| 释义 |
penta-|pɛntə|
before a vowel pent-, a. Gr. πεντα-, combining form of πέντε five, occurring in many words in Greek as a variant of the earlier πεντε-, and forming the initial element in various modern technical words adopted from Greek, or formed from Greek elements or on Greek analogies. In Chem. it indicates the presence of five atoms of some element, as in pentacarbon, penta-compound (see below), pentachloride, pentafluoride, pentasulphide (-sulphuret), pentoxide, and in many-worded descriptive names without number, as penta-nitro-diazo-amido-monoxy-homo-fluorescein.
pentabasic |-ˈbeɪsɪk| a. Chem., having five atoms of a base, or of replaceable hydrogen; pentacanthous |-əˈkænθəs|, a. Nat. Hist. [Gr. ἄκανθα thorn], having five spines; pentaˈcapsular a., having five capsules; pentaˈcarbon a. Chem., combining five atoms of carbon: cf. pentane; pentaˈcarpellary a. Bot., consisting of five carpels; ˌpentachlor(o)ˈethane Chem., a colourless liquid, C2HCl5, that is an intermediate in the industrial production of certain chlorinated hydrocarbons and is used as a solvent; ˌpentachlor(o)ˈphenate Chem., a salt of pentachlorophenol, esp. sodium pentachlorophenate, C6Cl5ONa, a white crystalline solid; ˌpentachlor(o)ˈphenol Chem., a colourless, crystalline solid with acidic properties, C6Cl5OH, which is widely used (often as its sodium salt) in insecticides, fungicides, weed-killers, wood preservatives, etc.; pentachromic |-ˈkrəʊmɪk| a., of five colours, capable of distinguishing (only) five colours in the spectrum; † pentaˈcoccous a. Bot. [mod.L. coccum carpel, f. Gr. κόκκος grain, seed] = pentacarpellary; or, having five seeds, or five cells each containing a seed; ˈpenta-ˌcompound, a chemical compound of the pentacarbon series: see pentane; pentaˈcrostic n. and a.: see quots.; penˈtactine, penˈtactinal, -acˈtinal adjs. Zool. [Gr. ἀκτίς, ἀκτῑν- ray], having five rays, as a sponge-spicule; pentaˈcyclic a. (a) Bot. [Gr. κύκλος circle], said of a flower having the parts in five cycles or whorls, (b) Chem., containing five rings in the molecule; pentadelphous |-əˈdɛlfəs| a. Bot. [Gr. ἄδελϕος brother], (of stamens) united by the filaments in five bundles; (of a plant) having the stamens so united; ˌpenta-dodecaˈhedron, a dodecahedron contained by twelve pentagons, a pentagonal dodecahedron; ˈpentadrachm |-dræm| [drachm], an ancient Greek coin of the value of five drachmas; ˈpentafid a. Bot. [L. -fidus split], cleft into five, = quinquifid; penˈtagamist [after bigamist], a person who has been married five times; pentaˈgastrin Pharm., a synthetic pentapeptide having the same action as the hormone gastrin; ˈpentaglot [Gr. γλῶττα, -σσα tongue; cf. polyglot]: see quot.; so † pentaˈglottical a.; pentaˈhaloid a. Chem., containing five atoms of a halogen in the molecule; ˌpentahexaˈhedral a. Cryst. [see hexahedral], having five ranges of six facets each; so ˌpentahexaˈhedron, a figure of this form; pentaˈhydrate, a hydrate that contains five molecules of water in each molecule; so ˌpentahyˈdrated a.; pentaˈhydric a. Chem., containing five hydroxyl groups in a molecule; pentaˈhydrite Min., native magnesium sulphate pentahydrate, MgSO45H2O; ˌpentahydroˈborite Min. [ad. Russ. pentagidroborit (S. V. Malinko 1961, in Zapiski Vsesoyuz. Min. Obshchesvta XC. 673)], a hydrated calcium borate, CaB2O4·5H2O, occurring as small, colourless triclinic crystals; ˌpentahydroˈcalcite Min. [ad. Russ. pentagidrokal′tsit{pp} (P. N. Chirvinskiĭ 1906, in Ezhegodnik{pp} po