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▪ I. pirate, n.|ˈpaɪərət|
Also 5–8 pyrat(e, 6 pyraotte, pirotte, -atte, 6–7 pyrote, pirat, 7 pyratt.
[ad. L. pīrāta, a. Gr. πειρᾱτής, f. πειρᾶν to attempt, attack, assault. Cf. F. pirate (1448 in Hatz.-Darm.), Sp., Pg., It. pirata, Du. piraat, Ger., Sw., Da. pirat.]
1. One who robs and plunders on the sea, navigable rivers, etc., or cruises about for that purpose; one who practises piracy; a sea-robber.
[1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VI. 415 Þe see þeves of Danes [L. Dani piratæ]. ]1426Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 23963, I mene pyratys of the Se, Which brynge folk in pouerte. 1430–40― Bochas i. xxi. (1554) 38 This word pirate of Pirrhus toke the name. 1522J. Clerk in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. iii. I. 312 Pirats, Mores, and other infidels. 1536Act 28 Hen. VIII, c. 15 title, An acte for punishement of pyrotes and robbers on the sea. 1561Eden Arte Nauig. Pref. ⁋⁋j, Pilotes (I saie) not Pirottes, Rulers, not Rouers. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. v. i. 72 Notable Pyrate, thou salt-water Theefe. 1692Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 360 For the resisting..of all enemies, pyratts, and rebells. 1714Fr. Bk. of Rates 12 We have secured the Navigation of our Subjects, against all other Pyrats. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. x. I. 285 Cilicia, formerly the nest of those daring pyrates. 1799Naval Chron. II. 315 River Pirates..ply upon the Thames during the night. 1817Byron Manfred ii. iii. 32 A traitor on land, and a pirate at sea. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. I. iv. 192 In the mouths of..plain-spoken enemies his people [the Normans in France] are only the Pirates, and himself the Chief of the Pirates, down to the end of the [10th] century.
fig.1839Bailey Festus xviii. (1852) 261 Oh, Love's a bold pirate—the son of the sea! 1902Daily Chron. 18 Apr. 3/2 Four..eggs were captured by rats or other water pirates.
2. transf. A vessel employed in piracy or manned by pirates; a pirate-ship.
1600Holland Livy xxxix. xxxvi. 875 Scouring the coast..with his pyrats and men of warre. 1649Evelyn Diary 12 July, We had a good passage, tho' chas'd for some houres by a pyrate. 1726–31Waldron Descr. Isle of Man (1865) 9 A stately pirate that was steering her course into this harbour. 1836Marryat Midsh. Easy xvii, That's as much as to say that she's a pirate.
3. Any one who roves about in quest of plunder; one who robs with violence; a marauder, plunderer, despoiler. Also fig.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 180 b, Y⊇ great pirat and olde thefe the deuyll. 1726Cavallier Mem. iii. 226 It has been always a custom among the Soldiers in France to extort Money from the Country... These Pyrates had plunder'd, kill'd and made the Country pay all they could get from them. 1802Sampson Surv. Londonderry 129 No clover sown, on account of promiscuous flocks of sheep, which are emphatically called pirates. 1846Landor Heroic Idylls, Thrasymedes & Eunöe 80 Pirate of virgin and of princely hearts! 1850W. Irving Mahomet I. 155 Pirates of the desert.
4. fig.
a. One who appropriates or reproduces without leave, for his own benefit, a literary, artistic, or musical composition, or an idea or invention of another, or, more generally, anything that he has no right to; esp. one who infringes on the copyright of another.
[1668J. Hancock Brooks' String of Pearls (Notice at end), Some dishonest Booksellers, called Land-Pirats, who make it their practise to steal Impressions of other mens Copies.] 1701De Foe True-born Eng. Explan. Pref. (1703) 6 Its being Printed again and again by Pyrates. 1709Steele & Addison Tatler No. 101 ⁋1 These Miscreants are a Set of Wretches we Authors call Pirates, who print any Book,..a soon as it appears.., in a smaller Volume, and sell it (as all other Thieves do stolen Goods) at a cheaper Rate. 1837Lockhart Scott lvii. (1839) VII. 117 A recent alarm about one of Ballantyne's workmen..transmitting proof sheets of Peveril while at press to some American pirate. 1861W. Fairbairn Address Brit. Assoc., There are abuses in the working of the patent law.., and protection is often granted to pirates and impostors, to the detriment of real inventors. 1887Shakespeariana VI. 105 In 1599 two of them [Shakspere's Sonnets] were printed by the pirate Jaggard.
b. One who receives or transmits radio programmes without a licence to do so.
Current usage refers to radio transmission.
