| 释义 |
▪ I. pilgrim, n.|ˈpɪlgrɪm|
Forms: 2–4 pilegrim, 3 pele-, pillegrim, 4 pylegrym, pylgrime, pilgerim, Sc. pilgram, pilgerame, 4–6 pilgrym(e, -grame, pylgrim, 4–7 pilgrime, 5–6 pylgreme, -grym(e, 6 pyl-, pilgrem, pilgrum, 4– pilgrim. β. 4 pilegrin, 6 pilgrin, Sc. -gren.
[Early ME. pelegrim, pilegrim, repr. OF. *pelegrin, antecedent form to pèlerin (11th c. in Littré) = Pr. pelegrin, Cat. pelegri, peregri, It. pellegrino, Sp. peregrino:—L. peregrīn-um one that comes from foreign parts, a stranger, f. peregrē adv., from abroad, abroad, pereger that is abroad or on a journey, f. per through + ager field, country, land: see peregrine. In Romanic, peregrino became, by dissimilation of r{ddd}r, pelegrino, pelegrin, whence F. pèlerin. In Eng. (rarely in OF.), final n became m, making pelegrim, pilegrim, pilgrim (cf. OHG. piligrīm), also pelrimage: see pilgrimage. (Gower has also the later Fr. form, pelerin.)]
A. Illustration of Forms.
αc1200Pilegrim [see B. 1]. c1205Lay. 30736 Þe pillegrim hine talde Al þat he wolde. Ibid. 30744 Brien..saide þet he wes pelegrim Ah pic nefden he nan mid him. 13..Cursor M. 17288 + 339 (Cott.) Art þou not a pilgrim þat walkes here in land? c1375Sc. Leg. Saints iii. (Andreas) 1001 Thane come a pylgrime sodanly. Ibid. 1056 Quhen þe pilgram had herd þis. Ibid. xxvii. (Machor) 1218 He as pilgerame thocht at Rome to be. 1382Wyclif Heb. xi. 13 For thei ben pilgrymes [1388 pilgryms], and herborid men vpon the erthe. ― 1 Pet. ii. 11, I beseche you, as comelynges and pilgrimes [1388 pilgrymys]. c1440Promp. Parv. 398/2 Pylgreme..peregrinus. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lxxiii. 9 Walk furth, pilgrame. 1530Palsgr. 254/1 Pylgryme, pellerin. 1535Coverdale 2 Esdras xvi. 40 Be euen as pylgrems vpon earth. 1563Winȝet Wks. (S.T.S.) II. 16 It apperis to me, the Pilgrum.
β1390Gower Conf. I. 110 Two pilegrins of so gret age. a1600J. Burel Pilgr. in J. Watson Collect. (1709) ii. 22 Bot I who wes ane pure Pilgren And half an Stronimeir.
B. Signification.
1. One who travels from place to place; a person on a journey; a wayfarer, a traveller; a wanderer; a sojourner. (Now poet. or rhet. in general sense.)
c1200Vices & Virtues 35 Swa doð pilegrimes ðe lateþ her awen eard, and fareð in to oðre lande. a1300Cursor M. 6835 (Cott.) To pilgrime and to vncuth Þou ber þe wit þi dedis cuth. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 15066 Ȝe are of so fer contre, And als pylegryms. 1382Wyclif Luke xxiv. 18 Thou aloone ert a pilgrym of Jerusalem. 1483Cath. Angl. 278/1 A Pilgrame, peregrinus,..extraneus, exoticus. 1582Stanyhurst æneis i. (Arb.) 17 Lyke wandring pilgrim too famosed Italie trudging. 1727–46Thomson Summer 964 A suffocating wind the pilgrim smites With instant death. 1764Goldsm. Trav. 197 And haply too some pilgrim, thither led, With many a tale repays the nightly bed. 1840Dickens Old C. Shop xv, The two pilgrims..pursued their way in silence. a1850Rossetti Dante & Circle i. (1874) 106 Any man may be called a pilgrim who leaveth the place of his birth.
