释义 |
polarization|pəʊləraɪˈzeɪʃən| [In sense 1, a. F. polarisation, n. of action f. polariser (both introduced by Malus, 11 March 1811): see polarize. In later uses, n. of action from the vb. in corresp. senses.] The condition or fact of being polarized; the action of polarizing. I. 1. a. A modification of the condition of light or radiant heat, whereby the ray exhibits different properties on different sides, so that opposite sides are alike, while the maximum difference is between two sides at right angles to each other; the production of this condition, the action of polarizing. Also used of other kinds of wave. See polarize v. 1. angle of polarization = polarizing angle: see polarizing vbl. n. circular polarization, elliptic polarization, plane polarization: see polarize 1. plane of polarization: the plane which contains the incident ray and the reflected or refracted ray which is polarized.
1812Nicholson's Jrnl. XXXIII. 345 By giving to these sides [of the ray] the names of poles, Malus has given the name of Polarisation to that modification which imparts properties to light which are relative to these poles. 1813Brewster (23 Dec.) in Phil. Trans. (1814) 188 A ray of light transmitted through a plate of agate cut by planes perpendicular to the laminæ of which it is composed suffers polarisation like one of the pencils formed by double refraction. 1814Ibid. 219 (title) On the Polarisation of Light by oblique transmission through all Bodies, whether crystallized or uncrystallized. 1831― Optics xxvii. 225 A new species of polarisation, which I have called elliptical polarisation, and which unites the two classes of phenomena which constitute circular and rectilineal polarisation. 1839G. Bird Nat. Philos. 354 When light suffers double refraction through a crystal with a positive axis.., as quartz, the plane of polarization of the ordinary ray..is horizontal, and that of the extraordinary ray vertical. In negative crystals, as Iceland spar, the direction of these rays is reversed. Ibid. 362 The angle of complete polarization for any substance, may be readily determined by the fact, discovered by Sir D. Brewster, that:—The index of refraction is the tangent of the angle of polarization. 1842Brande Dict. Sc., etc. s.v., Analogous phenomena to those of the polarization of light have been found to belong also to radiant heat. 1879O. N. Rood Chromatics iv. 50 A long-lived soap bubble displays every colour which can be produced by polarization. 1906Harmsworth Encycl. 4811/3 The doubly refracted rays have what Newton called ‘sides’; and it is this sidedness, or laterality, which is known as polarization. 1923H. L. Brose tr. Sommerfeld's Atomic Structure & Spectral Lines i. 23 Polarisation signifies that a ray favours a certain plane passing through it more than the one perpendicular to this plane. In the case of longitudinal vibrations..there is a symmetry about the ray and no such preference can be imagined. Longitudinal radiation must therefore be unpolarised. In the case of transversal vibrations..a favoured plane..is determined by the direction of vibration and the direction of the ray. 1929Physical Rev. XXXIII. 760 (heading) A test for polarization of electron waves by reflection. 1936Wireless World 16 Oct. 396/3 Although one would expect a slight departure from vertical polarisation of the received waves in this location, a vertical aerial was found to be 6 to 10 db. better than a horizontal. 1976IEEE Trans. Antennas & Propagation XXIV. 5/1 In microwave communication links above 10 GHz the employment of frequency reuse in orthagonal polarizations is limited by cross polarization. fig.1851Sir F. Palgrave Norm. & Eng. I. 172 In whom a moral polarization of light has taken place. 1900F. H. Stoddard Evol. Eng. Novel 108 It is not history; it is rather the romantic polarization of history. b. = optical activity s.v. optical a. 6. Now used chiefly with reference to sugar solutions.
1845Mem. & Proc. Chem. Soc. II. 29, I shall explain..what is meant by the deviation or rotation of the rays of polarized light when transmitted through fluids said to possess circular polarization. 1862Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XV. 308 An experiment made..while examining the circular polarization of camphoric acid. 1912C. A. Browne Handbk. Sugar Anal. ix. 236 The reading multiplied by 1·3 gives the polarization (degrees Ventzke) of the sugar cane. 1935Economist 20 Apr. 906/2 Raw sugar of 97° polarisation..pays a duty of 8s. 43/10d. per cwt. 1963D. Becker in P. Honig Princ. Sugar Technol. III. ix. 455 In contrast to raw cane sugars, raw beet sugars for refining cannot be definitely characterized and graded by stating the polarization alone. c. Measurement of the optical activity of a sugar solution. Cf. polarize v. 1 c.
1905G. W. Rolfe Polariscope 96 Polarizations made at average room temperature by the standard commercial methods give with requisite accuracy the per cent of sucrose in the sample. 1945A. L. & K. B. Winton Anal. of Foods 640/1 Addition of solid sodium carbonate to slight alkaline reaction after the immediate polarization..destroys the mutarotation without changing the dilution. 1973Snell & Ettre Encycl. Industr. Chem. Anal. XVIII. 345 Direct polarization of the sugar solution or polarization before and after hydrolysis are commonly used assay methods. 2. Physics. A partial or complete alignment of the spin axes of particles; the degree to which this exists.
1928Proc. R. Soc. A. CXVIII. 675 It will..suffice to treat of only one type of polarisation and we shall take that corresponding to z. 1929Ibid. CXXIV. 427 This polarisation could be detected by letting the scattered beam fall on a second target. 1956Rev. Mod. Physics XXVIII. 279/1 We shall speak of transverse polarization of an electron beam if the direction of the spin is perpendicular to the momentum, of longitudinal polarization if the spin is parallel or antiparallel to the momentum. 1963K. Nishijima Fundamental Particles vii. 380 Hyperon polarization is transverse rather than longitudinal unless parity is violated in production. 1979Sci. Amer. May 64/3 The polarization is defined as the difference between the number of spin-up particles and the number of spin-down ones, divided by the total number of protons. II. 3. Electr. and Magn. a. See polarize v. 3. spec. the partial separation of positive and negative electric charge produced in a dielectric by an electric field, and expressed by a vector quantity equal to the electric dipole moment per unit volume of the dielectric; also, a similar state in an individual atom or molecule.
