| 释义 |
philology|fɪˈlɒlədʒɪ|
[In Chaucer, ad. L. philologia; in 17th c. prob. a. F. philologie, ad. L. philologia, a. Gr. ϕιλολογία, abstr. n. from ϕιλόλογος fond of speech, talkative; fond of dicussion or argument; studious of words; fond of learning and literature, literary; f. ϕιλο- philo- + λόγος word, speech, etc.]
1. Love of learning and literature; the study of literature, in a wide sense, including grammar, literary criticism and interpretation, the relation of literature and written records to history, etc.; literary or classical scholarship; polite learning. Now rare in gen. sense except in the U.S.[c1386Chaucer Merch. T. 490 Hoold thou thy pees thou poete Marcian That writest vs that ilke weddyng murie Of hire Philologie and hym Mercurie. (Martianus Capella, 5th cent. wrote ‘De nuptiis Philologiæ et Mercurii’.)] 1614Selden Titles Hon. Ded. A ij, This of Mine dealing with Verum chiefly, in matter of Storie and Philologie. 1637Heylin Antid. Lincoln. ii. 108 Your Grammer learning being showne, we must next take a turne in your Divine and Theologicall Philology. a1661Fuller Worthies i. (1662) 26 Philology properly is Terse and Polite Learning, melior literatura... But we take it in the larger notion, as inclusive of all human liberal Studies. 1669Gale Crt. Gentiles i. i. x. 50 Philologie, according to its original, and primitive import..implies an universal love, or respect to human Literature. 1776G. Campbell Philos. Rhet. I. i. v. 125 All the branches of philology, such as history, civil, ecclesiastic, and literary: grammar, languages, jurisprudence, and criticism. 1818Hallam Mid. Ages ix. ii, Philology, or the principles of good taste, degenerated through the prevalence of school-logic. 1892Athenæum 25 June 816/1 The fact that philology is not a mere matter of grammar, but is in the largest sense a master-science, whose duty is to present to us the whole of ancient life, and to give archæology its just place by the side of literature. 1922O. Jespersen Language iii. 64 In this book I shall use the word ‘philology’ in its continental sense, which is often rendered in English by the vague word ‘scholarship’, meaning thereby the study of the specific culture of one nation. 1925L. Bloomfield in Language I. 4 That noblest of sciences, philology, the study of national culture is..greater than a misfit combination of language plus literature... The British use of ‘philology’ for linguistics leaves no name for the former subject. 1931J. W. Spargo tr. Pedersen's Linguistic Sci. 19th Cent. iv. 79 One may define philology briefly as a study whose task is the interpretation of the literary monuments in which the spiritual life of a given period has found expression. Ibid. 80 The use of ‘philology’ as a mere synonym for ‘linguistics’ is to be avoided. 1939L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. 3 A more serious objection to the term [sc. comparative philology] lies in the fact that ‘philology’, strictly speaking, denotes not only the study of language, but also of literature and of all the civilisational phenomena of a people. a1941B. L. Whorf in Ann. Rep. Board of Regents Smithsonian Inst. 1941 (1942) 502 As the major linguistic difficulties are conquered, the study becomes more and more philological; that is to say, subject matter, cultural data, and history play an increasing role... This is philology. But at the base of philology we must have linguistics. 1947E. H. Sturtevant Introd. Linguistic Sci. i. 7 Philology is a word with a wide range of meaning. I use it here to designate the study of written documents. 1954F. G. Cassidy Robertson's Devel. Mod. Eng. (ed. 2) 424 Philology, the study of thought and culture as embodied in literary monuments; in a narrower sense, the study of language (but for this sense, the term linguistics is now preferred). 1964R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics i. 6 In German,..Philologie refers more to the scholarly study of literary texts, and more generally to the study of culture and civilization through literary documents... This meaning..is matched by..the use of philology in American learned circles. 1980Yale Rev. Winter 312 Philology meant, and still ought to mean, the general study of literature.
†2. Rendering Gr. ϕιλολογία love of talk, speech, or argument (as opposed to ϕιλοσοϕία love of wisdom, philosophy). Obs.
1623Cockeram, Phylologie, loue of much babling. 1654Whitlock Zootomia 195 Whereas hee [Seneca] complaineth Philosophy was turned into Philology; may not we too sadly complain, most of our Christianity is become Discoursive noise? 1678R. L'Estrange Seneca's Mor. (1702) 387 By which Means Philosophy is now turn'd to Philology.
3. spec. (in mod. use) The study of the structure and development of language; the science of language; linguistics. Now usu. restricted to the study of the development of specific languages or language families, esp. research into phonological and morphological history based on written documents. (Really one branch of sense 1.)
This sense has never been current in the U.S. Linguistics is now the more usual term for the study of the structure of language, and, with qualifying adjective or adjective phrase, is replacing philology even in the restricted sense.
comparative philology: see comparative 1 b.
1716M. Davies Athen. Brit. III. 102 Harduin has there several erudite Remarks upon Philology: especially upon the Pronunciation and Dialects of the Greek Tongue. 1748Hartley Observ. Man i. iii. 353 Philology, or the Knowledge of Words, and their Significations. 1838Winning (title) Manual of Comparative Philology. 1843H. H. Wilson in Proc. Philol. Soc. I. 22 The publication of the grammar of the late Sir Charles Wilkins constitutes an important era in the annals of Sanskrit philology. 1852Blackie Stud. Lang. 7 Philology unfolds the genesis of those laws of speech, which Grammar contemplates as a finished result. 1964R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics i. 6 In British usage philology is generally equivalent to comparative philology, an older and still quite common term for what linguists technically refer to as comparative and historical linguistics. 1968J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Linguistics i. 22 The term ‘comparative philology’, which I shall use to refer to this period of linguistics [sc. the nineteenth century].., though less commonly used these days by linguists themselves (who tend to prefer ‘comparative and historical linguistics’), is not infrequently met in general books on language and, like many other unsuitable terms, has been perpetuated in the titles of university chairs and departments and of prescribed courses of study. 1974R. Quirk Linguist & Eng. Lang. v. 84 ‘Developmental’ and ‘general’ philology—or, as we would usually call them today, historical and general linguistics. |