Geol. i Mineral. Rossīi VIII. 241)], a pentahydrate of calcium carbonate, CaCO3·5H2O, the natural occurrence of which is uncertain; pentaˈlemma Logic [after dilemma], an argument analogous to a dilemma, involving five alternatives; ˈpentalogue |-lɒg| [after Decalogue], a set of five rules or laws; penˈtalogy [cf. trilogy], a combination of five mutually connected parts; a pentad; pentaˈlophodont a. [Gr. λόϕος ridge, ὀδούς, ὀδοντ- tooth], having five-ridged teeth, as a mastodon of the genus Pentalophodon (Cent Dict.); ˈpentamer Chem. [-mer], a polymeric unit or molecule made up of five monomers; hence pentaˈmeric a.; † penˈtameride Chem. [after isomeride] = pentamer; pentaˈmethylene Chem., (a) a cyclic hydrocarbon, C5H10, usu. called cyclopentane, which is a colourless volatile liquid found in petroleum; (b) the bivalent straight chain radical {b1}(CH2)5{b1}; pentaˌmethyleneˈdiamine |-daɪˈæmiːn| Chem., a syrupy, fuming liquid, H2N(CH2)5NH2, now usu. called cadaverine, which is a product of the putrefaction of animal proteins; pentaˈnucleotide Biochem., an oligonucleotide in which the number of nucleotides is five; pentaˈpeptide Biochem., an oligopeptide in which there are five amino-acid residues in the molecule; pentaˈpetalous, † -ˈpetalose adjs. Bot., having five petals; pentaphonic |-ˈfɒnɪk| a. Mus. [Gr. ϕωνή sound] = pentatonic; pentaphyllous |-ˈfɪləs| a. [Gr. ϕύλλον leaf], five-leaved; so † pentaphyˈlloideous a.; penˈtapterous a. Bot. [Gr. πτερόν wing], having five wings, as certain fruits; ˈpentaptote Gram. [ad. Gr. πεντάπτωτος adj. (Priscian)], a noun having five cases; ˈpentaptych |-ptɪk| [Gr. πτυχή fold, after diptych, triptych], an altar-piece or the like consisting of five leaves, i.e. a central piece and two folding pieces on each side; penˈtarsic a. Pros. [arsis], having five stresses; pentaˈsepalous a. Bot., having five sepals; † ˈpentaspast [Gr. -σπαστος from σπά-ειν to draw, pull]: see quot.; pentaˈspermous a. Bot. [Gr. σπέρµα seed], having five seeds.
1857Mayne Expos. Lex., Pentacanthus, applied to a fish with five spinous rays to one of its fins,..*pentacanthous.
1730–6Bailey (folio), *Pentacapsular, having five seed pods. 1775in Ash.
1866Odling Anim. Chem. v. 108 *Pentacarbon molecules such as amido-valeric acid or phocine.
1872Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXV 232 (heading) Action of bromine on *pentachlorethane. 1930T. H. Durrans Solvents vii. 119 The following azeotropic mixture is known: Pentachlorethane 85%, glycol 15%, B.P. 154.5°. 1975Internat. Jrnl. Chem. Kinetics VII. 331 The rate of the inhibited pyrolysis of pentachloroethane was studied over the temperature range of 820 to 865°K using the toluene-carrier technique in a stirred-flow reactor.
1849D. Campbell Inorg. Chem. 290 *Pentachloride of antimony, SbCl5. 1880E. Cleminshaw Wurtz' Atom. The. 227 Phosphorus and antimony can unite with five atoms of chlorine to form the pentachlorides.
1938Jrnl. Rubber Res. Inst. Malaya VIII. 325 The material used in the trials..consists of sodium *pentachlorphenate and is known by the trade names of ‘Santophen 20 S’ or ‘Santobrite’. 1959Times 24 Sept. 7/2 (Advt.), The most effective chemical for preventing sapstain is Santobrite, Monsanto's sodium pentachlorophenate. 1971F. C. Ford-Robertson Terminol. Forest Sci. 190/1 Its sodium salt (Na pentachlor(o)phenate) is water soluble and is used for preventing fungal stain and surface mould in unseasoned timber and in eradicating dry rot from buildings.
