| 释义 |
phenomenology|fɪnɒmɪˈnɒlədʒɪ|
[f. phenomenon + -logy.]
a. The science of phenomena as distinct from that of being (ontology).
b. That division of any science which describes and classifies its phenomena; in Philos., the theory, put forward by the German philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) and his followers, to the effect that the pure and transcendental nature and meaning of phenomena, and hence their real and ultimate significance, can only be apprehended subjectively; the method of reduction, based by Husserl on Descartes's method, whereby all factual knowledge and reasoned assumptions about the phenomenon as object and the experiencing ‘ego’ are set aside so that pure intuition of the essence of the phenomenon may be rigorously analysed and studied.
1797J. Robison in Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) s.v. Philosophy §47 This part of philosophy may be called Phenomenology. 1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. vii. (1877) 121 If we consider the mind merely with the view of observing and generalising the various phænomena it reveals..we have one..department of mental science; and this we call the phænomenology of the mind..; we might call it phænomenal psychology. 1840Whewell Philos. Induct. Sci. x. ii. (1847) II. 464 Each Palætiological Science, when complete, must possess three members: the Phenomenology, the ætiology, and the Theory. 1875Mansel Gnostic Heresies i. 3 Between the real and the apparent, between ontology and phenomenology. 1914Mind XXIII. 588 Phenomenology, then, if I have understood it right, is the science of the essential connexions of vital experiences, as rooted in their nature or their character; not, for example, of their causal connexions as events in time. 1931W. R. B. Gibson tr. E. Husserl (title) Ideas: general introduction to pure phenomenology. Ibid. 11 Under the title ‘A Pure or Transcendental Phenomenology’, the work here presented seeks to found a new science..a science covering a new field of experience, exclusively its own, that of ‘Transcendent Subjectivity’. 1938G. Reavey tr. Berdyaev's Solitude & Society 57 For this reason Husserl's Phenomenology fails to be an Existential philosophy although it exercised a considerable influence on Heidegger. 1949H. F. Mins tr. G. Lukács in R. W. Sellars et al. Philos. for Future 572 Modern phenomenology is one of the..philosophical methods which seek to rise above both idealism and materialism by discovering a philosophical ‘third way’, by making intuition the true source of knowledge. 1957H. E. Barnes tr. Sartre's Being & Nothingness p. xlvi, Phenomenology is anything but a nominalism. 1974D. Carr Phenomenology & Probl. of Hist. I. 33 The ‘common’ subject matter of phenomenology and psychology, consciousness, is subjected in phenomenology to an essential rather than a factual consideration.
c. Psychol. The methods of description and analysis developed from philosophical phenomenology applied to the subjective experiencing of phenomena and to consciousness, esp. in the fields of Gestalt psychology, existential analysis and psychiatry.
1930W. B. Wolfe tr. Wexberg's Individual Psychol. 8 Phenomenology prepared the way for the decisive step toward a comparative and contextual point of view in psychology. 1935K. Koffka Princ. Gestalt Psychol. iii. 73 For us phenomenology means as naïve and full a description of direct experience as possible. 1958H. F. Ellenberger in R. May et al. Existence i. iii. 92 There is a wide gap between the philosophical phenomenology of Husserl and the psychiatric phenomenology of Minkowski. Ibid. 101 Phenomenology can also use a ‘categorical’ frame of reference... The two basic categories of inner experiences are considered to be time (‘temporality’) and space (‘spatiality’). 1959A. W. Levi Philos. & Mod. World ii. x. 405 The phenomenology of the human condition..in which inescapable situations constitute the historical determination in its four forms of death, suffering, conflict, and guilt. 1969C. O. Schrag Experience & Being i. ii. 65 Psychiatric phenomenology has contributed interesting and revealing studies on the nature of psychological space and..time in their pathological expressions. |