition..coupled him to a *paste-kettle.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Paste-maker, a stirring-machine for mixing the components of paste.
1598Epulario D ij, These *past meates would..be yellow with Saffron. 1611Florio, Pasticciami, all manner of pyes or paste-meates.
1769Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 145 Roll it up tight, then with your *paste-pin roll it out again.
1825Hansard Typographia 912 The blocks being..inked with the requisite colours in proper succession, and united..by means of those sheet-anchors of pressmanship called points, three or even four of which are fixed (by what a printer calls *paste-points) upon the tympans, so as to act upon the margins of the print. 1888Jacobi Printer's Vocab. s.v., Paste-points: very fine points—usually drawing-pins—used for very closely registered work on a hand-press.
1845Ainsworth's Mag. VII. 27 Elliston now demanded the *paste-pot. 1857N. W. T. Root School Amusements 207 A large scrap-book is prepared, a committee of selection is chosen, a paste-pot made ready, and contributions are invited. 1881F. G. Lee Reg. Baront. v. 51 There was little furniture..except a desk, a deal counter, and a paste-pot.
1885Lyell's Elem. Geol. xxvii. (ed. 4) 431 A..set of beds of fine light grey or blue shales, termed ‘*paste-rock’, which overlie the Upper Llandovery strata.
1660Hexham Dict., Een Rol-stock, a *Past-roler to make Pyes with.
1880J. W. Zaehnsdorf Art of Bookbinding 116 The porous varieties [of leather] must be *paste-washed carefully. Ibid. 174 Paste-wash.—Paste diluted with water. 1946E. Diehl Bookbinding II. xxii. 327 When leathers such as calf, sheep, or russia are used, they should be paste-washed before tooling, in order to fill up the many fine pores. Ibid., Calf and other very porous leathers require a heavier paste wash than morocco or levant. 1963B. C. Middleton Hist. Eng. Craft Bookbinding Technique xiv. 211 Paste-wash, glaire, glue-size, yolk of egg and boot and furniture polishes have been used on leather, but mainly to improve the surface.
1921Librarian Nov. 74 *Pastewashing and varnishing tends to crack and destroy the leather, and does not soften or preserve it in the slightest degree. 1946E. Diehl Bookbinding II. xxii. 327, I do not approve of paste-washing or sizing leather if it can be avoided.
1875Ure's Dict. Arts I. 424 (Bookbinding) The leather..is..softened by..the application of *paste-water to make it pliable. 1880J. W. Zaehnsdorf Art of Bookbinding 116 The non-porous leathers need only be washed with thin paste water or vinegar. 1901D. Cockerell Bookbinding xiv. 198 Paste-water is paste and water well beaten up to form a milky liquid.
1550Crowley Epigr. 32 Her mydle braced in, as smal as a wande..some b[u]y wastes of wyre at the *paste wyfes hande. 1570Paste-wife [see 7].
▪ II. paste, v.|peɪst|
[f. paste n. 2, 3.]
1. a. trans. To make to adhere or stick by means of paste; to fasten with paste. to paste up, to stick up (on a wall, etc.) with paste. to paste down, to line the cover of a book by attaching half the endpaper to it.
1561–2in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 142 For pastinge y⊇ table of the x commandementes ijd. 1592Nashe P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 18 b, Such as paste vp their papers on euery post. 1665Phil. Trans. I. 80 With Parchment pasted or glewed upon them. 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 136 Several pieces of Cloth pasted together. 1710Swift Baucis & Phil. 94 The ballads pasted on the wall. 1804M. G. Lewis Bravo of Venice (1856) II. 310 The following address was..pasted against the corners of the principal streets. 1835‘J. A. Arnett’ Bibliopegia i. 67 When dry, the end papers are pasted down, and the work finished. 1843Prescott Mexico (1850) I. i. v. 122 The feathers, pasted on a fine cotton web, were wrought into dresses. 1880J. W. Zaehnsdorf Art of Bookbinding viii. 35 When the book is to be pasted down, the ends [sc. end-papers] are lifted from the book. 1901D. Cockerell Bookbinding xvii. 254 To paste down end papers, the book is placed on the block with the board open. 1963B. C. Middleton Hist. Eng. Craft Bookbinding Technique xiii. 203 Until, roughly, the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century the endpapers of all grades of bindings were pasted down without being trimmed.
b. transf. and fig. To cause to adhere closely or firmly (as if by pasting).
1863N. Syd. Soc. Year-bk. Med. for 1862. 387 General diffuse peritonitis, many coils of intestine being pasted together by adherent lymph. 1883H. W. V. Stuart Egypt 425 A perfect tempest of wind, which..drove the Era against the western bank, where she remained hopelessly pasted.
2. To cover by (or as by) pasting on or over.
1609Dekker Gvlls Horne-bk. iv. (1862) 24 [A] door, pasted and plastered up with serving-mens' supplications. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. ii. xii. 79 Paste it well with good Paper. 1697Dryden æneid ix. 1099 With driving dust his cheeks are pasted o'er. 1849Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 38, I have been busy..pasting a screen..all over with prints.
3. To incorporate with or into a paste, as a colour in dyeing.
1862C. O'Neill Dict. Calico Print. & Dyeing s.v. Resists, Resist compositions intended for this latter purpose are usually called pastes, and the colour so preserved is said to be ‘pasted’.
4. slang. To beat, thrash: cf. baste v.3 Also, to inflict heavy damage on by bombing or shelling; in Cricket, to hit (a ball, the bowling) hard.
1846Swell's Night Guide 58 They pasted his nibs, and scarpered rumbo. 1851[see pasting 3]. 1873Slang Dict., Paste, to beat, to thrash vigorously. 1882Daily Tel. 6 Oct. 2/2 No matter how he punches her and ‘pastes’ her. 1896A. Morrison Child of Jago 132 'Is ribs is goin' black where father pasted 'em. 1911Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 30 Apr. (Mag.) 10/1 As the ducks kept coming round the point the shooters in the canoes had a great opportunity of pasting them. 1924A. C. Maclaren Cricket Old & New xiii. 128 Many and many a short ball bowled by Gregory in the Test Matches of 1921, would have been pasted to the square leg boundary in the days ‘when Plancus was consul’. 1930Strand Mag. May 348/1 The Major was gazing at Trout's forehead, where the stick had pasted him. 1934D. L. Sayers Nine Tailors iii. 275 Deacon..pastes the fellow one. 1942Hutchinson's Pict. Hist. War 18 Mar.–9 June 23 (caption) The nose of a Westland Whirlwind single-seater fighter... The Whirlwind has been used with much success for ‘pasting’ enemy aerodromes. 1955M. Allingham Beckoning Lady ix. 127 He came to this part of the country in 1942 when London was being pasted. 1973A. Mann Tiara ii. 17 [He] used to play for Yorkshire. Let's go down and watch him paste the bowling. 1977New Yorker 25 July 70/3 She guessed correctly each time just where Mrs. King, in charge of the forecourt, would be pasting her volley.
5. The verb-stem in Comb.: see paste-down and paste-in a. and n.
Hence pasted ppl. a., fastened or covered with paste; † pasted paper, pasteboard.
1570[see paste n. 7]. 1601Holland Pliny I. 393 Long streaks..between the pasted places. a1693Urquhart's Rabelais iii. xxxvii. 314 Ears of pasted Paper. c1790J. Imison Sch. Art II. 53 The pasted side of the paper.
▪ III. paste
obs. form of pasty n. |