| 释义 |
poly-|pɒlɪ|
repr. Gr. πολυ-, combining form of πολύς, πολύ, much, in pl., πολλοί, -αί, ά many, forming the first element in a large number of words, mostly scientific or technical.
The second element of such compounds is properly of Greek origin, but in recent formations is often of Latin; occasionally (chiefly in nonce-wds.) poly- is prefixed to an English word. The more important compounds will be found in their alphabetical places; those of less importance follow here.
1. General words.
polyabolo |pɒlɪˈæbələʊ| [f. diabolo by deliberately false analogy (see quot.); cf. pentomino], any planar shape formed by joining a number of identical right-angled isosceles triangles by their edges. polyacanthous |-əˈkænθəs| a. Bot. [Gr. ἄκανθα spine, thorn], having many thorns (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1858). † polyaˈcoustic a. and n. [see acoustic]: see quots. polyˈacron (pl. -ons or -a), Geom. [Gr. ἄκρον summit], a solid having many vertices or solid angles; a polyhedron (classed according to the number of its vertices). ˈpolyact |-ækt|, polyactinal |-ˈæktɪnəl| adjs. [Gr. ἀκτίς, ἀκτῑν- ray], having numerous rays, as a sponge-spicule; multiradiate. polyˈactine, a sponge spicule having numerous rays. polyadamite |-ˈædəmaɪt| a. (nonce-wd.), asserting a plurality of ‘Adams’ or first parents of mankind. polyadenopathy |-ædɪˈnɒpəθɪ|, Path. [Gr. ἀδήν gland: see -pathy], ‘simultaneous disease of several lymphatic glands’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.). polyadenous |-ˈædɪnəs| a. Bot. [see prec.], having many glands (Mayne). ‖ polyæsthesia |-ɪsˈθiːsɪə|, Path. [Gr. αἴσθησις sensation]: see quot.; hence polyæsthetic |-ɪsˈθɛtɪk| a. (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1895). poly-aˈffectioned a. (nonce-wd.), having a multiplicity of affections. ˌpolyalloˈmorphic a. Philol., having several allomorphs (allomorph2). ˌpolyalphaˈbetic a. Cryptography, employing more than one alphabet, so that each letter of the alphabet may be represented in a code by any of two or more letters or other characters. † ˈpolyangle, a figure having many angles, a polygon; so polyˈangular a., having many angles, polygonal. polyˈanion Chem., a negatively charged polyion (see below); hence ˌpolyaniˈonic a. polyarthritic |-ˈɪtɪk| a., pertaining to or affected with polyarthritis. ‖ polyarthritis |-ɑːˈθraɪtɪs|, Path. [see arthritis], ‘inflammation of several joints at once’ (Billings); ˌpolyarteˈritis Path. [mod.L., coined in Ger. as polyarteritis acuta nodosa (E. Ferrari 1903, in Beiträge zur path. Anat. und zur allgem. Path. XXXIV. 383) to replace periarteritis] = periarteritis s.v. peri- 1 c. polyarthrous |-ˈɑːθrəs| a. [Gr. ἄρθρον joint], ‘having many joints’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.). polyarˈticular [L. articulus joint], = prec.; also (Path.) affecting many joints. polyˈaxial a., having several axes (see axis). polyˈaxon [Gr. ἄξων axis], a. = prec.; spec. of a sponge-spicule, having more than six axes of growth; n. a polyaxon sponge-spicule. polybathic |-ˈbæθɪk| a. [Gr. βάθος depth], living at great depths in the sea. polyˈbigamy (nonce-wd.), repeated bigamy or re-marriage during the life of the first wife or husband. ˈpolyblast |-blæst|, Biol. [-blast], (a) a mass of many cells, as that formed by the segmentation of the ovum (also called morula); (b) Histology [a. G. polyblast (A. Maximow 1902, in Beiträge zur path. Anat.: Suppl. V. 43)], a wandering macrophage; hence polyˈblastic a., pertaining to or of the nature of a polyblast. ˈpolybranch |-bræŋk|, Zool., a. having many branchiæ or gills, as a mollusc or crustacean; n. a polybranch mollusc or crustacean; so polyˈbranchian, a. and n.; polyˈbranchiate, a. polyˈbuttoned a. (nonce-wd.), wearing many buttons. polyˈcation Chem., a positively charged polyion (see below); hence ˌpolycatiˈonic a. polyˈcellular a., composed of many cells, multicellular. † polycharacteˈristic a. Obs., having the characteristics of many (deities); ‖ polycholia |-ˈkəʊlɪə|, Path. [mod.L., f. Gr. χολή bile; in F. polycholie], excessive secretion of bile. polyˈchoral a. Mus., in which the choral ensemble is divided into groups who