1913Marconigraph II. 530/2 ‘There you are,’ said the captain, ‘unless we have been picked up again by some experimenting pirate.’ 1923Wireless Weekly 13 June 592 The thousands who are listening-in without a licence of any description—popularly termed ‘pirates’. 1923Exper. Wireless Nov. 57/2 The olive branch has been held out to the ‘pirates’, and the ordinary listener-in is cheered by the prospect of a reduction in prices of complete sets. 1933Pract. Wireless 14 Oct. 182/1 (heading) Wanted, One Radio Pirate! The small Brussels (Schaerbeek) broadcasting station, having complained to the authorities that an illicit transmitter has marred the reception of its broadcasts, a reward of one thousand Belgian francs has been offered to trace the identity of the culprit. 1964Daily Tel. 13 May 19/2 Let us be clear about this: the pirates of 1964, like the pirates of old, are simply out after money, as much money as they can get in defiance of international law. 1966Listener 16 June 863/2 Fewer than 145,000 licences were issued in 1964... Evasion is clearly a problem in which Britain is not alone, though, in spite of the one-time reputation of the South China Seas, Hong Kong is at least free of pirates. 1967Ibid. 17 Aug. 195/1 In other areas of radio the pirates provide no example. 1969C. Booker Neophiliacs ix. 228 Throughout..April, the country—and the pirates—waited in mounting suspense to see what the Government would do. 1979Guardian 9 Aug. 3/6 Air wave pirates pay the price... Signals sent out by illegal radio hams..led to four men appearing at Grimsby magistrates court.
5. An omnibus which infringes on the recognized routes and snaps up the regular custom of other omnibuses, or which overcharges and otherwise preys upon passengers. Now often applied to any omnibus owned by a private firm or person. Also transf. The driver of such an omnibus.
1889Daily News 12 Dec. 3/1 The ‘pirate omnibus man’, who..had no fixed routes or stated hours... The pirate pulls his horses to pieces. 1892Pall Mall G. 19 Oct. 3/3 ‘The 'bus was a pirate’, said the witness. Ibid., Even in conversation with an elderly lady..a private 'bus is a ‘pirate’ and nothing else. 1894Times 1 Mar. 11/4 This was evidenced by the number of persons being carried by ‘pirates’, many of which were running at the old fares.
6. Applied to animals the habits of which suggest piracy, as
a. A species of hermit crab;
b. A small fresh-water fish of voracious habits (Aphredoderus sayanus), common in the eastern U.S.; also called pirate-perch.
1857R. Tomes Amer. in Japan vi. 136 One of the most abounding [Crustacea] is that which is commonly known as the ‘pirate’... The pirate has no home of its own, but appropriates..that which belongs to others. It has a..preference for the shells of the buccina, murex, and bulla.
7. Physical Geogr. A river that captures another (capture v. b). Also attrib. appositively.
1889Science 8 Feb. 108/1 There is a little river-pirate in eastern Pennsylvania unsuspected by its rural neighbors. Ibid., The pirate is Deer Run, and its victim is the north-east branch of Perkiomen Creek. 1904Chamberlin & Salisbury Geol. I. iii. 98 The tributary which does the stealing is known as a pirate. 1914R. S. Tarr College Physiogr. i. xv. 566 Anything that accelerates headwater erosion on one side of a divide..gives opportunity for the pushing back of the divide and the possible capture of headwaters, or even of good-sized streams, by the successful river pirate. 1939Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. L. 1333 Each capture strengthened and lengthened the pirate and weakened and shortened the victim. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 1055/2 The point at which the capture is effected..is commonly marked by a right angle turn into the pirate stream.
8. attrib. and Comb.
a. appositive, that is a pirate, as pirate-bird, pirate-filibuster, pirate-guest;
b. of, belonging to, or inhabited by pirates, as pirate-brig, pirate-coast, pirate-frigate, pirate-hoard, pirate-schooner, pirate-ship, pirate-town, pirate-vessel, pirate work;
c. pirate-like, pirate-ridden adjs.;
d. pirate-blue a., of a vivid shade of blue; pirate bus, omnibus (see 5); pirate cab = pirate taxi; pirate-fish, local name of the glutinous hag, Myxine glutinosa; pirate label [label n.1 7 c], a recording or a recording company which infringes a copyright; pirate-perch (see 6 b); pirate publisher (see 4); pirate spider, Lycosa piratica (see quot.); pirate taxi, a vehicle which is used as a taxi but is not licensed as such.
1842Macgillivray Man. Brit. Ornith. II. 255 Cataractes Skua. Brown or Skua *Pirate-Bird.
1896Daily News 17 Oct. 6/5 A gown in ‘*pirate-blue’ cloth, rather a vivid shade, by the way.
1901Daily Chron. 24 Dec. 5/1 In these days the *pirate-bus has turned itself into a more or less honest tramp steamer. 1963Times 24 May (London Underground Suppl.) p. vii/2 The ‘cut-throat’ competition before 1933 when the London Passenger Transport Board was formed was all very well for some people who lived on routes where the ‘pirate’ buses operated.
