| 释义 |
▪ I. -ar, suffix1
1. of adjs. repr. L. ār-em (-ār-is, -ār-e, stem -āri) ‘of the kind of, belonging to,’ cogn. w. -ālem, and used where l preceded, as in ālār-, stellār-, lūnār-, regulār-, similār-, līneār- or līneāl-; hence always with diminutives in -ul-, -ell-, as globulār-, orbiculār-. See -al1. The regular OF. descendant of -ārem was -er, later -ier, as singulārem, populārem, sanglier, peuplier; so familier, régulier; but later words of literary formation took -aire as angulaire, militaire. In Eng. those adopted from OF. had orig. -er, but were afterwards assimilated to L. with -ar, e.g. L. scholār-em, OF. escolier, AFr. escoler, ME. scoler, now scholar. Many words with this suffix have been adapted from L. or F., or formed on L., in modern times; but some of these, through mod.F. use of -aire for both -āris and -ārius, take -ary; e.g. military.
2. of ns. In L. the neuter of adjs. in -āris, gave nouns in -āre, -ar, meaning ‘thing pertaining to,’ some of which have come into Eng., through F., as alter, coler, piler, now altar, collar, pillar, or directly from L., as exemplar (cogn. w. sampler through OF.).
▪ II. -ar, suffix2
occas. repr. of L. -ārius, -ārium (ordinarily repr. by -er, -ary). Generally, a refashioning of an earlier -er from OF. -ier, after the prec., as bursar, ME. burser, F. boursier, med.L. bursārius; medlar, ME. medler, OF. meslier, L. *mespilārius; mortar, ME. morter, OF. mortier, L. mortārium; or after the mod.F. in -aire, as vicar, ME. also viker and vicary, F. vicaire, L. vicārius. To the F. forms in -aire are due the Sc. notar, ordinar, testamentar, etc. See -ary2.
▪ III. -ar, suffix3
casual variant of -er, -or, suffix of agent, and -er suffix of comparative. Very common in north. dial., as syngar singer, forebear predecessor, soutar sutor; hear higher. And in modern Eng. in beggar, liar, pedlar. Probably imitating the refashioned scholar, vicar, pillar for earlier scoler, viker, piler: see -ar1, and -ar2, above. |