| 释义 |
▪ I. pawn, n.1|pɔːn|
Forms: 4 poun, 4–5 poune, 5 pown(e, pon, 5–7 pawne, 6 paune, 5– pawn.
[ME. a. AF. poun, OF. poon, paon, var. of peon, earlier pehon, pedon foot-soldier, pawn at chess (Godef.), = Pr. pezo, Sp. peon footman, pawn, It. pedone footman, pedona, pedina fem. a pawn:—L. pedo, pedōn-em, in med.L. a foot-soldier, f. pēs, ped- foot. The chess sense was in OF. in 13th c.]
a. One of the pieces of smallest size and value in the game of chess.
There are eight pawns on each side, set at the beginning of the game in the rank or line immediately in front of the other pieces, and named each from the piece in front of which it stands (king's p., queen's p., king's bishop's p., etc.). three pawns gambit, an opening at chess, now generally called from its supposed inventor Cunningham's gambit.
c1369Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 661 (Fairf.) Mate in the myd poynt of the chekkere With a poune errante. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) i. xxii. (1859) 27 Whan that a pown seyith to the kyng chekmate! 1474Caxton Chesse iii. i, The fyrst pawne, that is in the playe of the chesse. 1562J. Rowbotham Play Cheasts A vij b, The marchynge forthe of the Paune, for the fyrst tyme, is to make two assaultes or leapes, yf he wyll. 1656F. B[eale] tr. Biochimo's Roy. Game Chesse-Play 4 If any Pawne can arriue unto any house of the uppermost ranke of the adversary, you may..make him a Queen. 1735Bertin Chess v, The king's pawn, the bishop's pawn, and the queen's pawn must move before the knights. Ibid. 5 Another defence of the three Pawns gambet. 1859Geo. Eliot A. Bede v, To show you..what a foolish move you made with that pawn.
b. fig. (usually of a person).
1589Pappe w. Hatchet 3 For a scaddle pawne, to crosse a Bishop in his owne walke. 1831Carlyle Sart. Res. i. iii, Councillors of State..playing their high chess-game, whereof the pawns are Men. 1874Mrs. Whitney We Girls xi. 245 She had put forward a little pawn of compliment toward us. 1884Labouchere in Fortn. Rev. Feb. 210 The constituencies had been but pawns in the game of rival politicians.
c. attrib. and Comb. pawn end-game, pawn mate, etc.; pawn chain, an unbroken diagonal line of pawns extending across several adjacent files; pawn skeleton, the structure of the pawns at the end of a chess opening; pawn storm, an attacking advance of pawns against a castled king.
1883G. A. MacDonnell Chess Life-Pict. 51 A strong pawn-and-two-move player.
[1818W. S. Kenny Pract. Chess Exercises 45 This is better than breaking his chain of pawns.] 1937M. Euwe Strategy & Tactics in Chess iii. 50 An immobile sequence of Pawns is called a pawn-chain. 1957L. Barden Guide to Chess Openings v. 105/2 White is hoping to safeguard the base of his pawn-chain. 1973Sci. Amer. June 104/2 The program now is sophisticated enough to execute very simple positional ideas such as creating pawn chains, striving for control of the center and so forth.
1939A. Alekhine My Best Games of Chess 86/2 K-K4, P-QKt4!..with a won Pawn end-game.
1672Barbier Saul's Fam. Game Chesse play iv, The..King..must eyther remoue himselfe out of the saide Pawnes checke, or if he cannot, it is Pawne-mate.
1914J. du Mont tr. Lasker's Chess Strategy (1915) iv. 26 Each opening is characterised by a well-defined pawn formation... Naturally the formation of a pawn skeleton is not an independent factor. 1927Brit. Chess Mag. XLVII. 170 First you must learn the normal Pawn skeleton of the opening very thoroughly. 1950R. N. Coles Chess-Player's Week-End Bk. 11 If the pawn skeleton remained sound, the game could be continued from one phase to another.
1926Brit. Chess Mag. XLVI. 134 Herr Bachmann makes it plain that such ‘modern’ tactics as..the Pawn-storm against the opponent's Castled position..are not ‘modern’ at all. 1957L. Barden Guide to Chess Openings iv. 69/2 If White can carry through a pawn storm and advance his KBP to KB6 then Black will be completely throttled.
a1500MS. Ashmole 344 (Bodl.) lf. 3 b, Chek wt thy Roke in thy Pon Ward.