1866R. M. Ferguson Electr. (1870) 53 The pail was thus subjected to polarisation. 1885Watson & Burbury Math. Th. Electr. & Magn. I. 254 All electrical phenomena within S, which in the ordinary theory are due to the action of E2, are on the polarisation hypothesis deducible from the given polarisation. 1916F. B. Pidduck Treat. Electricity iii. 93 The total electric moment of an element of volume dτ of a dielectric near the point (x, y, z) has components Pxdτ, Pydτ, Pzdτ, where the vector P(Px, Py, Pz) is called the polarization at the point. 1933N. V. Sidgwick Physical Properties of Covalent Link v. 129 The polarization of the molecules in an electric field can take place in three ways: (1) The arrangement of the electrons will be displaced with respect to the nuclei... (2)..The nuclei themselves will be to some extent displaced with respect to one another... (3)..If the molecule has a permanent dipole moment of its own—if it is polar—the field will tend to orient it along the direction of the lines of force. 1935J. Dougall tr. Born's Atomic Physics viii. 230 The polarization P is connected with Maxwell's displacement vector D by the relation D = E + 4π P; on the other hand, by definition, D = εE, where ε is the dielectric constant. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. IV. 111/2 The dielectric constant of a material depends on its polarization in an applied field or, microscopically, on the relative displacements, in the field direction, of the electrons and nuclei comprising the molecules of the dielectric. 1973P. C. Clemmow Introd. Electromagn. Theory vi. 232 P and M..represent, respectively, electric and magnetic dipole moment densities. P is called the (electric) polarization, and M the magnetization or magnetic polarization. b. In voltaic electricity, The production of an electromotive force at the electrodes, due to the presence of the products of electrolytic decomposition of the fluid between them, and acting in an opposite direction to the original current, thus producing an apparent increase of the resistance.
1839Grove Contrib. Sc. in Corr. Phys. Forces (1874) 237 It occurred to me that the inaction of amalgamated zinc was the effect of polarization. [Note. I know of no other word to express the effect here alluded to; the word is used in this sense by most French writers, but, from its numerous applications, is sadly inaccurate.] 1873Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. 318 When an electric current is passed through an electrolyte bounded by metal electrodes, the accumulation of the ions at the electrodes produces the phenomenon called Polarization. 4. The arrangement of molecules, etc., in a definite direction.
1846Grove Corr. Phys. Forces 21 Exceptions..explicable by other interfering dynamic causes, such, possibly, as crystalline polarization, leaving interstitial spaces. 5. fig. a. See quot. and cf. polarize 4 a.
1871H. B. Forman Living Poets 6 The process of ‘translating to our purposes’ words already current, by giving them a new and special shade of meaning—a process best characterised as the polarisation of language. b. The accentuation of a difference between two things or groups; the process of division into two groups representing the extremes of opinion, wealth, or the like.
1945Koestler Yogi & Commissar ii. v. 117 False polarizations and national splits which merely reflect latent conflicts. 1947Sun (Baltimore) 15 Aug. 12/6 The same polarization of thought which is going on in the rest of the world is seen in Korea in extreme form. 1951Y. Malkiel in Language XXVII. 485 Lexical polarization is used in this paper as a convenient label for the influence exerted by one word on its semantic opposite. 1957Atlantic Monthly Aug. 8/1 Any outside disturbance of the evolving polarization between moderate and extreme Arab nationalists may well bring disaster to the whole region. 1960Daily Tel. 8 Nov. 12/2 But this does not alter the fact that every tendency towards polarisation of trade in separate camps in Europe, necessary and inevitable while the division stands, is in the long run a disaster for all. 1964T. Bottomore Elites & Society ii. 19 The development of capitalism brings about a more radical polarization of classes than has existed in any other type of society. 1970Daily Tel. 7 Oct. 5/2 There were already signs in the central districts [of London] of ‘social polarisation’, areas peopled only by the richest and the poorest. 1972M. L. Samuels Ling. Evolution iii. 39 Further phonetic divergence (‘polarisation’ of the existing difference) to /k/ and /tʃ/. 1975Chinese Econ. Studies VIII. iv. 90 (heading) The polarization between the rich and the poor is a general law of capitalist accumulation. III. 6. attrib. and Comb., as polarization force; polarization charge, the charge that appears on the surface of a dielectric when it is polarized in a direction not parallel to the surface; polarization-microscope, an instrument combining the functions of a polariscope and microscope.
1881S. P. Thompson in Design & Work 24 Dec. 454 The degree to which a counter-electromotive force or polarisation force is set up depends very greatly on the quantity of current per unit of surface of the electrodes employed. 1895Syd. Soc. Lex., P[olarisation]-microscope, an instrument in which a polariscope and a microscope are combined; used particularly in petrography. 1947Slater & Frank Electromagnetism iv. 45 We have the result that the normal component of P, pointing out of the dielectric, equals the surface polarization charge that appears on the surface as a result of the polarization. 1975Grant & Phillips Electromagnetism ii. 53 Polarization charges induced on the surface of a dielectric material make a contribution to the macroscopic electric field inside the material... The sign of the induced charge always ensures that the field just inside the dielectric surface is less than the field just outside. |