1930A. Armstrong Taxi! xvi. 220 There are also some real ‘*pirate’ cabs which only operate down town [sc. in New York] at night. They carry no meters and live by ‘making a price’..with any belated..up-town passenger.
1760–72H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) III. 86 We had..great treasure in the *pirate-frigate.
1814Byron Corsair iii. v. 17 Report speaks largely of his *pirate-hoard.
1968Jazz Monthly Feb. 4/1 There are..numerous ‘*pirate’ labels also issuing EPs and LPs.
1611Cotgr., Piratique, Piraticall, *Pirat⁓like.
1897Pall Mall G. 31 Dec. 5/3 In 1832 it was noticed that..conductors of the new 'buses..overcharged passengers, and met..protests with..abuse... These were the first *pirate omnibuses.
1905Q. Rev. Apr. 365 This *pirateridden and fish-eating land.
1700in N. Carolina Colonial Rec. (1886) I. 518, I herewith send you a copy of what I lately received..concerning the taking of a *pyrate ship. 1720Defoe Capt. Singleton 187, I wrote that he was taken away by main Force, as a Prisoner, by a Pyrate Ship. 1911G. B. Shaw Doctor's Dilemma Pref. p. xvi, It is the sort of conscience that makes it possible to keep order on a pirate ship, or in a troop of brigands.
1868Wood Homes without H. xxxi. 598 The *Pirate Spider (Lycosa piratica)..has similar habits, chasing its prey on the water and descending as well below the surface.
1971E. Afr. Standard (Nairobi) 11 Apr. 7/4 Owners of Matatu (*pirate taxis) also reported an ‘exceptionally’ good business as hundreds of people who wanted to go to the rural areas had to use them. 1978S. Naipaul North of South i. iv. 87 The thing standing outside the hotel was..a matutu—a pirate taxi.
1761Ann. Reg. 77/2 The *pirate⁓towns of Barbary.
1900Morn. Chron. 23 Jan. 3/4 All *pirate work,..mostly from the United States.
e. attrib. or as quasi-adj. designating the clandestine or illegal transmission of radio programmes (see sense 4 b above), as pirate broadcast (also as v.; so pirate broadcaster, pirate broadcasting vbl. n.), pirate radio (station), pirate station; pirate (radio) ship, a ship used to transmit radio programmes from a position outside the territorial waters of the receiving country; pirate vessel = pirate (radio) ship above.
1942New Yorker 17 Jan. 52/2 There is a republican pirate radio station, called La Voce della Libertà. 1957F. Hoyle Black Cloud v. 109 Is Nortonstowe going to become a pirate radio station? 1961Guardian 16 Dec. 7/2 Only the presence of mind of the engineers..prevented a pirate broadcast being heard on the air of the capital itself. 1964Daily Tel. 11 May 20/7 The activities of the ‘pirate’ radio ships Caroline and Atlanta have presented the Government with a problem which cannot be solved simply. It is expected that the Cabinet will discuss this week the possibility of legislation to prevent broadcasting from such ‘pirate’ vessels. Ibid. 13 May 1/8 Mr. Mawby, Assistant Postmaster-General, told the Commons that new legislation which would effectively deprive ‘pirate’ broadcasters of material support was the most suitable action. Ibid. 14 May 28/3 Almost every BBC station is suffering from some foreign interference and a ring of pirate ships is bound to make matters worse. Ibid., The Swedish law makes it an offence for nationals to take part in pirate ship broadcasting. 1965Punch 3 Feb. 154/1 Commons debate on plight of pirate radios. 1966Economist 23 Apr. 340/3 The arrival this week off British coasts of a pirate radio ship..is a further step in the battle over the off-shore radio stations. 1966Listener 4 Aug. 154/2 A Government bill to ban pirate radio stations provides for penalties of up to two years' imprisonment. 1967Ibid. 17 Aug. 195/1 There is every sign that many of the crude but effective tabloid techniques of pirate radio..will be employed by Radio 1. 1969C. Booker Neophiliacs ix. 227 The Swedes, the Danes and the Dutch had been plagued by offshore pirate stations as long ago as 1961–2. 1970Internat. & Compar. Law Q. XIX. 357 Legal and practical controls of ‘pirate’ broadcasting. 1973Times 3 Jan. 4/2 The ship Mi Amigo, from which the pirate radio station broadcasts, sailed out to sea again. 1973Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 5 Jan. 6/1 His ship will be a ‘pirate’ inasmuch as she will broadcast from outside territorial waters, but unlike other pirate broadcasters there will be no sponsored advertisements.
Hence ˈpiratess, a female pirate.