▪ II. pawn, n.2|pɔːn|
Forms: 5–6 (8) paun, 6 paune, 6– Sc. and Ir. paund, pand, 6–7 pawne, 7– pawn.
[a. OF. pan (rarely pand, pant) ‘pledge, security, surety’; also ‘booty, plunder, spoil taken from the enemy’, app. the same word as OFris. pand, MDu. pant (pand-), Du. pand, OLG. *pand, OHG., MHG. pfant, Ger. pfand pledge, pawn, security, surety. The Sc. form pand may have come from LG., Du., or Flemish.
The ulterior history of the word is uncertain: F. pan pledge, was in form identical with pan cloth, piece, portion, pane, etc.:—L. pannus a cloth, a rag: some take it as the same word, and as the source of the WGer. forms (in which however the final -d, already in OHG., -t, makes a difficulty); others think the WGer. *pand to be the source of F. pan pledge, and see in it also the primitive of panding, pęnding, penny. See Diez ii. c. (in favour of Romanic source), Kluge (doubtful), Franck (inclined to Teutonic; so Skeat Concise D. 1901).]
1. A thing (or person) given, deposited, or left in another's keeping, as security for a debt or for the performance of some action; a pledge, surety, gage. (Now rare, the ordinary word being pledge.)
a. lit.
[c1145Charter David I in Charters of Edinb. (1871) 8 Prohibeo ne aliquis capiat pandum super terram Sancte Crucis.] 1496Galway Arch. in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 386 Who so ever takith anny manys pledge or paun with his own proper hande. 1513Douglas æneis xi. vii. 164 Livinia, the schene may, Quhilk is the pand or plege,..Of peax to be kepit inviolate. 1598B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. iv. vii, We haue no store of monie..but you shall haue good pawnes,..this Iewell, and this gentlemans silke stockins. 1692Dryden Cleomenes iii. i, He must leave behind, for pawns, His mother, wife, and son. 1736Berkeley Querist ii. §62 Wks. 1871 III. 521 Whether this bank doth not lend money upon pawns at low interest? 1875Poste Gaius iii. Comm. (ed. 2) 369 If the pawnee buy in the pawn by means of a collusive bidder, the sale is void.
b. fig. = ‘pledge.’
1573Epitaph in Wood Oxford (O.H.S.) III. 152 Ten tender babes on me he gate, the pawnes of mariage bed. a1586in Pinkerton Anc. Sc. Poems (1786) 265 My hairt..Quhilk is the gadge and pand Maist suir that I can geif. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. iv. 370 The pretious ashes of the Saints (the pawn for the return of their souls). a1677Manton Exp. Isa. liii. 8 Wks. 1871 III. 352 By Christ's resurrection God giveth us a pawn and earnest, as it were, that we may expect the raising of our own bodies. 1845R. W. Hamilton Pop. Educ. vii. 174 As the schoolhouse rises..at the very base of the Rocky Mountains,—there is the emphatic pawn, which that great Republic gives,..of enlightened freedom, extending civilization, and pure religion.
†c. A pledge or gage of battle; = gage n.1 2.
1593Shakes. Rich. II, i. i. 74 If guilty dread hath left thee so much strength, As to take vp mine Honors pawne, then stoope.
d. A person held as a pledge or security for debt, and used as a slave.
1837J. J. H. Burgoyne in R. R. Madden Life Lady Blessington (1855) III. 519 Every English merchant on that coast [Cape Coast Castle] was possessed of a retinue of ‘pawns’ or slaves. 1887A. B. Ellis Tshi-speaking Peoples xvii. 237 Careful to recount the names of his pawns and slaves, the amounts for which he holds the former.
2. a. The condition of being deposited or held as a pledge; state of being pledged (lit. and fig.). Almost always in phrases in pawn, at pawn, to pawn. (The usual current sense.)
1554Galway Arch. in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 415 Whatsoever platte or silver is lefte or put in paund. 1593Shakes. Rich. II, ii. i. 293 Redeeme from broaking pawne the blemish'd Crowne. 1597― 2 Hen. IV, ii. iii. 7 My Honor is at pawne, And but my going, nothing can redeeme it. 1642Milton Apol. Smect. vii. Wks. 1851 III. 294 To lay the integrity of his Logick to pawn. 1667Pepys Diary 3 Oct., Her plate and jewels are at pawne for money. 1698South Serm. III. x. 381 He gives his veracity in pawn to see it fully performed. 1711Puckle Club (1817) 69 My poor wedding-ring and best petticoat in pawn for forty shillings. 1814Cary Dante's Inf. xi. 62 All who..set their honesty at pawn.
b. The action of pawning or pledging.
