| 释义 |
performative, a. and n.|pəˈfɔːmətɪv|
[f. perform v. + -ative, as in imperative.]
A. adj. Of or pertaining to performance; spec. designating or pertaining to an utterance that effects an action by being spoken or written or by means of which the speaker performs a particular act.
B. n. Such an utterance. Hence perˈformatively adv., perˈformativeness.
1955J. L. Austin How to do Things with Words (1962) i. 6 What are we to call a sentence or an utterance of this type? I propose to call it a performative sentence or a performative utterance, or, for short, ‘a performative’. 1955A. J. Ayer in B. I. Evans Stud. in Communication 27 There are very many uses of language, prescriptive, ritualistic, playful, or performative, which are not fact-stating. 1956J. Hollander in Jrnl. Aesthetics XV. 239 A performative system of scansion..would present a series of rules governing a locutionary reading of a particular poem, before a real or implied audience. It would end up by describing not the poem itself, but the unstated canons of taste behind the rules. Performative systems of scansion, disguised as descriptive ones, have composed all but a few of the metrical studies of the past. 1960Proc. Aristotelian Soc. LX. p. v, The most famous of his [sc. J. L. Austin's] discoveries in this field was of the element of performativeness that enters into many kinds of utterance ordinarily classified as statements. 1963J. Lyons Structural Semantics ii. 33 The philosophers have accustomed us to the wide variety of uses which the verb know can have... Among them they distinguish what has been called a ‘performative’ use. 1964R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics 23 It is best to regard knowledge of the meaning or meanings of a word as a performative knowledge (like knowing how to ride a bicycle). 1970Language XLVI. 35 It is probable that the notion of the declarative sentence can be defined in terms of performatives. Ibid. 100 For clauses..provide important evidence for the performative analysis. 1973Archivum Linguisticum IV. 82 Being an imperative construction, it would presumably require the postulation of an underlying performative. 1973Times Lit. Suppl. 5 Oct. 1161/5 Illocutionary acts of x-ing could be made explicit..by use of the ‘performative’ first-person present-indicative form ‘I x’—e g, acts of asking by prefacing the question by the phrase ‘I ask you:..’. 1973G. W. Turner Stylistics vii. 208 A performative utterance has validity if the speaker's social position entitles him to make it; it is therefore often part of an occupational language. 1976Archivum Linguisticum VII. 69 The same applies to the everyday use (as opposed to the analysis) of speech act labels, whether these are used performatively or not. 1976P. Donovan Relig. Lang. vii. 80 Performative words are used, for instance, when we vote for a motion by saying ‘Aye’, bid in an auction by shouting ‘Fifty pounds’, or adjourn a meeting with the words ‘The meeting is adjourned’. 1978Listener 30 Mar. 396/3 When I say, ‘I promise’, or ‘I bet’ or ‘I apologise’ or ‘Thanks’..these he called ‘performatives’. |