| 释义 |
Peking, Pekin|ˈpiːˈkɪŋ, -ˈkɪn|
[a. F. Pékin, the Jesuit Missionaries' spelling of the Chinese Pē-kīng (ˈpeːˈkiːŋ), lit. ‘northern capital’ (opposed to Nānkīng ‘southern capital’), the name of the capital of China; hence, applied attrib. or elliptically.]
The distribution of the spellings Peking and Pekin is uneven: for convenience, in sense 3 below, the spelling Peking is given but in some of the attrib. and Comb. uses Pekin occurs with equal or greater frequency.
1. a. A kind of silk stuff.
1783Justamond tr. Raynal's Hist. Indies III. 193 Valencia manufactures Pekins superior to those of China. 1835Court Mag. VI. p. ii/1 Some of the most novel promenade robes are composed of pekin. 1891Daily News 24 Feb. 5/3 The material was..striped brocade or pekin, having on the silken stripes flowers in old rose. 1954‘M. Cost’ Invitation from Minerva 105 The mahogany bed was draped with Pekin.
attrib.1848Thackeray Bk. Snobs iv, The most superb Pekin bandannas.
b. A type of Chinese rug or carpet.
1904M. B. Langton How to know Oriental Rugs viii. 223 The Peking, Tientsin, and Samarkand are the only varieties known in this country. 1913G. G. Lewis Pract. Bk. Oriental Rugs (rev. ed.) 303 Those [rugs] which reach our own shores are generally divided into three classes according to the districts from which they came, namely, Pekin, Tientsin and Thibet. 1962C. W. Jacobsen Oriental Rugs 270 The Peking is a medium priced rug, costing much less than the Sarouk and half that of a good Kirman.
c. = Peking duck (a).
1885Encycl. Brit. XIX. 647/1 The Pekin, a white breed with pale yellowish tint in the plumage, and a very bright orange bill. 1902Ibid. XXXI. 882/2 Some duck-farmers in England have..also adopted the Peking. 1972Guardian 24 May 9/1 You've got your Peking, your Aylesbury, your Muscovy.
‖2. Fr. pékin, péquin |pekɛ̃|: A name originally given by the soldiers under Napoleon I to any civilian; occasional in English use.[Referred by Littré to sense 1, trousers of pekin being much worn under the Empire. Hatzfeld and Darmesteter consider this derivation doubtful.] 1827Scott Napoleon III. 70 These professional troops..were quite ready to correct the insolence of the pekins (a word of contempt, used by soldiers to those who did not belong to their profession). 1870Spectator 19 Nov. 1371 Study was actually discouraged as fit only for pékins, and diplomatists often knew little more than soldiers. 1870Lowell Study Wind. (1886) 81 There was hardly such a thing as a pékin. 1899Speaker 16 Sept. 282/2 The pékin, even when he sits in the Court of Cassation, is treated with contempt.
3. attrib. & Comb., as Peking carpet, Peking crepe, Peking rug; Peking duck, (a) a large white duck with yellow bill and legs, belonging to a breed imported from China to Britain and the U.S.A. in 1873; (b) a speciality of Chinese cuisine; Peking Labrador (see quot.); Peking man, a fossil hominid, Homo erectus pekinensis, first described in 1926 from remains found in caves near the village of Choukoutien; Peking opera, a stylized form of opera which evolved in China during the nineteenth century; Peking point (see quot.); Peking spaniel = Pekingese n. c; Peking stripe (see quots.).
1969G. Sims Sand Dollar i. 14 He slumped down further in the chair, letting his feet sink deep into the Pekin washed-silk carpet. 1971Nat. Geographic Oct. 548/2 The Westerner who makes his way past the propaganda finds Shantung silk, Swatow lace, Peking carpets. 1972P. L. Phillips tr. Formenton's Oriental Rugs & Carpets 237 (caption) Typical Pekin carpet woven in the second half of the nineteenth century.
1895Montgomery Ward Catal. 7/2 Pekin Crepe or Momie Cloth, 29 inches wide, used for fancy party dresses, draperies, etc.
1880L. Wright Illustr. Bk. Poultry (rev. ed.) xxxv. 541 The Pekin Duck is one of the most valuable of recent introductions... The Pekin Duck differs from all others in the shape and carriage of its body, which is a peculiar boat or barge shape. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 882/2 In America the Peking duck is universally used, and has been made by selection both larger and a better layer. 1955F. Oliver Chinese Cooking ii. 53 Peking Duck..is one of the great Chinese dishes and was always on the banquet menu in Peking. 1973L. Hellman Pentimento (1974) 185, I was driving back to the farm trying not to listen to the noise that came from two crates of Pekin ducks.