sing alternately (and, properly, jointly also). ‖ polychorion |-ˈkɔərɪɒn|, Bot. [see chorion]: see quot.; hence (irreg.) polychoriˈonic a., pertaining to or of the nature of a polychorion. ‖ polychromia |-ˈkrəʊmɪə|, Path. [mod.L., f. Gr. χρῶµα colour (cf. Gr. πολύχρωµ-ος many-coloured)], excessive formation of colouring matter, e.g. of bile-pigments. polyˈchurchism, the doctrine or system of a multiplicity of churches; so ˈpolychurch a., of or belonging to such a system; polyˈchurchist, an adherent of such a system (nonce-wds.). polyciˈstronic a. Genetics, comprising or derived from more than one cistron and so containing the information for more than one gene product; hence polyciˈstronically adv. polyˈclonal a. Biol. and Med., (of a population of organisms) comprising many clones; (of a population of cells) comprising several cell lines of separate origins; of or pertaining to the products of such cell lines; hence polycloˈnality. polyˈclonally adv. ˈpolyclone Biol. and Med. [clone n.], a group of cells all descended from one or other of an initial small group of cells. polycoccous |-ˈkɒkəs| a. Bot. [Gr. κόκκος berry], composed of several separate carpels or cocci, as a fruit. polycœlian |-ˈsiːlɪən| a. Zool. [Gr. κοιλία hollow, cavity], belonging to the Polycœlia, a synonym of Craniata, as having the brain-cavity divided into several chambers or ventricles. polyˈcormic a. Bot. [Gr. κορµός trunk of a tree], having lateral stems equal to or co-ordinate with the main stem, as certain coniferous trees (opp. to monocormic). polycracy |pəˈlɪkrəsɪ| [-cracy], government by many rulers: = polyarchy 1 (Smart 1836). poˈlycratism = polycracy. ˈpolycross Bot. and Agric., a cross made by planting two or more mutually fertile varieties together and allowing free natural pollination; freq. attrib.. polycrotic |-ˈkrɒtɪk| a. Physiol. [after dicrotic], (of the pulse) exhibiting more than two beats or waves for each beat of the heart. ‖ polycythæmia |-saɪˈθiːmɪə|, Path. [ad. G. polycythaemie (J. Vogel 1854, in R. Virchow Handb. der speciellen Path. u. Therapie I. iv. 377), mod.L., f. Gr. κύτος (see -cyte) + αἷµα blood], excess of red blood-corpuscles; hence polycyˈthæmic a. of, involving, or suffering from polycythæmia. polyˈdentate a. Chem. [L. dentātus: see dentate a.], (of a ligand) forming two or more separate bonds (usu. but not necessarily with the same central atom); (of a molecule or complex) formed by such a ligand. polydiaˈbolical a., relating to a plurality of devils; in quot. as n. = polydiabolist; so polydiˈabolism, belief in many devils; polydiˈabolist, one who believes in many devils (nonce-wds.). polyˈdigital a. Zool., having several (separate) digits. polydiˈmensional a. (nonce-wd.), having, or relating to, more than three dimensions of space. polyˈdoggery (nonce-wd.), the keeping of a number of dogs. polyeidism |-ˈaɪdɪz(ə)m|, Biol. [Gr. εἶδος appearance, form], metamorphosis in which an organism passes through several different forms in different stages. polyelecˈtronic a. Chem., containing or consisting of more than one electron. polyˈendocrine Path., characterized by the involvement of several endocrine glands. ˌpolyendocriˈnopathy Path., a polyendocrine disorder. polyˈenergid a. Biol. [energid], having many complete sets of chromosomes; multinucleate or polyploid. polyenzymatic |-ɛnzaɪˈmætɪk| a. [enzyme, f. Gr. ἐν in + ζυµή leaven], producing several different ferments. polyepic |-ˈɛpɪk| a. (nonce-wd.) [Gr. ἔπος word], consisting of several words. polyergic |-ˈɜːdʒɪk| a. [Gr. ἔργον work: cf. πολύεργος hard-working], acting in many ways, having various functions. polyˈethism Ent. [Gr. ἦθος character], the display of different patterns of behaviour by particular individuals within a social group. polyethnic |-ˈɛθnɪk| a. [Gr. ἔθνος nation], belonging to or containing many nations or races. polyfeˈnestral a. (nonce-wd.) [L. fenestra window], having many windows. ˈpolyfoil a. and n. Arch. = multifoil. polyˈfunctional a. Chem., having two or more different functional groups in the molecule; orig. also applied to reactions involving two or more such compounds; hence ˌpolyfunctioˈnality. polyˈglacial a., involving (a belief in) more than one ice age; hence polyˈglacialism, the polyglacial theory. polyˈglacialist a. and n., (of or pertaining to) a supporter of this theory. ˈpolyˈgrammar (nonce-wd.), a grammar of several different languages. ˈpoly-groove a., having many, i.e. more than three, grooves, as a rifle; also ellipt. as n. a poly-groove rifle; so ˈpoly-grooved a. polygyral |-ˈdʒaɪərəl| a. [Gr. γῦρος circle, ring], having many whorls, as a shell. polyˈhaploid Bot. [haploid a. (and n.)], a plant descended from polyploids that has half of the set of chromosomes that would normally be expected from its ancestry. polyhedroid Math. [polyhedron + -oid] = polytope. polyhex |ˈpɒlɪhɛks| [f. hexagon], any planar shape formed by joining a number of identical regular hexagons by their edges. polyiamond |pɒlɪˈaɪəmənd| [f. diamond by deliberately false analogy; cf. pentomino], any planar shape formed by joining a number of identical equilateral triangles by their edges. polyiˈdeism, the presence of many ideas or images at once. polyion |ˈpɒlɪˌaɪən| Chem., an ion which consists of or contains a number of atoms of its parent element, or a large ion derived from a polyelectrolyte; so polyiˈonic a. polyˈkaryocyte Biol. [karyo- + -cyte], an osteoclast, esp. a large osteoclast with many nuclei; hence ˌpolykaryoˈcytic a. poly-ˈlaminated a., having many laminæ or layers. polyˈlectal a. Linguistics [-lect], having or recognizing many regional or social varieties (within a language). polyˈlemma, Logic, a complex syllogism resembling a dilemma but involving several alternatives. polylepidous |-ˈlɛpɪdəs| a. [Gr. λεπίς scale], having many scales (Treas. Bot. 1866). polyˈlingual a. = multilingual a. polyˈlingualism = multilingualism. polyˈlinguist nonce-wd. [see linguist], a person learned in many languages. polylithic |-ˈlɪθɪk| a. [Gr. λίθος stone], made of several stones; also, containing several kinds of stone or rock; also fig. (cf. monolithic a. 4): opp. to monolithic. polyˈlithionite Min. [ad. G. polylithionit (J. Lorenzen 1884, in Zeitschr. f. Krist. und Min. IX. 253), f. lithion lithia], a variety of lepidolite. polylobular |-ˈlɒbjʊlə(r)| a., having many lobules. † poˈlyloquent a. Obs. rare—0 [L. loquent-em speaking], ‘that speaketh much’ (Blount Glossogr. 1656). polylychnous |-ˈlɪknəs| a. (nonce-wd.) [Gr. λύχνος lamp], having many lamps or lights. polyˈmagnet, an instrument consisting of two or more electromagnets so arranged as to admit of considerable variation in the field of magnetic force. ‖ polyˈmania, Path., mania affecting several mental faculties: opp. to monomania. polyˈmastigate, polyˈmastigous adjs. Zool. [Gr. µάστιξ, µαστίγ- whip], having many flagella, as an infusorian; pluriflagellate. polymeˈtallic a., containing (ores of) several metals. polyˈmetallism (nonce-wd.) [after bimetallism], the use of several different metals for money. polyˌmetaˈmeric a. Anat., pertaining to or connected with several metameres, as a muscle supplied with nerves from several portions of the spinal cord. ‖ polymetochia |-mɪˈtəʊkɪə|, Philol. [Gr. µετοχή a participle: cf. polysyndeton], the frequent use of participles or participial constructions; so polymetochic |-mɪˈtɒkɪk| a., characterized by polymetochia. polyˈmicrian a. [Gr. µικρός little], containing much within a small space. polyˈmicroscope, a microscope in which various objects are mounted on plates attached to a revolvable band, so that they can be brought successively into the field of observation. ˈpolymineral a. Petrol., composed of or containing more than one mineral. polymorˈphemic a. Linguistics, consisting of two or more morphemes. polymyˈalgia rheuˈmatica Path. [myalgia] (see quot. 1957). ‖ polymyositis |-maɪəʊˈsaɪtɪs|, Path. [see myositis]: see quot. 1890. polyneuˈritic a., of, pertaining to, or suffering from polyneuritis. ‖ polyneuritis |-njʊˈraɪtɪs|, Path., see quot. 1886. polyneuˈropathy Path., a general degeneration of peripheral nerves that starts distally and spreads proximally. polyodic |-ˈɒdɪk| a. Mus. (rare) [Gr. ὠδή song] = polyphonic. polyœstrous |-ˈiːstrəs| a. Zool. [see œstrum]: (see quot.) also, in mod. use, ovulating more than once each year. polyomino |pɒlɪˈɒmɪnəʊ| [f. domino by deliberately false analogy; cf. pentomino], any planar shape formed by joining a number of identical squares by their edges. polyommatous |-ˈɒmətəs| a. [Gr. ὄµµα, ὀµµατ- eye], having many eyes. polyoˈrama [after panorama], an optical apparatus presenting many views, or a view of many objects (Worcester 1846). polyorˈganic a. Biol., having many different organs. † polyˈotical a. Obs. (nonce-wd.) [Gr. οὖς, ὠτ- ear], having many ears. ˈpolypage |-peɪdʒ| a. (Printing), comprising several pages, as a polypage (stereotype-) plate. polyˈpantograph, a form of pantograph producing several identical designs simultaneously from one pattern (Knight Dict. Mech.). poˈlyparous a. [see -parous], ‘bringing forth many’ (Webster 1864); multiparous. polyped |ˈpɒlɪpɛd| [after quadruped], n. an animal having many feet; adj. many-footed. ‖ polyphobia |-ˈfəʊbɪə|, Path. [-phobia], morbid fear of many things. polyphotal |-ˈfəʊtəl|, ˈpolyphote |-fəʊt| adjs. [Gr. ϕῶς, ϕωτ- light], applied to an electric arc-lamp so constructed that several may be used on the same circuit. † polyˈpiety (nonce-wd.), piety of many forms. ˈpolyplacid |-ˌplæsɪd| a. Zool. [irreg. f. Gr. πλακοῦς flat cake], having more than one madreporic plate, as a starfish; opp. to monoplacid. polyplastic |-ˈplæstɪk| a. [plastic], having or assuming many forms (Dunglison, 1844). polyˈpneustic [Gr. πνευστ-ιάω to pant] a. Ent., bearing many respiratory spiracles. ‖ polypnœa |-ˈpniːə|, Path. [Gr. πνοή (Dor. πνοά, πνοιά) breathing (cf. πολύπνοια a violent wind); in F. polypnée], ‘very rapid respiration’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.); also polypnea; hence polyˈpnœic a. polyponous |-ˈɪpənəs| a. (nonce-wd.) [Gr. πολύπονος much-labouring], occupied with many labours. polyposist |-ˈɪpəʊsɪst|, nonce-wd. [cf. Gr. πολυποσία hard drinking, πολυπότης a hard drinker], one who drinks much, a hard drinker. ˈpolyprism, polyprisˈmatic a. Cryst.: see quots. ˈpolyprotein Biochem., a protein which is composed of a number of smaller proteins. polyprothesy |-ˈprɒθɪsɪ|, Gram. [Gr. πρόθεσις preposition: cf. polysyndeton], the frequent use of prepositions; so polyprothetic |-prəʊˈθɛtɪk| a., characterized by polyprothesy. polypseudonymous |pɒlɪsjuːˈdɒnɪməs| a., having many pseudonyms or aliases. † ˈpolypyrene |-paɪəriːn|, † polypyˈrenous |-paɪˈriːnəs| adjs. [Gr. πῡρήν stone or hard seed of fruits], having two or more stones or kernels, as a fruit. polyrhizal |-ˈraɪzəl|, polyˈrhizous adjs. [Gr. ῥίζα root: cf. F. polyrrhize adj.], having many roots. polyˈribosome Biol. = polysome; hence ˌpolyriboˈsomal a. ˌpolysaˈprobic a. Ecol. [(ad. G. polysaprob (Kolkwitz & Marsson 1902, in Mittheilungen aus der K. Prüfungsanstalt f. Wasserversorgung und Abwässerbeseitigung I. 46): see saprobe], of, being, or inhabiting an aquatic environment having in solution much reducing decayed organic matter and little or no oxygen. polysemant |-ˈsiːmænt| [ad. late Gr. πολυσήµαντος adj., having many significations], a word having various senses; so polyseˈmantic a., having various senses; = polysemic, polysemous adjs. ˌpolysemanˈticity, polyseˈmantism = polysemy. polyˈsensuous a. [f. L. sensu-s sense + -ous] = polysemous; hence polyˈsensuousness. ˌpolyseroˈsitis Path., inflammation of serous membranes. ˈpoly-sided a., many-sided. polysiphonic |-saɪˈfɒnɪk|, polysiphonous |-ˈsaɪfənəs| adjs., Nat. Hist., having or consisting of several siphons or tubes. ˈpolysoap, a detergent whose molecules are polymeric chains to which soap molecules are attached. ˈpolysoil a., containing various kinds of soil. polysoˈmatic a. [Gr. σῶµα body], applied to a grain of sandstone or the like which consists of an aggregation of smaller grains. polysomatous |-ˈsəʊmətəs| a. [as prec.], applied to a monster having two or more bodies combined. polysomitic |-səʊˈmɪtɪk| a. Zool., composed of a number of somites or body-segments. ˈpolyspike [spike n.2] (see quot. 1950). ˈpolyspire, a form of sponge-spicule: see quot. polystachyous |-ˈstækɪəs| a. Bot. [Gr. στάχυς ear of corn: cf. πολύσταχυς rich in ears of corn (Theocr.)], having many ears or spikes, as a grass (Mayne). polystemonous |-ˈstiːmənəs| a. Bot. [Gr. στήµων, taken