1879Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXXVI. 463 When heated at 230° with alcohol it [sc. perchlorophenol chloride, C6Cl7OH] yields *pentachlorophenol, C6Cl5OH (m.p. 183–184°). 1960E. L. Delmar-Morgan Cruising Yacht Equipment & Navigation xxiv. 231 Rotproofing... Lauryl pentachlor phenol..is colourless, odourless, and very effective, and is available in an emulsion or solution form. 1972Timber Trades Jrnl. 3 June 44/1 The formulation is based upon the independently established fungicides tributyl tin oxide and pentachlorophenol. 1977Time 4 Apr. 56/3 They discovered that cattle in his herd, and those on at least seven other farms in the state, have been ingesting a wood preservative called pentachlorophenol (PCP)—probably when the animals licked the sides of their feed bins.
1900Lancet 4 Aug. 323/1 Intermediate between normal and dichromic colour vision there are those whose vision is *pentachromic, tetrachromic, and trichromic. 190219th Cent. Apr. 607 Those who see five colours may be termed pentachromic.
1707Sloane Jamaica I. 209 It [the fruit] is *pentacoccous, or divided into five Cellulæ, containing each a blackish Seed.
1866Odling Anim. Chem. iv. 66 Of tri-, tetra-, and *penta-compounds, including glycerine, the lactic, butyric..and valeric acids.
1730–6Bailey (folio), *Pentachrostick, a set or series of verses so disposed, that there are always found five acrosticks of the same name in five divisions of each verse. 1828Webster, Pentacrostic, a., containing five acrostics of the same name in five divisions of each verse.
1887Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 417/1 Modifications of the triaxon hexactine type. a, dagger;..e, *pentactine.
1875Bennett & Dyer Sachs' Bot. 548 The flowers of Gramineæ and Orchideæ can be traced back to the trimerous *pentacyclic type. 1899Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXVI. i. 742 It is one of the first cases observed of the conversion of a pentacyclic into a hexacyclic carbon compound. 1972Science 16 June 1230/1 Tetrahymena..contains a pentacyclic triterpenoid which has not been found in other animals.
1830Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 36 They [the Cotton Tree tribe] are also known by their *pentadelphous stamens. 1857Henfrey Bot. §212 In Hypericaceæ we have triadelphous, and pentadelphous states; but these..are generally denominated polyadelphous.
1869Phillips Vesuv. x. 273 These five types of form, all regular,..and all parts of one equi-axed system, may be named and employed to designate crystals,..the cube, octahedron,..*penta-dodecahedron.
1807Robinson Archæol. Græca v. xxvi. 548 Besides the tetradrachm..were coined *pentadrachms and hexadrachms.
1882Ogilvie, *Pentafid.
1880E. Cleminshaw Wurtz' Atom. Theory 113 This also applies to phosphorus *pentafluoride.
1656Blount Glossogr., *Pentagamist, one that hath had five wives. 1834Fraser's Mag. IX. 483 Her father, the worthy Pentagamist.
1967Lancet 11 Feb. 291/1 (heading) *Pentagastrin as a stimulant of maximal gastric acid response in man. 1970Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. x. 3/1 For gastric function studies, pentagastrin has the important advantage over histamine in having no circulatory effects. 1974Nature 15 Mar. 238/2 Because changes in fundic mucosal cGMP could result from release of the hormone gastrin from the antrum in response to vagal stimulation, the effect of pentagastrin in concentration sufficient to produce acid secretion..was tested.
1882Ogilvie, *Pentaglot, a work in five different languages.
1656Blount Glossogr., *Pentaglottical, that hath five Tongues, or is skilled in five several Languages.
1876Encycl. Brit. V. 516/2 The compounds containing more than five atoms of halogen behave as mixtures of the *pentahaloid compounds with halogens.., they furnish the products of the decomposition by water of the pentahaloid compound, and also the free halogen.
1805–17R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 204 *Penta-hexahedral when the crystal's surface consists of five ranges of planes, disposed six and six above each other.
1857Mayne Expos. Lex., *Pentahexahedron.
1916Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CXCI. 493 It is claimed that crystals of hydrated carbonate have been found in wells and pumps. [Note] F. Pfeiffer..who considered them to be *pentahydrate. 1975Nature 28 Aug. 718/2 Hydrated offretite..contains a K ion in each cancrinite cage, a pentahydrate of Mg in each gmelinite cage, and hydrated Ca ions in the main channels.