1824Galt Rothelan I. i. vi. 57 Certain trinkets which I have here for sale, or pawn. 1883F. Turner (title) The Contract of Pawn as it exists at Common Law.
3. Short for pawnbroker. (vulgar colloq. or slang.)
1851Mayhew Lond. Labour (1861) II. 109 Perhaps they comes to sell to me what the pawns won't take in.
4. Comb., as † pawn-keeper, pawn-slave (cf. 1 d), † pawn-taker; † pawn-laid a., ‘laid to pawn’, deposited as a pledge, pledged; † pawn party (now only Hist.), app. a game resembling blindman's buff; pawn-ticket, a ticket issued by a pawnbroker in exchange for a pledge deposited with him, and bearing particulars of the loan. Also pawnbroker, pawnshop.
1552Huloet, *Pawne keper, depositarius.
1597–8Bp. Hall Sat. iv. ii. 15 Bearing his *pawn-laid lands upon his backe As snailes their shells.
1831H. Smith Festivals Games, & Amusem. (N.Y.) 330 The village and country lasses enjoy their spinning and quilting bevies, singing-schools, and *pawn parties, with at least an equal zest. 1952Amer. Speech XXVII. 47 A pawn party must have been something like blindman's buff.
1899M. Kingsley W. African Stud. xviii. 435, I have known of several men who, in order to save their family from ruin..have given themselves up as *pawn-slaves to their accusers.
1697View Penal Laws 31 Goods..sold to such Brokers, Frippers or *Pawn-takers.
1858Carlyle Fredk. Gt. iv. v. I. 431 Holding such a *pawn-ticket. 1875Jevons Money xvii. 201 The..kind of promissory document..represented by bills of lading, pawn-tickets, dock-warrants [etc.].
a1652Brome Eng. Moor iii. i, Take my keys of all; In my *pawn Wardrobe you shall find to fit you.
▪ III. † pawn, n.3 Chiefly Sc. Obs.|paʊn|
Forms: 5–6 povne, 6 powin, pown, -e, paun, 6–7 (9) pawn, -e.
[a. OF. poun, poon (Godef.), F. paon (= Pr. pao, paho, paon, Sp. pavo, pavon, Pg. pavão, It. pavone):—L. pāvo, pāvōn-em peacock.]
A peacock.
c1450Holland Howlat 614 The plesand Povne. 1530Lyndesay Test. Papyngo 728 The plesand Pown, moste angellyke of hew. a1578Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 337 Thair was of meittis..pertrick and plever, duke, Brissill cok and powins. a1605Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae (revision) ii, The paynted pawn with Argos eyis. 1627Drayton Mooncalf in Agincourt etc. 158 As pyde and garish as the Pawne. [1864Boutell Her. Hist. & Pop. x. 64 A Peacock or Pawne, having its tail displayed, is ‘in its pride’.]
▪ IV. † pawn, n.4 Obs.
Forms: 6–7 pawne, (6 pawen), 7 (9) pawn.
[= Du. pand, in Plantijn 1573 ‘pandt vn pan de muraille, ou vne gallerie ou cloistre, lieu où on vend quelque marchandise, ou où on se pourmeine, xystus, peristylium, ambulacrum’; so Kilian 1599; Hexham 1678 pandt, ‘covert-walking-place, or gallery where things are sould; place or court environed with pillars, as in cloisters’; in mod.Du. Dict. ‘a storehouse, magazine’; a Du. development of F. pan: see pane n.1 senses 3, 4.]
A gallery or colonnade, a covered walk or passage, especially one in a bazaar, exchange, or arcade, alongside of which wares are exposed for sale.