1964Lee Su Jan Fine Art of Chinese Cooking xii. 94 The recipe for the authentic Peking Duck appears in this chapter. The incomparable flavour of the duck is a result of the vapours of the wine, soy sauce, and other condiments penetrating the meat. 1973Country Life 15 Mar. 699/1 The infinite variety of Chinese food, with classic dishes such as Peking duck and shark's fin soup. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia VII. 943/2 The greatest of all delicacies of this region is of course the Peking duck. This elaborate, world-renowned dish requires lengthy preparation and is served in three separate courses. 1975Nature 6 Mar. 12/3 The Peking duck originated in China and was first noted in the U.S.A. around 1870.
1960C. W. Cunnington et al. Dict. Eng. Costume 268/2 Pekin Labrador,..a Pekin silk flowered in wreaths.
1926Peking Leader 24 Oct. in Bull. Peking Soc. Nat. Hist. (1928) II. iv. p. xvii (heading) Notable archaeologists deliver addresses at ‘Peking Man’ meeting. Ibid. p. xix, His [sc. J. G. Andersson's] work..culminated in the discovery of the two teeth of the ‘Peking Man’ (Dr. Andersson did not call the ancient inhabitant by that title, but probably this will be his popular designation). 1929Times 30 Dec. 9/4 The Peking man is considered to antedate Neanderthal man, and is held to be nearer the genus Homo than the Piltdown and Java types. 1937Discovery Jan. 27/1 ‘Peking Man’ Skulls. A fifth skull, which may prove to be the most important of all, has been found at Choukoutien. 1946J. S. Huxley Unesco i. 10 They [sc. man's innate mental powers] certainly were improved..in the earliest stages of his career, from Pekin man through the Neanderthalers to our own species. 1955Proc. Prehist. Soc. XXI. 39 The oldest undoubted hearths are those recorded in the Choukoutien caves, occupied by Peking Man at the beginning of the second interglacial period. 1973Listener 10 May 605/2 The classical find of Homo erectus was..made in China. He is Peking man, about four hundred thousand years old. 1976Times Lit. Suppl. 7 May 544/5 There is an interesting, if speculative, account of the nature, habits and affinities of Peking Man.
1954Folk Arts of New China 41 Peking Opera is traditionally played by men even to the female characters. Peking Opera has no sets or scenery. 1965S. Knight Let. 1 Oct. in Window on Shanghai (1967) xv. 65 Extracts from Peking opera—three modern and one ancient, the story of how the Monkey King ate the peaches of Immortality. 1968Guardian 4 Nov. 7/5 Peking opera..is extremely formal, a mixture of song, dance, music, and acting. Each movement and gesture and every word sung or recited is synchronised with the music. 1970W. Apel Harvard Dict. Music (ed. 2) 153/1 The Peking opera has a short history (c. 100 years). Although the highly stylized singing and acting demands a cultivated taste, the Peking opera remains the most popular musical art form. 1971Guardian 28 Dec. 12/3 The essence..is communicated to the children through slides, films..revolutionary Peking opera, books, posters. 1973Listener 19 July 84/3 After 1949, a great attempt was made to play down what had become the Court opera—Peking opera—and to encourage the local traditions. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XII. 675/2 Credit for the beginning of Peking opera is given to actors from Anhwei appearing in Peking in the 1790s. But Peking opera really combines elements from many different earlier forms and, like Western grand opera, can be considered to be a 19th-century product.
1960C. W. Cunnington et al. Dict. Eng. Costume 268/2 Pekin point,..a very rich white silk painted with flowers or bouquets with foliage, with a light mixture of gold in the pattern. 1962C. W. Jacobsen Oriental Rugs 270 A Peking rug is a Chinese design rug, hand woven in Japan.
1913A. Conan Doyle Poison Belt (ed. 2) v. 163 There were three gaily dressed women, all young and beautiful, one of them with a Peking spaniel upon her lap.
1908Dry Goods Economist 13 June 81/3 Pékiné, or pekin stripes.—A design in stripes of alternating colors, the stripes usually being of equal widths. 1960C. W. Cunnington et al. Dict. Eng. Costume 268/2 Pekin,..a silk textile of the nature of taffeta, having fine stripes running through it; hence ‘Pekin stripes’. |