1851H. Watts tr. Gmelin's Hand-bk. Chem. V. 430 *Penta-hydrated.—The ordinary form of cupric sulphate. 1951C. Palache et al. Dana's Syst. Min. (ed. 7) II. 487 Chalcanthite and the not well-established minerals pentahydrite and siderotil are isostructural with a number of artificial salts variously including the pentahydrated sulfates and selenates of Mn, Co, Cu, Zn.
1892Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXII. 29 Xylitol is..an open-chain *pentahydric alcohol, of which xylose is the aldehyde. 1952J. K. N. Jones in E. H. Rodd Chem. Carbon Compounds Ib. xix. 1197 Two pentahydric alcohols, adonitol (ribitol) and d-arabitol occur in nature. 1968J. A. Monick Alcohols v. 426 Ribitol..is a crystalline, 5-carbon pentahydric alcohol.
1951C. Palache et al. Dana's Syst. Min. (ed. 7) II. 492 *Pentahydrite Frondel (priv. comm., 1948). 1972Acta Crystallogr. XXVIII. B. 1448/2 Magnesium sulfate pentahydrate has even been reported..to occur as a mineral (pentahydrite).
1962Amer. Mineralogist XLVII. 1482 (heading) New boron minerals—uralborite and *pentahydroborite. 1971[see nifontovite]. 1973Soviet Physics: Doklady XVIII. 102/1 Pentahydroborite is the final member in the series of natural water-containing metaborates of calcium, all members of which are characterized by a constant ratio of CaO:B2O3 = 1:1 with the water content increasing from korzhinskite to pentahydroborite.
1910Mineral. Mag. XV. 427 *Pentahydrocalcite... Hydrated calcium carbonate, CaCO3·5H2O, occurring as a mould-like encrustation on chalk-marl near Nova-Alexandria, govt. Lublin, Russian Poland. 1928Ann. Rep. Progr. Chem. XXIV. 308 The minerals hydroconite, hydrocalcite (trihydrocalcite, pentahydrocalcite), and lublinite periodically come to be regarded as doubtful minerals, because when re-examined on museum material they are found to be merely calcite. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. x. 660 The deposition of hydrates, supposedly CaCO3·3H2O, trihydrocalcite, and CaCO3·5H2O, pentahydrocalcite, in nature has been recorded. 1968I. Kostov Mineral. 531 Trihydrocalcite..and pentahydrocalcite..are unstable and easily change into calcite.
1797W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XXIV. 555 This *pentalogue is chiefly objectionable on account of the vague drift of the fifth commandment. 1853Furneaux (title) The Poultry Pentalogue, or Five Rules for Fancy Fowls and Fowl Fanciers.
1904Athenæum 18 June 788/2 It is easy to see that the desire to find a *pentalogy in everything has led to somewhat fanciful distinctions.
1929Chem. Abstr. XXIII. 3213 From the MeOH ppt. were obtained another 2 g. of the *pentamer and 6, 4, and 6 g. of the hexa-, hepta- and octamers resp. 1955Jrnl. Polymer Sci. XVI. 455 The ACA monomer, a considerable part of the linear oligomers up to approximately the pentamer..and a small portion of the sparingly soluble cyclic oligomers dissolve. 1971Nature 30 July 297/3 Thus electron microscopy has shown macroglobulin (immunoglobulin M) to consist of a cyclic pentamer of γG-like (7S) subunits.
1940*Pentameric [see hexameric adj. s.v. hexa-]. 1971Nature 11 June 361/1 Only the monomer ‘IgMs’ could be detected inside the cell and only pentameric IgM outside.
1940Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 1171 When the proportion of sulphuric acid in the Bertram-Walbaum reagent was 1–1·8% the yield of polymerides was: dimeride, 29·0; trimeride, 19·5; tetrameride, 18·4; *pentameride, 15; higher polymerides, 17%.
1899J. Cagney tr. Jaksch's Clin. Diagn. (ed. 4) v. 188 These observers discovered cadaverin (*pentamethylendiamine) in the urine.