1575Sir T. Gresham in Wills Doctors' Comm. (Camden) 59 The bildings called the Royall Exchange, and all pawnes and shopes adjoyninge. Ibid. 60 The saide bildinges..pawens, shopes. 1579Twyne Phisicke agst. Fort. ii. iv. 166 Martes and pawnes stored with outlandish marchandize. 1598Drayton Heroic. Ep. xvii. 95 If thou but please to walke into the Pawne, To buy thee Cambricke, Callico, or Lawne. 1599Hakluyt Voy. II. 261 (Pegu) This house is fiue and fifty paces in length, and hath three pawnes or walks in it, and forty great pillars gilded, which stand betweene the walks. 1609Holland Amm. Marcell. 342 To crie out along the Burses, Lombards and Pawnes, That the Commonwealth and all were lost. 1688Lond. Gaz. No. 2404/4 The West-Pawn of the Royal Exchange, being the Place now prepared for the purpose aforesaid. 1888Besant 50 Yrs. Ago 35 Jerman's Exchange..had an inner cloister and a ‘pawn’, or gallery..for the sale of fancy goods.
▪ V. † pawn, n.5 Obs. rare.
[Erroneous back-formation from pannage; perh. an error of Spelman.]
Mast of trees.
1664Spelman's Gloss., Pannagium. Quasi Paunagium, silvestrium enim arborum fructus & glandes quidam pawns vocant. [Hence 1672 Cowell Interpr., Pannage or Pawnage, Pannagium, Which is that Food that the Swine feed on in the Woods, as Mast of Beech, Acorns, etc. which some have called Pawnes.]
▪ VI. pawn, v.|pɔːn|
Forms: 6 Sc. pand, 6–7 pawne, paune, (pa. pple. paund), 7– pawn.
[f. pawn n.2: cf. Du. panden to pawn, Ger. pfänden to distrain upon, pawn.]
trans. To give or deposit as security for the payment of a sum of money or for the performance of some action (something to be forfeited in case of non-payment or non-performance); to pledge; to stake, wager; to risk. a. lit.: esp. to deposit with or hand over to some one (usually a pawnbroker) as security for the repayment of a loan.
1570Levins Manip. 44/26 To Paune, pignorare. a1578Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 340 The king..gart her pand ane hunder crouns and ane tune of wyne wpoun the Inglischemenis handis. 1592Greene Groat's W. Wit (1617) 28 His lands solde, his Iewels pawnde. 1639Fuller Holy War iii. vii. (1840) 128 The island he pawned to the Templars for ready money. 1711Swift Lett. (1767) III. 253 He is over head and ears in debt, and has pawned several things. 1847Emerson Poems, To Rhea, These presents be the hostages Which I pawn for my release. 1850W. Irving Goldsmith ii. 36 Obliged to raise funds..by pawning his books.
b. fig. (e.g. one's life, honour, word, etc.).
1567Edwards Damon & Pithias in Hazl. Dodsley IV. 55 My life I pawn for his. 1606Chapman Monsieur D'Olive Plays 1873 I. 218 If I knew where I might pawne mine honor, For some odd thousand Crownes, it shalbe layd. 1650Bulwer Anthropomet. i. (1653) 17 He will not Pawne his credit for many things that he therein delivers. 1741Richardson Pamela (1824) I. xvi. 28, I will pawn my life for her, she will never be pert to your honour. 1860Motley Netherl. (1868) I. vii. 385, I dare pawn my soul.
†c. slang. (See quot. a 1700.) Obs.
1673R. Head Canting Acad. 72 This poor man finding himself pawn'd, and not having..money to discharge the reckoning. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew s.v., To Pawn any Body, to steal away and leave him..to Pay the Reckoning. 1725in New Cant. Dict.
d. Stock Exchange. To deposit (stock) with a bank as security.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXXII. 866/1 So much stock is ‘pawned’ with banks that the conclusions arrived at by the jobbers from examining only what they are carrying over themselves are liable to be falsified.
¶ Erron. (Confused with palm v. 4.)
1787Minor i. xi. 40 Those qualities which we desire to pawn upon the credulous world. 1832Marryat N. Forster xxxviii, He has sent out his..daughters to me—pawned them off upon me.
Hence pawned ppl. a., ˈpawning vbl. n.
1607Middleton Michaelm. Term ii. iii. 314 The pawning of thy horse. 1723Lond. Gaz. No. 6153/2 That the Borrowers do make full Payments..in Money upon the pawned Stock. 1886Athenæum 6 Mar. 333/3 The business-like air which belongs to continental pawning. 1903Times 29 Sept., The fact that the account..was then light did not prevent the flood of pawned stock—especially ‘gilt-edged’ securities—that has been poured on the market since then.
▪ VII. pawn
obs. f. pan n.5, betel-leaf; var. pand. |