2. spec. One who journeys (usually a long distance) to some sacred place, as an act of religious devotion; one who makes a pilgrimage. (The prevailing sense.)
a1225Ancr. R. 350 Oðre pilegrimes goð mid swinke uorte sechen one holie monnes bones, ase Sein James oðer Sein Giles. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. Prol. 46 Pilgrimes and Palmers..For to seche Seint Ieme and seintes at Roome; Wenten forþ in heore wey. c1386Chaucer Prol. 26 Pilgrimes were they alle That toward Caunterbury wolden ryde. 1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 238 All pilgrymes to quhat voyage that ever thai pas in the service of God and his sanctis, thay ar all in the protectioun and salvegarde of the pape. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 341 b, At the same time were very manye Pilgrimes at Rome,..to thentent they might..receiue cleane remission and forgeuenes of theyr sinnes. 1596Shakes. 1 Hen. IV, i. ii. 140 There are Pilgrimes going to Canterbury with rich Offerings, and Traders riding to London with fat Purses. 1764Burn Poor Laws 205 Pilgrims were licensed to wander, and beg by the way, to render their devotions at the shrines of dead men. 1841Lane Arab. Nts. I. 26 Pilgrims returning from the holy places bring water of Zemzem, dust from the Prophet's tomb.
3. fig. (chiefly in allegorical religious use: cf. pilgrimage n. 1 c).
a1225Ancr. R. 350 Þeo pilegrimes þet goð touward heouene, heo goð forte beon isonted, & forte iuinden God sulf. 1340–70Alex. & Dind. 983 For erþe is nouht our eritage..But we ben pore pilegrimus put in þis worde. 1382[see A. α]. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 122 To erthely pilgrymes that passen to and froo, Fortune shewithe..How this world is a thurghefare ful of woo. 1526Tindale Heb. xi. 13 They..confessed that they were straungers and pilgrems [Wyclif pilgrymes and herborid men] on the erthe. 1678Bunyan (title) The Pilgrim's Progress from this World to That which is to come. Ibid. i. 90, I was a Pilgrim, going to the Cœlestial City. 1732Law Serious C. i. (ed. 2) 8 To live as Pilgrims in Spiritual Watching. 1838Emerson Addr., Lit. Ethics Wks. (Bohn) II. 206 A divine pilgrim in nature, all things attend his steps.
4. Amer. Hist. Name given in later times to those English Puritans who founded the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. Now usually Pilgrim Fathers.
Governor Bradford in 1630 wrote of his company as ‘pilgrims’ in the spiritual sense (sense 3) referring to Heb. xi. 13. The same phraseology was repeated by Cotton Mather and others, and became familiar in New England. In 1798 a Feast of the ‘Sons’ or ‘Heirs of the Pilgrims’ was held at Boston on 22 Dec., at which the memory of ‘the Fathers’ was celebrated. With the frequent juxtaposition of the names Pilgrims, Fathers, Heirs or Sons of the Pilgrims, and the like, at these anniversary feasts, ‘Pilgrim Fathers’ naturally arose as a rhetorical phrase, and gradually grew to be a historical designation.
[1630Bradford Hist. Plymouth Colony 36 They knew they were but pilgrimes, & looked not much on those things; but lift vp their eyes to y⊇ heauens, their dearest cuntrie. 1654E. Johnson Wond.-w. Prov. 216 Yet were these pilgrim people minded of the suddain forgetfulness of those worthies that died not long before. 1702C. Mather Magn. Chr. i. i. §4 They took their leave of the pleasant City [Leyden], where they had been Pilgrims and Strangers now for Eleven Years. Ibid. ii. i. §1 They found..a New World..in which they found that they must live like Strangers and Pilgrims. 1793C. Robbins Serm. 29 But they knew they were pilgrimes. ]1798Columbian Centinel 26 Dec. 2/4 The Feast of the ‘Sons of the Pilgrims’. Ibid. 29 Dec. 2/4 ‘The Heirs of the Pilgrims’ Celebrated on Saturday Dec. 22, the 177th Anniversary of the landing of their Forefathers at Plymouth Rock..the day of the nativity of New-England. 1892Nation (N.Y.) 21 Apr., What shall we say to the descendants of the Pilgrims, and the Signers,..who are happy and content under his [Croker's] sway?
1799Columbian Centinel 25 Dec. 3 An Ode [by Samuel Davis], in honor of the Fathers, was sung..by the company to the tune of Old Hundred... It concluded with the following verse:—Hail Pilgrim Fathers of our race, With grateful hearts your toils we trace, Oft as this votive Day returns, We'll pay due honors to your urns. 1801Ibid. 23 Dec. 2/4 ‘Sons of the Pilgrims.’ Yesterday, the anniversary of the landing of our Pilgrim Fathers, at Plymouth, in 1620, was celebrated. 1813J. Davis Disc. 3 To look back to the origin of our state, and to revive..the transactions and the toils of our pilgrim fathers, who, at such a season, first landed on these shores. 1820J. Thacher Hist. Plymouth (1832) 246 The present year closes the second century since the pilgrim fathers first landed on our shores. 1828Mrs. Hemans (title) The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in New England. 1841Alex. Young (title) Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth, from 1602 to 1625. 1853Marsden Early Purit. 295 The May-flower and the Speedwell..in which the exiles of Leyden, the pilgrim fathers, embarked upon their voyage.