1887Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LI. 241 This acid is the orthodicarboxylic acid of *pentamethylene, corresponding with phthalic acid of the benzene series. 1909C. A. Keane Mod. Org. Chem. v. 63 The simplest cyclic compounds containing four and five carbon atoms are the hydrocarbons tetramethylene, C4C8, and pentamethylene, C5H10. 1929I. W. D. Hackh Chem. Dict. (1930) 538/1 Pentamethylene, the bivalent radical {b1}CH2(CH2)3CH2{b1}. 1946E. G. Rochow Introd. Chem. Silicones iii. 48 Those pentamethylene groups which are joined to two different silicon atoms from organosilicon polymers resembling those obtained with phenylene groups. 1951I. L. Finar Org. Chem. I. xi. 203 Pentamethylene glycol (pentane-1:5-diol), CH2OH·(CH2)3·CH2OH,..can be obtained from pentamethylene bromide. 1958Nomencl. Org. Chem. (I.U.P.A.C.) A. 16 Pentamethylene {b1}CH2{b1}CH2{b1}CH2{b1}CH2{b1}CH2{b1}.
1883Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLIV. 910 *Pentamethylenediamine, C5H10(NH2)2 is produced by the action of zinc and hydrochloric acid on an ethereal solution of trimethylene dicyanide. 1964N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xii. 247 Some [aliphatic diamines] occur in nature as a result of bacterial decomposition of proteins; for example,..cadaverine (pentamethylenediamine).
1931Levene & Bass Nucleic Acids x. 303 On warming a solution of the supposed *pentanucleotide in 2 per cent solution of sodium hydroxide.., Feulgen split the substance into the two component parts. 1975Nature 6 Mar. 83/2 Statistical considerations indicate that coincidence among oligonucleotides of length six or more (pentanucleotides are marginal) provides strong evidence for primary structural homology in a sequence of 1,600 nucleotides.
1907Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCII. i. 901 Characteristic of this *pentapeptide and of the preceding tripeptide is the property of being precipitated from aqueous solution by ammonium sulphate. 1946Biochem. Jrnl. XL. p. xliv, Their results are only compatible with the presence in the crystals studied either of a simple pentapeptide molecule or of a decapeptide which has crystallographic two-fold symmetry. 1960Ibid. LXXVI. 16p/2 Appreciable hydrolysis..took place yielding, as one of the products, a pentapeptide containing arginine, proline, glycine, and phenylalanine. 1975Nature 2 Oct. 415/1 It probably does not permeate lysosomal membranes, as might be expected for a pentapeptide.
1693Phil. Trans. XVII. 684 The Flowers grow in Clusters like those of the Vine, are *pentapetalose.
1706Phillips, *Pentapetalous Plants. 1719Quincy Lex. Physico-Med. (ed. 2) 347 The Umbelliferous Plants, which have a pentapetalous Flower. 1845Lindley Sch. Bot. vi. (1858) 104 c, Corolla monopetalous, or pentapetalous.
1881Macfarren Counterp. iii. 5 A scale..is *pentaphonic when the 4th and 7th degrees from the key note are omitted.
1730–6Bailey (folio), *Pentaphyllous, having 5 leaves.
1857Mayne Expos. Lex., Pentapterus,..having five expansions in form of wings, as the capsule of the Evonymus latifolius,..*pentapterous.
1656Blount Glossogr., *Pentaptotes, nouns declined onely by five Cases.
1854Fairholt Dict. Terms Art 336 *Pentaptych, an altar⁓painting having many leaves.
1899Speaker 16 Dec. 279/2 The *pentarsic line..must consist of five bars, and at least two of the stresses must be strong and full upon the last syllables of a bar.
1857Mayne Expos. Lex., *Pentasepalous. 1870Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 2) 216.
1702Ralphson Math. Dict., *Pentaspast, an Engine consisting of five Pullies, viz. three above and two below.
1828–32Webster, *Pentaspermous, containing five seeds. Encycl.
1849D. Campbell Inorg. Chem. 311 Yellow precipitate, which is the *pentasulphide of arsenic (sulpharsenic acid).
1854J. Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc., Chem. 473 *Pentasulphuret of antimony, otherwise called sulpho-antimonic acid. |