as = stamen: cf. F. polystémone adj.], having the number of stamens more than double that of the petals or sepals. polystethoscope |-ˈstɛθəskəʊp|: see quot. polystichous |-ˈɪstɪkəs| a. Nat. Hist. [Gr. στίχος row: cf. distichous], arranged in numerous rows (Cent. Dict. 1890). ˈpolystigm |-stɪm|, Geom. [Gr. στιγµή point], a figure made up of a number of points. polystigmatic |-stɪgˈmætɪk| a. (humorous nonce-wd.) [Gr. στίγµα mark, spot], relating to numerous spots. polystigmous |-ˈstɪgməs| a. Bot., having many stigmas, as a flower (Cent. Dict.). polystylar |-ˈstaɪlə(r)|, ˈpolystyle adjs. Arch. [Gr. στῦλος column], having or characterized by many columns. polystylous |-ˈstaɪləs| a. Bot., having many styles, as the ovary of a flower (Mayne 1858). polyˈsyllogism (Logic), a combination or series of related syllogisms; so polysylloˈgistic a. [F. polysyllogistique], pertaining to or consisting of a polysyllogism. ˌpolysymptoˈmatic a. Med., involving or exhibiting many symptoms. ˈpolyˌtasted a. (nonce-wd.), having many tastes or flavours. polythelemism |-θɪˈliːmɪz(ə)m|, nonce-wd. [Gr. θέληµα will]: see quot. polyˈthelia, polyˈthelism, ˈpolythely Med. [ad. F. polythélie, f. Gr. θηλή nipple], the condition of having one or more supernumerary nipples. ˈpolytone [cf. F. polytone adj. (Voltaire)], varied tone, as in ordinary speaking: opposed to monotone. ˈpolytope, Geom. [ad. G. polytop (R. Hoppe 1882, in Arch. der Math. und Physik LXVIII. 30), Gr. τόπος place], a form, in geometry of more than three dimensions, corresponding to a polygon in plane, or a polyhedron in solid geometry; hence polyˈtopal a. † polyˈtopian (nonce-wd.) [as prec.], one who visits many places. polyˈtopic a. Biol. [Gr. τόπος place], of or pertaining to (the independent origin of a species in) several places. polyˈtopical a., dealing with many subjects. † polyˈtragic a., containing many tragedies. polytrichous |-ˈɪtrɪkəs| a. Nat. Hist. [Gr. θρίξ, τριχ- hair], very hairy; thickly covered with hair (Mayne 1858). ‖ polyuresis |-jʊˈriːsɪs|, ‖ polyuria |-ˈjʊərɪə|, Path. [Gr. οὔρησις urination, οὖρον urine], excessive excretion of urine; hence polyuric |-ˈjʊərɪk| a., pertaining to or affected with polyuria. polyˈvoltine [Ital. volta turn, time], a silkworm of a breed which yields several broods of cocoons in a year. polyˈxenic a. Biol. [Gr. ξένος stranger], applied to a culture, or the cultivation, of an organism in the presence of more than one other species.
1967Sci. Amer. June 129/1 The pieces had been suggested to him by S. J. Collins of Bristol, England, who gave the name ‘tetraboloes’ to the order-4 set because the Diabolo, a juggling toy, has two isosceles right triangles in its cross section. This implies the generic name ‘*polyaboloes’.
1683in Phil. Trans. XIV. 483 By a Polyphone or *Poly⁓acoustick well ordered one sound may be heard as many. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Polyacousticks, are Instruments contrived to Multiply Sounds, as Multiplying glasses or Polyscopes do Images of Objects. 1755Johnson, Polyacoustick, adj., that multiplies or magnifies sounds.
1862Cayley Coll. Math. Papers V. 38 A method of the derivation of the △ faced *polyacrons of a given number of summits from those of the next inferior number of summits.
1886Lendenfeld Sponges in Proc. Zool. Soc. 560, 1. Anaxonia. Without definite axes and with numerous rays—*polyact.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXXII. 813/1 Fig. 5 A, typical *polyactine.
1832Philol. Museum I. 312 If any advocate of the *polyadamite doctrine, as it has been called.
1888Buck's Handbk. Med. Sc. VI. 396/2 *Polyæsthesia, is a rare disturbance of sensation..in which the point of a pin, when applied to the skin, is felt as two or more points.
1893Nation (N.Y.) 5 Jan. 15/3 Any such hackneyed creation as an Osric of the emotions, without depth, or a *poly-affectioned Lothario.
1949E. A. Nida Morphol. (ed. 2) iv. 98 The suffix -al is *polyallomorphic /əl/ and /æl/. 1972Archivum Linguisticum III. 40 In order to simplify their analysis one of the allomorphs of poly-allomorphic morphemes is designated as the basic one, and the changes are described on that basis.
