| 释义 |
▪ I. percussion, n.|pəˈkʌʃən|
[ad. L. percussiōn-em, n. of action from percutĕre: see percuss. Cf. F. percussion (14th c. in Littré), perh. the immediate model.]
1. a. The striking of one body with or against another with some degree of force, so as to give a shock; impact; a stroke, blow, knock. Usually in reference to solid bodies; more rarely to liquids, or to air (as producing sound). Chiefly in scientific use. centre of percussion: see centre n. 16.
1544T. Phaer Regim. Lyfe C vij, Sometyme the sayde payne [of the eye] commeth by percussion or strykynge. 1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1348 He saith: That we doe..heare by the percussion and beating of the aire. 1654R. Codrington tr. Iustine, etc. 561 Antoninus Verus..did die by a percussion of blood in the head, which Disease the Greeks call the Apoplexy. 1669Phil. Trans. IV. 1088 The Doctrine of Percussion on which depends that of the Cuneus or Wedge. 1794G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. III. xxxi. 259 Percussion puts all the parts of the wood into a tremulous motion. 1822J. Imison Sc. & Art II. 29 No heat seems to follow from the percussion of liquids in soft bodies. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 146/2 Fulminating silver, even when moist, will explode by percussion.
b. transf. and fig.: e.g. the striking of sound upon the ear; the ictus or rhythmic ‘beat’ in verse; the stroke of an ‘evil eye’, etc.
1607Shakes. Cor. i. iv. 59 With thy grim lookes, and The Thunder-like percussion of thy sounds Thou mad'st thine enemies shake. 1625Bacon Ess., Envy (Arb.) 511 The Times, when the Stroke, or Percussion of an Enuious Eye doth most hurt, are, when the Party enuied is beheld in Glory. 1674tr. Rapin's Refl. Aristotle's Treat. Poesie Pref. 13 In the Italian and Spanish..all the Rimes are dissyllable, and the percussion stronger.
2. Specific applications.
a. The striking of a fulminating powder, or percussion-cap (see 5), so as to produce a spark and explode the charge in a fire-arm. Also concr., a percussion gun.
1810Sporting Mag. XXXVI. 273 He used one of Forsyth's gun-locks, which, flintless, goes off by percussion. 1821P. Egan Real Life in London I. i. 8 My new patent double-barrelled percussion. 1829tr. P. W. Schmidt (1824) in Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 100 On some kinds of fulminating powder inflammable by percussion and their use in fire-arms. 1846Greener Sci. Gunnery 90 Percussion has been for some years introduced into the service, for igniting the charge of all large guns.
b. Med. The action of striking or tapping with the finger, or with a small hammer (percussion-hammer) upon a part of the body, either to ascertain the condition of some internal organ by the sound produced, or for therapeutic purposes.
If the stroke is made directly upon the body, it is called immediate percussion; if upon something placed against the body (e.g. a finger of the other hand, or a small instrument made for the purpose), mediate percussion.
1834J. Forbes Laennec's Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 471 Percussion of the thorax yielded a much clearer sound on the right than on the left side. 1843R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. Introd. Lect. 16 How much has the treatment of pectoral diseases been improved by the application of auscultation and percussion? 1893Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v., Medical percussion was known to Hippocrates, but was only used in abdominal diseases. It was not until the time of Auenbrugger that its use was suggested for diseases of the chest.
c. instrument of percussion: a musical instrument that is played by percussion or striking.
Mostly applied to those used chiefly or solely for marking rhythm, and either struck with a stick or the hand (as the drum, triangle, tambourine), or struck together in pairs (as cymbals); rarely to stringed instruments in which the strings are struck by hammers. Hence percussion is sometimes used collectively for the instruments of percussion in an orchestra, or their players (cf. strings, wind, wood).
1776Burney Hist. Mus. (1789) I. 255 Musical instruments chiefly of percussion. 1838Penny Cycl. XII. 498 Instruments, Musical, are, 1. Keyed, as the Organ, Piano-forte, etc.;..4. of Percussion, as the Drum, Cymbals, etc. 1889G. B. Shaw How to become Mus. Critic (1960) 164 Brass and percussion [are] behind the wood wind and under the stage. 1904Daily News 25 Feb. 8/5 Almost all the strings are pupils of the conductor, and the wind and percussion are prominent members of London orchestras.
d. A device in some reed-organs by which a small hammer is caused to strike the reed as the air is admitted to it, thus quickening the production of the sound.
1879A. J. Hipkins in Grove Dict. Mus. I. 667 Another major invention was that of Martin, who gave the harmonium..‘quicker speech’, i.e. made the sound more quickly follow the descent of the key. The invention is known as ‘percussion’.
e. bulb of percussion: see bulb n. 4 b.
3. Mus. The actual ‘striking’ or sounding of a note or chord, esp. of a discord, as distinguished from preparation and resolution.
1880C. H. H. Parry in Grove Dict. Mus. II. 685 Percussion..is the actual sounding of the discord.
†4. Chiromancy. A name for the outer edge of the palm of the hand: see quots. Obs.
1644Bulwer Chirol. 75 The hand thus closely shut and the fingers all turned in... The nether part..Chiromancers call the pomell or percussion. 1653R. Sanders Physiogn. 14 The percussion is the outer part, which moves when we strike anything. Ibid. 116 Such lines in the percussion of the hand denote drowning.