1862Russell Diary North & S. I. xv. 163 The pirates and piratesses had control of both. 1879C. M. Yonge Cameos Ser. iv. xxx. 327 The ‘Sea Queen’ or piratess.
▪ II. pirate, v.|ˈpaɪərət|
[f. pirate n.; cf. F. pirater (c 1600 in Hatz.-Darm.), It. piratare ‘to rob by Sea’ (Florio 1598), Sp. piratear intr. to pirate.]
1. trans. To practise piracy upon; to plunder piratically; to make booty of as a pirate; to rob, to plunder.
1574Hellowes Gueuara's Fam. Ep. (1577) 329 A puissant Pirat named Abenchapeta, passed from Asia into Africa,..he pilled and pirated such as he met with all by Seas. 1694tr. Milton's Lett. State Wks. 1851 VIII. 265 An afflicted and..misus'd virgin, born of honest Parents, but pyrated out of her Native Country. a1734North Lives (1826) II. 373 It was pirated out of his house, and he could never find who had it. 1816Scott Antiq. xviii, Their rivals in trade..might have encroached upon their bounds for the purpose of pirating their wood. 1900Daily News 4 Sept. 5/7 One of the ferry launches running between Hong Kong and Yau-ma-ti..had been pirated while still in the harbour.
2. intr. To play the pirate, practise piracy.
1685Lond. Gaz. No. 2054/3 To suspect..that she was going to Pyrate in the Indies. 1710Whitworth Acc. Russia (1758) 141 These vessels are now pirating in the Baltick. 1746W. Horsley Fool (1748) I. 261 [To] put it out of the Power of both France and Spain..to pirate upon us again. 1816Southey in Q. Rev. XV. 302 France perpetually..pirating against the homeward bound fleets. 1887Besant The World went, etc. xlv, They proposed to go a-pirating among the Spanish settlements.
3. fig. trans. To appropriate or reproduce (the work or invention of another) without authority, for one's own profit.
1706De Foe Jure Div. Pref. 42 Gentlemen-Booksellers, that threatned to Pyrate it, as they call it, viz. Reprint it, and Sell it for half a Crown. 1754Connoisseur No. 38 ⁋6 To prevent his design being pirated, he intends petitioning the Parliament. 1850Chubb Locks & Keys 36 He had no right to pirate a peculiar trade mark. 1884American VII. 318 The injustice done by American publishers in pirating English works. 1968Blues Unlimited Nov. 6 They're not selling records, for fear they would be pirated! 1977Belfast Tel. 17 Jan. 8/4 Under the European Television Agreement of 1953 most countries agreed not to ‘pirate’ programmes broadcast by companies from other nations. 1979Guardian 25 Aug. 24/1 ‘Pirating’ involves the copying, for sale to the public, of existing records without the consent of the copyright owners.
Hence ˈpirated ppl. a.; spec. pirated edition, an edition of a book produced without authorization; ˈpirating vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1697tr. C'tess D'Aunoy's Trav. (1706) 77 One day, as Meluza came from Pyrating, he brought [etc.]. 1727A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. I. xii. 140 The English went to burn that Village and their pirating Vessels. 1731Gay Let. to Swift 1 Dec., I have had an injunction for me against pirating-booksellers. 1737Byrom Jrnl. & Lit. Rem. (1856) II. i. 133 To put out a pirated edition. 1853C. M. Smith Working Man's Way in World iv. 56 (heading) Pirated editions of Scott's novels. 1883American VI. 44 A pirated extract from a paper published some fifteen years ago. 1902Daily Chron. 18 Dec. 3/2 The pirating of woodcuts in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 1928D. H. Lawrence Let. 5 Dec. (1962) II. 1103, I hear from Stieglitz there are two pirated editions, photographed from my edition, and with forged signatures. Ibid. 10 Dec. 1105, I hear London and Paris are both selling the pirated editions of Lady C. at {pstlg}3 and {pstlg}2. 1928A. Huxley Let. 12 Dec. (1969) 304 Dear Lawrence, What an intolerable business about the pirating of Lady C.! 1952J. Carter ABC for Bk.-Collectors 135 Pirated edition,..a term commonly applied (sometimes with, sometimes without, legal accuracy) to an edition produced and marketed without the authority of, or payment to, the author. 1959L. M. Harrod Librarians' Gloss. (ed. 2) 286 A pirated edition is an unauthorized reprint involving an infringement of copyright. 1967Listener 28 Sept. 413/2 After hearing this performance—and a pirated tape of his 1953 Covent Garden Aida—it seems incredible that Barbirolli has been allowed to languish outside the opera house for 13 years. 1973Times 17 Oct. 11/3 The records have been issued in Paris, but not here. It is as bad as Russia, where people listen to me on pirated versions. 1975Times Lit. Suppl. 13 June 678/2 British efforts to influence Parliament to protect British books against the importation of foreign pirated editions. |