1927Daily Express 24 Nov. 13 The ‘*polyalphabetic’ codes..are much more difficult to decipher, as a letter is often represented in a cryptogram by a dozen different signs, letters or numerals. 1939H. F. Gaines Elem. Cryptanalysis (1940) viii. 68 Multiple-alphabet substitution (also called double-key substitution, polyalphabetic substitution, etc.) makes use of several different cipher alphabets. 1962Moore & Waller Cloak & Cipher xv. 138 Edgar Allan Poe..seems to have had a blind faith in polyalphabetic ciphers.
1612Sturtevant Metallica ix. 70 If the wheeles should haue beene made square, trencher wise, or in any other *poly-angle, forty horses would not so easily draw them beeing laden, as two doth now with both speed and ease.
1690Leybourn Curs. Math. 438 Of divers Figures or Faces, of a *Polyangular shape. 1797Monthly Mag. III. 221 These hollow spandrils may be cylindrical, triangular, quadrangular, or polyangular.
1931Chem. Abstr. XXV. 3261 The submicrons detected by the ultra-microscope are negatively charged and consist of aggregates of the *polyanions [Pb9]4- or [Sn9]4-. 1948Jrnl. Polymer Sci. III. 261 In the presence of excess electrolyte, the polyanion would be completely associated and behave approximately like an uncharged macromolecule. 1965[see polycation below]. 1972Cotton & Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) xxv. 823 The decavanadate ion is only one example of the type of polyanion generally called isopolyanions.
1930Chem. Abstr. XXIV. 2077 [Such] elements..will combine in liquid NH3 with Na to give polysulfide-like compds.,..to which the name ‘*polyanionic’ salts is given. 1974Amer. Jrnl. Anat. CXXXIX. 404/1 Staining with ruthenium red.. reveals that a polyanionic surface coat, probably mucopolysaccharide in nature, covers all the microvilli..on all cell types found in the nasal cavities.
1907Jrnl. Path. & Bacteriol. XII. 54 *Polyarteritis acuta nodosa.—Characterised by the formation upon the smaller and medium-sized arteries of small localised nodules. 1951E. N. Chamberlain Text-bk. Med. vi. 448 Sometimes known as polyarteritis nodosa, this is a rare disease generally affecting persons before mid-life. 1974Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xxv. 29/1 The term polyarteritis includes a number of uncommon disorders in which the changes are focal, segmental inflammation and necrosis of arteries, arterioles or capillaries... Besides the classical form, also known as polyarteritis nodosa.., there are five recognized variants.
1901Lancet 16 Mar. 776/1 In addition to such *polyarthritic forms there is yet a fourth group of cases in which only one or two joints are involved.
1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 863 Rheumatic fever, or acute *polyarthritis.
1874Van Buren Dis. Genit. Org. 86 Associated with the *poly-articular variety of gonorrhœal rheumatism. 1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 1026 There were no rheumatic phenomena for thirteen months when polyarticular rheumatism appeared.
1887Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 416/2 Desma of an anomocladine Lithistid (*polyaxon). 1940L. H. Hyman Invertebrates I. vi. 299 Polyaxons..are spicules in which several equal rays radiate from a central point.
1898Nature 27 Jan. 310/2 A fauna capable of living and developing at depths of over 2000 metres, to which the name *polybathic is given.
1882Sala Amer. Revis. (1885) 37 note, A great *polybigamy case.
1873E. R. Lankester in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Feb. 86 The first step in development, after the formation by cleavage of the mass of embryo-cells or ‘*polyblast’. 1904Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Sept. 586 The clasmocytes of Rauvier and Marchand, some of the polyblast of Maximow..all belong to this category of cells. 1959F. M. Burnet Clonal Selection Theory vii. 115 Macrophages..include fixed macrophages, wandering tissue macrophages or polyblasts and the blood monocytes. 1967Biol. Abstr. XLVIII. 9803/2 By the 6th day, a barrier of connective tissue, formed mainly from polyblasts and hist[i]ocytes, was beginning to be formed.
1904Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Sept. 596 This last stage of the development of the *polyblastic cell.
1839Penny Cycl. XIV. 322/1 Gastropods, are divided into..1. Nudibranchians (Anthrobranchians and *Polybranchians).
1858Mayne Expos. Lex., Polybranchiatus, Zoöl. applied..to an Order (Polybranchiata)..*polybranchiate.
1846R. Chambers Tradit. Edinburgh 300 The little *polybuttoned personages.
1948Jrnl. Polymer Sci. III. 259 Due to the high concentration of charge in the *polycation, which is itself quite large, electrostatic forces can be transferred over much greater distances than in solutions of ordinary electrolytes. 1965Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xii. 465 The formation of polyanions is quite common among the heavier non-metals (e.g. polysulphides and selenides), although the formation of polycations from uncomplexed metals appears to be limited to Hg22+.
1949Science 25 Nov. 553/1 When excess acrylate is added, more polyanions attach themselves to the *polycationic exterior of the precipitate particles. 1970R. W. McGilvery Biochem. xix. 451 They [sc. spermine and spermidine] appear to occur in association with nucleic acids, as might be expected from their polycationic character.