5. attrib. and Comb. Of, for, pertaining to, or worked by percussion; esp. made or constructed so as to be ignited or exploded by percussion (cf. 2 a), as percussion arm, percussion bullet, percussion fuse, percussion gun, percussion match, percussion primer, percussion tube; belonging to, used for, or produced by medical percussion (sense 2 b), as percussion blow, percussion dullness (= dull sound), percussion hammer, percussion massage, percussion note, percussion resonance, percussion sound, percussion stroke, percussion thrill, percussion tone; percussion cap, a small copper cap or cylinder containing fulminating powder, exploded by the percussion of a hammer so as to fire the charge of a fire-arm; percussion drill, a drill worked by percussion; percussion figure, a characteristic figure produced by a blow with a pointed instrument on a thin plate of certain crystals; percussion grinder, ‘a machine for crushing quartz or other hard material by a combined rubbing and pounding process’ (Knight Dict. Mech.); percussion instrument = instrument of percussion: see 2 c; percussion-lock, a form of lock for a fire-arm in which the charge is fired by means of a percussion cap; percussion powder, the powder used in percussion caps, consisting, since c 1823, of mercury fulminate, previously composed chiefly of perchlorate of potash; percussion-sieve, an apparatus for sorting ores according to size by means of two inclined sieves which are agitated by levers (Knight); percussion-stop, a draw-stop in a reed-organ which puts the percussion (2 d) into action; percussion-table, an apparatus for sorting ores according to weight, consisting of a slightly inclined table or frame which is shaken intermittently by a mechanical appliance.
1844Regul. & Ord. Army 104 The *Percussion Arm does not require so much repair as the Flint Musket.
1823Specif. J. Day's Patent No. 4861 Nipple or spill to receive the copper *percussion caps. 1895Guttmann Manuf. Explos. II. 275 Percussion caps were first made by Joseph Egg, an English gun-maker, in 1815. 1892Greener Breech-Loader 2 The percussion-cap gun was a great improvement on the flint-lock, and although its day was short, it may be regarded as the most durable gun ever made.
1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 43 The hard whinstone is excavated by *percussion drills and dynamite. 1904Daily Chron. 13 June 6/3 Special rules..including one prohibiting the use of percussion rock-drills in hard stone.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Percussion-fuse, a fuse in a projectile set in action by concussion when the projectile strikes the object. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 122/2.
1827J. Shaw in Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 283 The slowest powder was much the safest in the *percussion gun.
1819Trans. Soc. Arts XXXVI. 80 *Percussion gun-lock. Silver medal voted to Mr. Collinson Hall.
1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 212 Percussion..with a pleximeter and *percussion-hammer..yields a clear metallic sound.
1872Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 53 The Egyptians had many of the wind, stringed, and *percussion instruments at present known.
1829in Reg. Deb. Congress U.S. (1831) 21st Congress 2 Sess. App. p. xcii/2 I have used the *percussion locks but little, but believe them admirably well constructed for general use. 1845Mrs. Carlyle Lett. I. 356 A pair of pistols with percussion-locks.
1887D. Maguire Art of Massage (ed. 4) ii. 20 His *percussion massage is nothing more than that employed by the ancients.
1880Barwell Aneurism 73 *Percussion notes were dull on the inner two inches of the clavicle and in a semicircle extending down to the first rib.
1819T. B. Johnson Shooter's Comp. 102 *Percussion powder..ignites with a blow. 1825P. Hawker Instr. Yng. Sportsmen (ed. 4) 77 Mr. Joyce..establishing a manufactory of this anticorrosive percussion powder in which he does away entirely with the oxymuriate.
1824Franklin Inst. Rep. in Mech. Mag. III, Joshua Shaw's improved *percussion primers. 1838Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. I. 358/1 When the percussion primer strikes.
1876Trans. Clinical Soc. IX. 110 Over the right side the *percussion-resonance was normal.
1868Rep. to Govt. U.S. Munitions War 28 Full-cock the hammer, pull the trigger, causing the hammer to strike the *percussion-slide.., forcing it against the rim of the cartridge, and exploding it.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Percussion-stop, a piano-forte stop to the organ, which renders the touch like the former.
1853Markham tr. Skoda's Auscult. 21 The fluid in the cavity is disturbed by the *percussion-stroke, and a sound, similar to the movement of saliva in the mouth, is then produced.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Percussion-table. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Percussion-table.
1870–93S. Gee Auscult. & Percuss. iii. (ed. 4) 75 *Percussion Thrill. A peculiar quivering sensation..sometimes produced by percussion.
1839J. Marsh in Jrnl. Franklin Inst. XXIII. 114 *Percussion tubes for cannon.
Hence perˈcussional a., of or pertaining to percussion; perˈcussionize v. = percussion v.
1776Hawkins Hist. Music I. iii. vii. 341 His [Cassiodorus'] division of instrumental music..into three parts, namely, percussional, tensile, and inflatile. 1832G. T. Vigne Six Months in Amer. II. 76 In New York..a gunmaker had put over his door, ‘Flint and steel guns altered and percussionized’.
▪ II. perˈcussion, v.
[f. prec. n.]
trans. a. To fit (a fire-arm) for being fired by percussion (see prec. 2 a). b. To treat with percussion massage. Hence perˈcussioning vbl. n. (in both senses); perˈcussioner, (a) a workman employed in percussioning fire-arms; (b) an instrument used in percussion massage.
a.1846Greener Sci. Gunnery 176 The percussioning of a gun, (as the fitting in of nipple, boring breeches, filing cocks, &c. is termed). 1881― Gun 250 When percussioned the gun is shot at a target. Ibid., In the days of muzzle-loaders the percussioner's branch was a very important one.
b.1887D. Maguire Art of Massage (ed. 4) ii. 32 They use..the properly called percussioner,..a bundle of birch branches. Ibid. iii. 47 That the part being percussioned should become accustomed..to the manipulation. The ways of percussioning are numerous. |