| 释义 |
▪ I. penance, n.|ˈpɛnəns|
Forms: 3–7 penaunce, (4 penaunse, -ans, -anz, -anx, -once, panance), 4–6 pennaunce, (-ans), 4–8 pennance, (5 penawnce, -awunse, panans, 6 panence, pennence, -ens, pænance), 3– penance.
[a. OF. peneance, -aance, -ance, pennance (12th c. in Godef.):—L. pænitēntia, f. pænitēnt-em penitent: see -ance. This popular OF. form was gradually ousted from French by the ecclesiastical form pénitence, a new adaptation of the L.]
†1. Repentance, penitence. to do penance [L. agere pænitentiam, OF. faire penance], to repent.
a1300Cursor M. 18489 Bot loues nu vr lauerd dright,..and dos yur penans quils yee mai. Ibid. 26771 To crist þou hald þi penance fast. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xviii. (Egipciane) 549 Ihesu cryste..þus lang in me has pennans socht. 1382Wyclif Matt. iii. 8 Therfore do ȝee worthi fruytis of penaunce. Ibid. xxi. 29 Afterward he stirid by penaunce [gloss or forthenkynge], wente. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 20/1, I cam not for to calle rightful men but synners to penaunce. 1535Coverdale Bible Prol., That his people be not blynded in theyr understondyng, lest they beleue pennaunce to be ought saue a very repentaunce, amendment, or conuersyon vnto God. 1548–9(Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Collect St. John Baptist's Day, To prepare the way of thy sonne our sauiour by preaching of penaunce [1662 repentance]. 1632Sanderson Serm. 518 It is but an hypocriticall semblance of Pennance..where is no care, either endeavour of reformation. 1699Burnet 39 Art. xxv. (1700) 273 Penance, or Penitence, is formed from the Latin Translation of a Greek word that signifies a change, or renovation of mind.
b. In the Roman and Greek Churches, reckoned as one of the seven sacraments, and as including contrition, confession, satisfaction, and absolution.
c1315Shoreman Poems (E.E.T.S) i. 843–6 Penaunce hyt hys a sacrement Þat men scholde fonge And mote. Penaunce heþ maneres þre, Þorȝ sorȝe, schryfte, and edbote. 1553Articles of Religion xxv, Those fiue commonly called Sacraments, that is to say Confirmation, Penance, Orders, Matrimonie, and extreme Unction, are not to be compted for Sacraments of the Gospell. 1657Penit. Conf. iv. 49 That the Sacraments of Penance will supply all other defects. 1884Catholic Dict. s.v., Lastly, penance is a sacrament of the new law instituted by Christ for the remission of sin committed after baptism.
2. The performance of some act of self-mortification or undergoing of some penalty, as an expression of penitence; any kind of religious discipline, whether imposed by ecclesiastical authority, or voluntarily undertaken, in token of repentance and by way of satisfaction for sin; penitential discipline or observance; spec. in Eccl. use, such discipline or observance, officially imposed by a priest upon a penitent after confession, as an integral part of the sacrament of penance: see 1 b. to do penance, to perform such acts or undergo such discipline. (The main current sense.)
c1290Beket 8 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 106 Gilebert him bi-þouȝte þe Croiz for-to fo In-to þe holie lond his penaunce þe bet to do. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 303 Þer penance was, þei suld go in pilgrimage. 13..Cursor M. 26617 (Cott.) O sin þat opin es and kid Tak open penance and vn-hid. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints iii. (Andreas) 155 Sa suld þat ald his penance mak In prayer, almus, and in wakk. c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋30 Hooly chirche by Iuggement destreyneth hym for to do open penaunce:—as for to goon perauenture naked in pilgrimages or bare-foot. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) viii. 30 Þai [monks] liffez in grete abstinence and in grete penaunce. 1470–85Malory Arthur xxi. vii, Grete penaunce she toke as euer dyd synful lady in thys londe. 1483Caxton G. de la Tour I ij b, She was thyrtty yere and more in a deserte makyng there her penaunce. 1556Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 92 There was v. men..dyd opyn pennans..this was their pennans: furst to come owte of the vestre with shettes apone ther backes, and eche of them a rodde in their honddes wyth a taper lych [etc.]. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. vii. 21 He shut himself up for fourteen days, by way of pennance, in a Pagod of an Idol. 1727–41Chambers Cycl., Penance, in our canon-law, is an ecclesiastical punishment, chiefly adjudged to the sin of fornication. 1752Hume Ess. & Treat. (1777) II. 463 Not to mention the excessive pennances of the Brachmans. 1797London Courier 29 Nov., On Sunday last the Parish Church of St. Mary, Lambeth, was..unusually crowded..to see Mr. John Oliver..do penance in a White Sheet, for calling Miss Stephenson, the domestic female of a neighbouring Baker, by an improper name. 1884Catholic Dict. s.v., Penance came to mean the outward acts by which sorrow for sin is shown, and the word was supposed by St. Augustine to come from pœna.
b. Sufferings after death as a punishment for sins; the sufferings of purgatory, or the like. ? Obs.
