| 释义 |
phonetic, a. and n.|fəʊˈnɛtɪk|
[ad. mod.L. phōnētic-us (Zoega 1797), a. Gr. ϕωνητικός adj., f. ϕωνητός to be spoken, f. ϕωνεῖν to utter voice, speak. In F. phonétique (Dict. Acad. 1878).]
A. adj.
1. Representing vocal sounds: applied to signs or characters which represent the sounds, esp. the individual or elementary sounds, of speech, or which express the pronunciation of words.
Applied spec. a. to characters in ancient writing (orig. Egyptian) representing sounds, opposed to the ideographic or pictorial; and b. to systems of spelling in which each letter represents invariably the same spoken sound, e.g. to systems proposed for reform of English spelling, as opposed to the traditional (historical or etymological) method.
a. [1797G. Zoega De Origine et Usu Obeliscorum 454 Superest quinta classis notarum phoneticarum, quem ad aenigmaticam referri posse jam monui.] 1826Edin. Rev. XLV. 104 The picture-writers, seeking for the first time to express sounds, and so to render their work Phonetic. 1831M. Russell Egypt xi. (1853) 434 To George Zoega also belongs the merit of employing (1797) the term phonetic. 1851D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iv. iv. 285 The derivation of..phonetic symbols from a primitive system of pictorial writing. 1879P. Le P. Renouf Orig. Relig. 16 The key to hieroglyphic decipherment [consists] in the knowledge of the simultaneous use of both phonetic and ideographic signs.
b.1848A. J. Ellis (title) A Plea for Phonetic Spelling. 1848― Esenʃalz ov Fωnetics p. ii, Key to the Phonetic spelling employed in this work... A copious account of the English phonetic alphabet is furnished..pp. 87–105. 1864Max Müller Sci. Lang. II. iii. 108 A new system of ‘Brief Writing and True Spelling’, best known under the name of the Phonetic Reform. 1864Soc. Sci. Rev. 223 The Phonetic alphabet..consists of thirty-four letters, twenty⁓two being consonants and twelve vowels. These..fairly represent every important sound in our language.
2. a. Of, pertaining or relating to the sounds of spoken language; consisting of vocal sounds.
1861Max Müller Sc. Lang. i. ii. 40 Two processes which should be carefully distinguished...—1. Dialectical Regeneration. 2. Phonetic Decay. 1867R. Broughton Cometh up as Flower xiii. 125 A whistle, from which unfeminine phonetic exercise she however refrained. 1875Whitney Life Lang. iv. 53 This..is itself an example of phonetic change. 1884J. Tait Mind in Matter (1892) 183 Advanced languages are ‘evolved’ chiefly by plagiarism and by phonetic corruption.
b. Involving vibration of the vocal cords (as opp. to mere breath or whisper). Cf. phonate.
1880M. Mackenzie Dis. Throat & Nose I. 443 His voice was weak, but phonetic.
c. Comb. (= phonetico-), as phonetic-linguistic, phonetic-morphological, phonetic-phonemic, phonetic-semantic adjs.
1961L. F. Brosnahan Sounds of Language v. 101 The criteria..are of phonetic-linguistic nature.
1921E. Sapir Language viii. 185 In other words, on this particular point it took German at least three hundred years to catch up with a phonetic-morphological drift that had long been under way in English. 1966M. Pei Gloss. Linguistic Terminol. p. ix, A specialist in descriptive linguistics and phonetic-phonemic description.
1931L. Bloomfield in Language VII. 205 Some linguistic forms bear no partial phonetic-semantic resemblance to other forms. 1966M. Pei Gloss. Linguistic Terminol. 204 There is a partial phonetic-semantic resemblance in all forms containing a particular phonestheme.
†3. Entom. Applied to the collar or prothorax of hymenopterous insects when its posterior angles cover the mesothoracic or so-called vocal spiracles.
1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. IV. 331 Collar... 5. Phonetic..When its posterior angles approaching the wings, cover the vocal spiracles. Ex. Hymenoptera.
B. n. An element of a Chinese character which is itself the character for another word, adopted as part of the new character because of the words' identity or similarity of sound. = primitive n. 6.
1842J.-M. Callery Encycl. Chinese Lang. 3 The phonetic is in itself one of the characters of primitive formation, which cannot be annexed to any of the preceding orders, and which must therefore be looked on as indivisible. 1874S. W. Williams Syllabic Dict. Chinese Lang. p. lvi/1 That part of a character which is not the radical, has no name among the Chinese, but foreigners have termed it the primitive or phonetic. 1907W. Hillier Chinese Lang. i. 6 It is possible..by learning these phonetics, or primitives as they are sometimes called, to make a very close guess at the sound of any Chinese character. 1948R. A. D. Forrest Chinese Lang. ii. 38 In many cases the connection of the phonetic element, whether in sound or shape, with a word still existing independently, or with the same phonetic in other characters, has become much more obscure through changes in sound or in written form. 1968P. Kratochvíl Chinese Lang. Today v. 151 The former was the borrowed phonetic..and the latter the radical added as an indication that the whole form was borrowed and denoting something connected with manual action. 1973Sci. Amer. Feb. 54/2 There are characters that are not pronounced like their phonetic, often for reasons of historical change.