5. U.S. and Colonial. An original settler; a new-comer, a recent immigrant (also said of animals).
1841W. L. MacCalla Adventures in Texas 46 After such an address from a citizen of that calumniated country Texas to a shattered old pilgrim, I took the liberty of withdrawing to another apartment. 1851in W. Pratt Colonial Experiences 234 (Morris) [In the ‘Dream of a Shagroon’, which bore the date..April 1851,..the term] ‘pilgrim’ [was first applied to the settlers]. 1865M. A. Barker Station Life N. Zealand iii. (1874) 20 Fifteen years ago a few sheds received the ‘Pilgrims’, as the first comers are always called. 1867J. F. Meline Two Thousand Miles on Horseback 22 The term Pilgrims for emigrants first came into use at the period of the heavy Mormon travel—the Mormons styling themselves ‘Pilgrims to the promised land of Utah’. 1885Rep. Indian Affairs (U.S.) 120 This, we think, is a very fair crop of calves considering the fact that the cattle were what is called ‘pilgrim’ cattle (cattle for the States that had never passed through a winter before without being housed and fed). 1887L. Swinburne in Scribner's Mag. II. 508/1 ‘Pilgrim’ and ‘tenderfoot’ were formerly applied almost exclusively to newly imported cattle,..they are usually used to designate all new-comers, tourists, and business-men. 1888Century Mag. Feb. 509/1 Those herds consisting of pilgrims,..animals driven up on to the range from the South, and therefore in poor condition. 1903Daily Chron. 30 Mar. 5/2 Sir John Hall..was one of the original ‘Canterbury pilgrims’, as the first settlers in the New Zealand province founded under the auspices of the Church of England were styled. 1942E. E. Dale Cow Country 194 They mingled with ‘drift cattle’ from Kansas or with the trail herds of ‘pilgrim cattle’ from Texas. 1943J. K. Howard Montana 139 They were for the most part ‘pilgrims’ who remained and were ‘made into hands’.
6. A peregrine falcon: see peregrine A. 4.
1866Morn. Star 4 Aug., Sparrow hawks, gerfalcons, hobbies, pilgrims, vultures, and merlins.
7. ‘A term given about 1765 to an appendage of silk, fixed to the back of a lady's bonnet, by way of covering the neck, when walking’ (Fairholt Costume in Eng. (1860) Gloss.): cf. pelerine.
8. attrib. and Comb.
a. attrib. (sometimes quasi-adj.) That is a pilgrim; going on pilgrimage; consisting of pilgrims; of, pertaining or relating to a pilgrim or pilgrims: as pilgrim chief, pilgrim city, pilgrim foot, pilgrim garland, pilgrim life, pilgrim man, pilgrim monk, pilgrim poet, pilgrim sheet, pilgrim soul, pilgrim spirit, pilgrim state, pilgrim step, pilgrim throng, pilgrim trade, pilgrim traffic, pilgrim train, pilgrim warrior, pilgrim weed; pilgrim-cloak, pilgrim-staff (pilgrim-stave), pilgrim-tax. Also pilgrim-like adj. and adv., pilgrim-monger, pilgrim-wise adv., pilgrim-worn adj.
1805Scott Last Minstr. vi. xxviii, When *pilgrim-chiefs, in sad array, Sought Melrose' holy shrine.
1823Mrs. Hemans Vespers Palermo i. i, He folds around him His *pilgrim-cloak.
1382Wyclif Zeph. i. 8 Clothid with *pilgrim [gloss or straunge] clothing [L. veste peregrina].
1878Browning La Saisiaz 325 Sward my *pilgrim-foot can prize.
1860Pusey Min. Proph. 591 Their *pilgrim-life from the passage of the Red Sea.
1574Newton Health Mag. Epist. 7 Dwelling (*Pylgrymlike) in the bodies of all men, women, and fourfooted beastes.
1715M. Davies Athen. Brit. I. 284 As the *Pilgrim-Monger Mr. Medcalf undauntedly own'd in 1712.
1844Mrs. Browning Vis. Poets ccxxvii, He our *pilgrim-poet.
1618R. Brathwait Descr. Death xvi, *Pilgrim-remouer that depriues vs sence.
