| 释义 |
plough-land, plow-land|ˈplaʊlænd|
[f. plough n.1 + land n.1: cf. OE. sullung, a derivative of sulh plough, used in a similar sense in Kent and elsewhere. For the form, cf. ON. plógs-land (= plough's land), Sw. plogland an acre; and, in sense 2, Du. ploegland, Ger. pflugland.]
1. Hist. The name used in the northern and eastern counties of England, after the Norman Conquest, for the unit of assessment of land, based upon the area capable of being tilled by one plough-team of eight oxen in the year: corresponding to the hide of the south and south-west (with which it was often equated), and, like it, embracing originally the meadow and pasture-land, and other necessary appurtenances of the holding.
In Domesday Bk. and other records in Latin, this unit is expressed by carrucata (= AF. carue, ONF. caruee, F. charuée, carucate) a derivative of carruca plough, while the hide is rendered hida. It is not possible to say whether ‘plough-land’ was a translation of carrucata or the converse; but we have no instance of the word before the end of the 13th c., and plough itself appears first in the 12th. The fact that the counties in which the carrucata was the unit of assessment are precisely those in which Danish influence prevailed, favours the theory that the plough-land was of Norse origin; but there are difficulties. ON. plógs-land meant an acre, the normal area ploughed in one day. The extent of the normal plough-land, like that of the hide, is usually given as 120 acres; but in numerous instances it fell short of or exceeded this; the variations being prob. due to attempts to make the areal plough-lands correspond with the traditional assessment of the manors, to the inclusion or exclusion of the appurtenances and fallow land, and to local differences in the size of the acre.
The plough-land was divided into 8 ox-gangs, as against the 4 yard-lands or virgates of the hide.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 7676 Þe king willam..Let enqueri streitliche þoru al engelonde, Hou moni plou lond, & hou moni hiden al so, Were in euerich ssire, and wat hii were wurþ þer to. c1394P. Pl. Crede 169 Þe pris of a plouȝ⁓lond of penyes so rounde To aparaile þat pyler were pure lytel. c1475Pict. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 796/6 Hec carucata, plowlonde. 1555Act 2 & 3 Phil. & Mary c. 8. §2 Every Plow-Land in Tillage or Pasture that he shall occupy in the same Parish. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 16 A Knightes fee should conteyne .C.lx. Acres, and that is accompted for a plough land for a yere. 1596Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 664/1 Ulster..doth contayne nine thousand plowe⁓landes, everye of which plow-landes contayneth six score acres, after the rate of 21 foote to every pearche of the sayd acre. 1610W. Folkingham Art of Survey ii. vii. 60 A Plow-land or Carue of land (Carucata terrae)..is said to containe 4 Yard-land at 30 acres to the Yard-land. 1628Coke On Litt. 5 Hida is all one as a plow-land, viz. as much as a plow can till. 1656L. Smith in Sir W. Petty Down Survey (1851) 96 The countrey was divided into plowlands, one plowland being great, and another small, as they were in goodness or badness, for many of the plowlands were but seaventy or eighty acres, others are two or three hundred. 1896M. T. Pearman Hist. Manor Bensington, Oxon. 10 The hide or plough-land in Preston-Cromarsh, a part of Benson before the Conquest, consisted of one hundred acres.
2. Land, or a plot of land, under cultivation with the plough; arable land.
1530Palsgr. 256/1 Plowe lande, terre labouree. 1548–9Latimer Ploughers (Arb.) 17 What sede shuld be sowen in Gods field, in Goddes plough land. 1638in H. Bond Hist. of Watertown, Mass. (1855) II. 997 All the Land lying beyond the Plowland..shalbe for a Common for Cattle. a1670Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1829) 11 The marquis of Huntly, with his lady, and virgin daughter, was in the ploughlands in harvest. 1771E. Griffith Hist. Lady Barton III. 218 It consists of this cottage, a small plough-land, a close for pasture, and a little garden. 1861W. F. Collier Hist. Eng. Lit. 122 Soft woodland..and rolling plough land. |