1362Langl. P. Pl. A. xi. 301 Lewide iottis Percen wiþ a pater noster þe palais of heuene Wiþoute penaunce, at here partynge in-to heiȝe blisse. c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. 16 Trentals seyde he deliueren fro penaunce Hir freendes soules. 1656Cowley Pindar. Odes Notes (1669) 9 The opinion..that souls past still from one body to another, till by length of time, and many penances, they had purged away all their imperfections. 1664Jer. Taylor Dissuas. Popery i. ii. §4 According to the old penitentiary rate, you have deserved the penance of forty thousand years. 1697Dryden Eneid vi. 452 A hundred years they wander on the shore, At length, their penance done, are wafted o'er.
3. transf. in various allusions to sense 2; in later use often coinciding with sense 4.
c1305Land Cokayne 178 Whose wl com þat lond to, Ful grete penance he mot do. c1374Chaucer Anel. & Arc. 347 But as þe swane..Ageynist his dethe shall synge his penavnse. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 146 Thu must of rihte yeve hym is penaunce, With this flagelle of equité and resoun. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. i. i. 115 Ile keepe what I haue sworne, And bide the pennance of each three yeares day. 1724De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 240 We..made our horses do penance for that little rest they had. 1825Baroness Bunsen in Hare Life (1879) I. vii. 248 A person used to Dutch neatness must, I fear, be in hourly penance when waited upon by Italians. 1865Parkman Champlain ii. (1875) 215 But rest was penance to him.
†b. Poor fare, sorry cheer (as of one fasting or doing penance); to take penance, ‘to take pot-luck’. Obs. rare.[So F. faire pénitence, Sp. hacer penitencia, to make sorry cheer, dine or fare poorly. Used, by way of modesty, in inviting any one to join at a meal at which no special preparation is supposed to have been made for him.] c1460Towneley Myst. xxvii. 246 Sir, we you pray,..This nyght penance with vs to take, With sich chere as we can make. Ibid. 289 It is bot penaunce, as we saide, That we haue here. 1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. Feb. 89 For Youngth is a bubble blown vp with breath,..Whose way is wildernesse, whose ynne Penaunce.
†4. Pain, suffering, distress, sorrow, vexation. (In quot. 1390, the outward expression of sorrow, mourning.) Obs. (exc. as involved in 3).
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 113 Þo þat þe casteles kept, in penance þei soiorned. c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋269 Seint poul after his penaunce in watir and in lond. 1390Gower Conf. III. 291 Thei toke upon hem such penaunce, Ther was no song, ther was no daunce. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 6355 He moght noght opyn his mouth..he suffird slyke penaunce. 1525Ld. Berners Froiss. II. xciii. [lxxxix.] 278 Therby the penaunce of Sir Wylliam Helmon was greatly asswaged.
†5. Punishment. Obs.
Specifically applied by 17–18th c. legal writers to peine forte et dure, prob. after Britton; but his use seems quite general = ‘their punishment’.
[1292Britton i. v. §2 Et si il ne se veulent aquiter, si soint mis a lour penaunce jekes autaunt qe il le prient.] 13..Seuyn Sag. (W.) 1520 Gelteles he suffred this pennaunce. 1375Barbour Bruce xix. 51 Soyne eftir he wes sent Till his penans till dumbertane, And deit in that tour of stane. 1489Caxton Faytes of A. iii. xxi. 220 So were it thenne wel a harde thynge that they shulde bere penaunce of that that they ought to be Innocent of. 1587Turberv. Trag. T. 127 That fire might be fet Wherein the wench to frie, To feele the penance of her fact. c1630in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1659) I. App. 32 Upon his arraignment he stood mute, therefore the Roll is, that he was put, to pennance, that is, to strong and hard pain. 1667Milton P.L. x. 550 To aggravate Thir penance. 1769Blackstone Comm. IV. xxv. 320 He..shall, for his obstinacy, receive the terrible sentence of penance, or peine forte et dure.
6. attrib. and Comb., as penance-doing n. and adj., penance-fire, penance-gold, penance-pain, penance-sheet, penance-time.
c1425Orolog. Sapient iii. in Anglia X. 349/5 Confessours & virgyns, þat suffred heer in penaunce-doynge. 1668R. Wild Poems (1870) 85 And turn this surplice to a penance⁓sheet. 1808Scott Marm. iii. xv, Some slight mulct of penance-gold. 1848G. B. Cheever Wand. Pilgrim lix. 310 Multitudes of penance-doing people. 1866J. H. Newman Gerontius v. 41 The chill of death is past, and now The penance-fire begins.
▪ II. ˈpenance, v.
[f. prec. n.: cf. to sentence.]
trans. To subject to penance; to impose or inflict penance on; to discipline, chastise.
a1600Hooker Eccl. Pol. vi. iv. §6 He speaketh of them which sought voluntarily to be penanced, and yet withdrew themselves from open confession. 1602Warner Alb. Eng. ix. li. (1612) 230 They pennance thee and take thy goods away. 1661Feltham Resolves ii. lii. (1677) 263 Design'd..as a Hair-shirt to pennance him for his folly in offending. 1713Gentleman Instr. iii. iii. (ed. 5) 397, I might bring you upon your Knees, and penance your Indiscretion. 1871R. B. Vaughan St. Thomas Aquinas I. 195 The little cell in which Abelard prayed and penanced himself. 1888H. C. Lea Hist. Inquisition II. 10 They penanced a dozen citizens by ordering them to Palestine.
Hence ˈpenanced ppl. a.; ˈpenancing vbl. n.
1795Southey Joan of Arc iii. 422, I saw The pictured flames writhe round a penanced soul. 1869Life M. M. Hallahan (1870) 229 His facetious threats of scolding, and penancing. |