| 释义 |
▪ I. respondent, n.|rɪˈspɒndənt|
[f. as next: so obs. F. respondant (mod.F. répondant).]
1. a. One who answers; spec., one who defends a thesis against one or more opponents; also in recent use (chiefly U.S.), one who supplies information for a survey.
1528Tindale Obed. Chr. Man Wks. (1573) 171/2 Ego nego, Domine Doctor, said the respondent. 1536Act 28 Hen. VIII, c. 13 §2 Suche beneficed persons..shall..be apponent and respondent in the same [disputations]. 1603Florio Montaigne i. xx. (1632) 45 Magitians are but ill respondents for me. 1648W. Jenkyn Blind Guide iii. 43 Are you not respondent? Was it not your part to answer what was brought against your wicked Position? 1721Amherst Terræ Fil. No. 20 (1726) 103 The respondent sits over-against the opponent, and is prepared to deny whatever he affirms. 1753–4Richardson Grandison (1781) III. 119 Take care, Charlotte, that you make as free a respondent..as you are a questioner. 1816Coleridge Lay Serm. (Bohn) 336 Each person must be herein querist and respondent to himself. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 8 When Thrasymachus has been silenced, the two principal respondents..appear on the scene. 1955Bull. Atomic Sci. 175/2 Almost one-third of the respondents said they were upset by witnessing the casualties. 1961Technology Feb. 34/1 The respondents were not asked how often they had applied each technique, if more than once, since many would probably have no accurate record of this. 1968Amer. Jrnl. Public Health LVIII. 327/1 The questionnaires were unsigned on their return and were thrown into a large pile at the front of the room in such a manner that no one from the military hierarchy could identify the responses of any respondent. 1970D. Goldrich et al. in I. L. Horowitz Masses in Lat. Amer. v. 176 The interviewers selected respondents randomly from the household. 1975Amer. Speech 1973 XLVIII. 22 Recent behavioral tests..have shown that respondents are capable of identifying informants as black or white from auditory cues only.
†b. One who makes himself answerable for another. Obs. rare—1.
1672R. Montagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 517, I shall come away with so good a character from this place, that I shall not have shamed my respondent.
c. A rhyme-word. rare—1.
1804C. Smith Conversat., etc. II. 137 Some word of great force to close his couplet, to which there are not, perhaps, above two or three respondents.
2. A defendant in a lawsuit; now spec. in a divorce case.
1562Child Marriages (1897) 73 This respondent sais, that he & Margaret Alat were maried in Weuerham church. 1651G. W. tr. Cowel's Inst. 224 If we respect the persons, they are both complainants, and respondents. 1752J. Louthian Form of Process 250 The said A.B. Appellant to make Payment to the said D.E. and H.I. Respondents. 1857Act 20 & 21 Vict. c. 85 §28 The Court..may direct that the Person with whom the Husband is alleged to have committed adultery be made a Respondent. 1871B. Taylor Faust (1875) I. xxiii. 205 To crush to pieces the innocent respondent—that is the tyrant-fashion of relieving oneself in embarrassments.
3. Math. (See quot.)
1888Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 7/1 In any table the results tabulated are termed the ‘tabular results’ or ‘respondents’, and the corresponding numbers by which the table is entered are termed the ‘arguments’.
4. Psychol. The result of, or response to, a specific stimulus (see quot. 1937).
1937B. F. Skinner in Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. XVI. 274 It is a necessary recognition of the fact that in the unconditioned organism two kinds of behavior may be distinguished. There is, first, the kind of response that is made to specific stimulation... I shall refer to such a reflex as a respondent and use the term also as an adjective in referring to the behavior as a whole. 1940Hilgard & Marquis Conditioning & Learning iii. 66 Respondents..are movements elicited by recognized stimuli.
▪ II. respondent, a.|rɪˈspɒndənt|
[ad. L. respondent-, pres. pple. of respondēre to respond. So obs. F. respondent, -ant (mod.F. répondant), Sp. respondiente, It. rispondente.]
†1. Correspondent (to something else). Obs.
1533Bellenden Livy ii. xxi. (S.T.S.) I. 213 Þai thocht na thing mare respondent to resson and equite. Ibid. 215 Þat þe end of þare vayage mycht be respondent to þare begynnyng. 1588Parke tr. Mendoza's Hist. China 24 The which..seemeth somwhat to be respondent to our holy sacred and christian religion. 1671Grew Anat. Pl. (1682) 9 Seeing the even verges of the Lobes of the Seed hereto respondent. 1672Flamsteed in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 128, I shall not fail..to do my endeavour to make respondent observations. 1726Pope Odyss. xvii. 315 Well may this Palace admiration claim, Great, and respondent to the master's fame!
2. Answering; making reply. Also, having the position of defendant in an action.
1726Ayliffe Parergon 67 It is necessary, That the Party Respondent should be present in Court. a1797H. Walpole Mem. Geo. III (1845) I. vi. 87 To hear the King's Speech, and the respondent Address read. 1802–12Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) I. 502 Either amicable or adverse in relation to such respondent witness. 1899Daily News 7 Jan. 4/5 Counsel representing the respondent magistrate.
3. a. Responsive to some influence.
1766Goldsm. Vic. W. xxviii, My heart is respondent only to softer emotions. 1792C. Smith Desmond II. 143 Her heart finds respondent sentiments only in yours. 1867H. Maudsley Physiol. Mind 147 Many of the remaining actions..are really respondent to an idea or emotion. 1874Carpenter Ment. Phys. (1879) 81 Sensations are excited by impressions,..and respondent motions are called forth.
b. Psychol. Responsive, or that occurs as a reflex, to some specific stimulus; esp. as respondent conditioning, the conditioning of an organism to a particular response through the controlled use of a stimulus.
1937B. F. Skinner in Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. XVI. 274 The distinction between operant and respondent behavior. 1940Hilgard & Marquis Conditioning & Learning iii. 72/1 Respondent behavior, like ordinary spinal reflexes, is elicited by specified stimuli. 1966I. G. Sarason Personality iv. 75 The actual role played by reinforcement has been studied intensively in..experimental situations, one involving classical or respondent conditioning. 1974H. W. Bernard Personality x. 241 Respondent conditioning can also be used as a therapeutic approach. |