1705Phil. Trans. XXV. 2107 Prophylactic and *Polycharacteristick Statues.
1842Dunglison Med. Lex., *Polycholia. 1880J. W. Legg Bile 396 Vulpian believes that jaundice from emotion may be caused by a catarrh of the ducts, by an abundant polycholia. 1898P. Manson Trop. Diseases iii. 78 Polycholia is a constant and often urgent feature in most malarial fevers.
1944W. Apel Harvard Dict. Mus. 593/1 Early adumbrations of *polychoral treatment occur in the works of Josquin des Près who frequently interrupts the full-voiced writing in four parts..by ‘antiphonal’ passages in which two half-choruses..perform a short phrase twice, in an echo-like manner. 1963Times 9 May 16/5 ‘Jauchzet dem Herren’,..a big polychoral ‘concerto’ from the Psalmen Davids of 1619, was a casualty, its elaborate antiphonies of voices and instruments blurred by the cathedral's hopelessly over-resonant sound. 1975Gramophone Nov. 869/3 In 1628, Salzburg Cathedral was re-opened... Its inaugural Mass was a grand polychoral affair. 1978Early Music Apr. 170 Venice and the grand manner of the polychoral motet seem so inseparable that it is hard to consider them apart.
1866Treas. Bot. 913 *Polychorion, a polycarpous fruit like that of Ranunculus.
1890Cent. Dict., *Polychorionic.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 21 It is not a polycholia..but a *polychromia. Ibid. 61 The hæmoglobin liberated leads to an increased formation and excretion of bile pigments (polychromia).
1883H. T. Edwards in Ch. Times XXII. 10/1 When a chapel is in debt, the *Polychurch hierarchy furiously rage against the Church.
Ibid. XXI. 971/1 The large sums which they [the Welsh] spend upon ‘*Poly⁓churchism’. 1891Bp. Jayne in Daily News 21 Nov. 5/3 [He finds in the circular he has received a strong flavour of] what has been aptly termed the theory of Polychurchism.
1963Ohtaka & Spiegelman in Science 25 Oct. 493/2 An RNA molecule which can be translated into two or more proteins may be referred to as a ‘*polycistronic’ message. 1968H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm ii. 23 The idea of a ‘polycistronic’ template, that is, one which can specify the amino acid sequences of a group of related proteins, now enjoys considerable popularity. 1974Nature 1 Nov. 75/2 Kennel et al. concluded that each cistron in these polycistronic RNAs has a unique site that is vulnerable to attack.
Ibid., There is..an indication that some tRNAs are made *polycistronically.
1978Nature 25 May 304/2 The *polyclonality of B cell responses to LPS has excluded the participation of immunoglobulin combining sites in the process of triggering.
1977Lancet 5 Nov. 958/2 We suggest that immunosuppression in this syndrome is the result of the collective immunosuppressive effects of trypanosome-derived immune-modulating free fatty acids, *polyclonally stimulating B-cell mitogen, and complement-activating factors.
1975Crick & Lawrence in Science 1 Aug. 341/3 The progeny of a cell marked at about the time of the drawing of boundary lines never fills a compartment completely, but often occupies an appreciable proportion of it. A compartment is thus made by the descendants of a small group of cells. We propose to call the cells in the compartment a *polyclone. Just as a clone is a group of cells which are all, without exception, the descendants of a single cell, so a polyclone is a group of cells that are descended from a certain (small) group of cells—the founder cells—which were present in the embryo at an earlier time. 1979Sci. Amer. July 93/1 Each compartment is made by a set of complete clones, which we call a polyclone, that develops from a few founder cells.
1914W. E. Agar in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. CCV. 422 When a population..is composed of a number of clones each descended from an original ancestor not asexually connected with the original ancestors of the other clones, the population may be called *polyclonal. 1961Harvey Lect. 1960–61 LVI. 221 He had a broad-banded, polyclonal γ-globulin with a rich serological picture. 1973Sci. Amer. Aug. 44/2 If plaques were a simple response to an injury of some kind, as has been proposed, their cells should be polyclonal, the Benditts point out.
1899Nature 9 Nov. 28/1 *Polycormic forms are met with in cypresses and junipers, in which the lateral branches are not all reduced to subordinate and graduated positions.
192119th Cent. July 148 The maximalists, of course, are for *polycratism, provincial rule, insubordination and importation of foreign ideas.
1948Tysdal & Crandall in Jrnl. Amer. Soc. Agronomy XL. 294 The present paper deals with methods for determining the combining ability of the components of a hybrid or variety. For convenience, the method is referred to as the ‘*polycross method’. Ibid., The single crosses and polycrosses exhibited even greater superiority over the checks. Ibid. 297 Polycross seed is the seed produced on selected clones interpollinated at random in isolation. 1977Crop Sci. XVII. 909/2 Twenty-one clones whose polycross progenies ranked high for rate of seedling emergence under field conditions or had high forage yield..were selected for this study. Polycross seed from these clones was produced in isolated blocks.