1768Baretti Acc. Italy I. 25 That he might not lie..in beggarly *pilgrim sheets.
1850Mrs. Browning Runaway Slave at Pilgrim's Point ii, O *pilgrim-souls, I speak to you!
1812S. Rogers Columbus Poems (1839) 41 Oh, had ye vowed with *pilgrim-staff to roam.
1671Milton P.R. iv. 427 Till morning fair Came forth with *Pilgrim steps in amice gray.
1839Lett. fr. Madras (1843) 252 Do you know that Government has abolished the *pilgrim-tax?
1824Montgomery Hymn, ‘Sing we the song of those who stand’ iii, Toil, trial, suffering, still await On earth, the *pilgrim-throng.
1700Dryden Charac. Good Parson 1 A parish-priest was of the *pilgrim-train.
c1610Pilgrim's Song in Farr S.P. Jas. I (1848) 110, I am a *pilgrim-warriour bound to fight Under the red crosse, 'gainst my rebell will.
c1470Henry Wallace i. 277 His modyr graithit hir in *pilgrame weid.
a1591H. Smith Wks. (1867) II. 485 In earth, man wanders, *pilgrim-wise.
1899Academy 15 July 56/2 Thine [Shakspere's] the shrine more *pilgrim-worn than all The shrines of singers.
b. Special Comb. (often with the possessive pilgrim's): pilgrim-bottle, pilgrim's bottle, a flat bottle with a ring on each side of the neck for the insertion of cords by which it may be hung and carried (= costrel1); Pilgrim Fathers (Amer. Hist.): see sense 4; hence pilgrim-fatherly a. nonce-wd. (after fatherly), characteristic of the Pilgrim Fathers; pilgrim's pouch, a variety of pilgrim's sign (q.v.), consisting of a piece of lead or other material in the form of a small pouch; pilgrim's ring, pilgrim-ring (see quot.); † pilgrim-salve, pilgrim's salve, ‘an old ointment, made chiefly of swine's grease and isinglass’ (Halliw.); in quot. 1670 euphemism for ‘ordure, filth’; pilgrim's shell, a cockle- or scallop-shell carried by a pilgrim as a sign of having visited the shrine of St. James of Compostella or some sacred place; also an artificial carved imitation of such a shell; pilgrim's sign, a medal or other small object presented to a pilgrim at a shrine or other sacred place as a sign of his having visited it; pilgrim's vase, a flat vase made in imitation of a pilgrim's bottle.
1874Archæol. Jrnl. Dec. 431 Mrs. Baily sent for exhibition two costrels, or *pilgrims' bottles. 1905H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 27 This grooved condition..has been spoken of as the ‘pilgrim's bottle liver’.
1883Freeman Impress. U.S. vii. 64 It sounds, so to speak, ‘*pilgrim⁓fatherly’.
1877W. Jones Finger-ring 181 The ‘*pilgrim⁓ring’ of Edward the Confessor..was in after times preserved with great care. Ibid. 266 One of the rings given to tourists to the holy city, as a certificate of their visit, and called..pilgrims' rings.
c1580J. Jeffere Bugbears i. iii. 90 in Archiv Stud. Neu. Spr. (1897) XCVIII. 313 A drane of *pylgrim salve to clap to hiss nosse. 1670Mod. Acc. Scot. in Harl. Misc. (Park) VI. 137 The whole pavement is pilgrim-salve. 1672[H. Stubbe] Rosemary & Bayes 18 Cutaneous pustules, for which the pilgrims salve will be necessary.
▪ II. ˈpilgrim, v.
[f. prec. n. Cf. OF. peleriner, Ger. pilgern.]
intr. To be, or act as becomes, a pilgrim; to make a pilgrimage, go on pilgrimage; to travel or wander like a pilgrim. Also to pilgrim it. Hence ˈpilgriming vbl. n. and ppl. a.
[1561Chaucer's Wks. 285 b (Test. Love i. Prol.), Whan I pilgramed [ed. 1532 pilgrymaged] out of my kithe in wintere. ]1681Grew Musæum i. 176 The Palmer-worm, Ambulo..pilgrims up and down every where, feeding upon all sorts of Plants. 1827Carlyle Germ. Rom. III. 154 He pilgrimed to his old sporting-places. 1831― Sart. Res. ii. vii, His mad Pilgrimings, and general solution into aimless Discontinuity. 1864Burton Scot Abr. II. ii. 184 With my staff in my hand I pilgrim'd it away all alone. |