Hence phoˈnetical a. (rare), phonetic; phoˈnetically adv., in a phonetic manner; in relation to vocal sound; according to sound or pronunciation; phonetician |fəʊnɪˈtɪʃən|, one versed in speech-sounds, a phonetist; phoneticism |fəʊˈnɛtɪsɪz(ə)m|, (a) phonetic quality, or the phonetic system, of writing or spelling; (b) phonetic spelling; an example of this; (c) use of the criterion of phonetic similarity to determine the phonemes of a language; phoˈneticist |-sɪst|, (a) an advocate of phonetic spelling; (b) = phonetician; phoneticization |-saɪˈzeɪʃən|, phonetic spelling; an example of this; (greater) correlation of symbol and sound (in a writing system); phoˈneticize |-saɪz| v. trans., to render phonetic, to write phonetically.
1845Ellis Plea Phonotypy & Phonography 4 note, In this pamphlet, we only recommend Phonography upon the score of its giving a correct *phonetical representation of the English language. 1867Burton Hist. Scot. (1873) I. v. 188 By a distinct phonetical and grammatical pedigree.
1826Edin. Rev. XLV. 120 Characters employed by the Egyptians..*phonetically in representing foreign combinations of sound. 1876T. Hill Order Studies 108 Bad spelling..usually arises from an attempt to spell phonetically with the common alphabet.
1848A. J. Ellis Esenʃalz ov Fωnetics 88 A practist *fωnetiʃan. 1859A. Holbrook Normal Meth. 34 The most approved views of Phoneticians have been made subservient. 1877Sweet Handbk. Phonetics 20 The first and indispensable qualification of the phonetician is a thorough practical knowledge of the formation of the vowels. 1933L. Bloomfield Language v. 75 The phonetician can study either the sound-producing movements of the speaker..or the resulting sound-waves. 1964D. Abercrombie Eng. Phonetic Texts 14 It is not, in the nature of things, possible for a ‘standard’ mode of transcription of English, suitable for all purposes and all audiences, to be agreed on by phoneticians. 1975Amer. Speech 1973 XLVIII. 111 To do so is perfectly sound phonemically, though Phoneticians use a modified symbol (with hook) for the r-colored vowel.
1885G. L. Gomme Hist. T. Hickathrift p. iv, There are too few *phoneticisms and dialect words to make it probable that the print in the Pepysian collection is the one directly derived from popular tradition. 1938Better English Nov. 44/1 Phoneticism is not a noble progressive movement. It is only an annoying attack on a superior language which will never give up its proud fundamental structure. 1939Amer. Speech XIV. 148/1 The author condemns phoneticism as contrary to language structure. 1952A. Cohen Phonemes of Eng. ii. 24 The same objection to phoneticism in phonemic analysis can be raised against Trubetzkoy's handling of the problem how to decide whether we have to do with one or more phonemes. 1977Daily Tel. 24 Feb. 18 Probably the most bizarre example of phoneticism I have ever come across was an 11-year-old's spelling of the word ‘usual’—‘yousyouall’.
1849Fraser's Mag. XL. 423 To the consistent *phoneticist, we need only observe that the new code..would be as arbitrary as the old. 1932G. K. Zipf Sel. Stud. Princ. Relative Frequency in Lang. i. 4 All phoneticists agree about it; it is at once evident to anyone listening to a native of Peking speak. 1935― Psycho-Biol. of Lang. (1936) 96 The highly important work of the experimental phoneticist. 1954Pei & Gaynor Dict. Linguistics 168 Phoneticist, a person who studies or is skilled in phonetics.
1915Spectator 21 Aug. 235/1 To turn the Russian genitive plural termination into ‘off’, as is sometimes done, is to go in for an exaggerated *phoneticization. 1959Brno Studies in English I. 14 Voices demanding reforms of traditional spellings usually regard ‘phoneticization’ of such spellings as the only effective remedy. 1970Language XLVI. 959 For a primitive logographic system can develop into a full system of writing only if it succeeds in attaching to a sign a phonetic value independent of the meaning which this sign has as a ‘word’; this is phoneticization. 1975Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 22 Aug. 5/1 The common direction of phoneticization for all written languages in the world must be followed.
1848A. J. Ellis Esenʃalz ov Fωnetics Pref., Mr. Isaac Pitman first propounded the idea..of *phoneticizing the English language. 1881J. Fryer in Nature XXIV. 54/2 [To] phoneticise the foreign term, using the sounds of the Mandarin dialect. |