1857Dunglison Dict. Med. Sci. (rev. ed.) 741/2 *Polycythæmia, a condition of the blood in which there is an increase of the red corpuscles. 1866A. Flint Princ. Med. (1880) 60 An increase..in the number of the red blood-corpuscles beyond the healthy limit..constitutes..polycythaemia.
1906Lancet 7 July 20/2 The following case is published as a contribution to the study of the *polycythæmic condition. 1935[see hypovolæmia s.v. hypo- II]. 1962Lancet 26 May 1098/2 The patient was polycythæmic until 1958, when a leukæmic picture first appeared.
1937Chem. Rev. XXI. 39 The simple variation of acidic and coördinating groups in the *polydentate molecules has escaped investigation. 1961G. R. Choppin Exper. Nucl. Chem. ix. 147 Complexes with a high degree of covalent character are formed by the interaction of metal ions with polydentate organic ions. 1972Nature 21 Jan. 181/1 Recently his expertise in coordination chemistry was extended to the complexes formed by the alkali metals and alkaline earth elements with a variety of polydentate ligands.
1876Tinsley's Mag. XVIII. 150 Whether we cast in our lot with Bishop Butler or the *Polydiabolicals.
Ibid. 149 Why has no interesting heretic gone in for *Polydiabolism?
Ibid. 150 The *poly⁓diabolists would put it in the plural, and say evil spirits.
1894Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. XLI. 28 The evolution of the horse's leg from a *polydigital extremity to its present form.
1884Nature 1 May 24/2 L. Martin, on the *poly⁓dimensional argument.
1875Miss Cobbe False Beasts & True 190 *Polydoggery is a thing against which all proper feeling revolts.
1874Lubbock Orig. & Met. Ins. iv. 80 Those cases in which animals or plants pass through a succession of different forms might be distinguished by the name of dieidism or *polyeidism.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Polyelectronic. 1939L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond i. 29 The electron distribution function for a poly-electronic atom or ion shows the presence of electron shells as regions of maximum electron density. 1947Amer. Scientist XXXV. 185 Just as little tested in the laboratory is the conclusion that positrons, like protons..can form short lived polyelectronic entities of the type e+e-, e+(e-)2, [etc.]. 1964J. W. Linnett Electronic Struct. Molecules i. 9 The most important factor governing the electronic structures of the ground states of polyelectronic atoms is the effect summarized in the Pauli Principle.
1965Amer. Surgeon XXXI. 695 (heading) *Polyendocrine adenomatosis with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. 1967S. L. Robbins Path. (ed. 3) xxix. 1243/2 (heading) Multiple endocrine adenomatosis (polyendocrine adenomas). 1976Lancet 11 Dec. 1273/1 Antibodies reacting with normal human pancreatic islet cells have been described in patients with diabetes associated with autoimmune polyendocrine disease.
1964Medicine XLIII. 176/1 It is suggested that Schmidt's syndrome with diabetes mellitus may be a *polyendocrinopathy. 1973Acta Endocrinol. LXXII. 411 As for the theoretical implications of poly-endocrinopathies, the possibility of common aetiological factors lies near at hand.
1920W. E. Agar Cytol. vii. 209 Examples of such *polyenergid nuclei (Hartmann, 1909) are afforded by the great nuclei of the Radiolaria. 1939Nature 14 Jan. 47/2 Schussnig..reaffirms..his view that the Conjugales are derived from a polyenergid ancestry, and a similar origin is suggested for the Red Algæ. 1961Mackinnon & Hawes Introd. Study Protozoa 66 The gigantic nucleus [of Aulacantha] is remarkable for the number of its chromosomes, of which there are some 1,500... This remarkable structure, according to Grell, is really polyenergid. 1976Bell & Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. (rev. ed.) 44 Free nuclear divisions, that is, divisions not accompanied by cell division, occur in those Thallophyta showing the polyenergid condition.
1892Thomson Outl. Zool. xiii. 239 It is a *poly-enzymatic gland, that is, one which produces diverse digestive ferments.
1811–31Bentham Language Wks. 1843 VIII. 333/1 This proposition will consist of one word only, or of divers words,—will be either monoepic or *polyepic.
1889J. S. Burdon-Sanderson Address to Biological Section British Assoc. in Nature 26 Sept. 524/1 Plant protoplasm, though it may be structurally homogeneous, is dynamically *polyergic—it has many endowments.
1967J. H. Sudd Introd. Behaviour Ants viii. 154 Animals which show these variations in behaviour from one to another can be said to show *polyethism—a word formed by analogy with polymorphism. 1973J. P. Spradbury Wasps vi. 155 There may occur several forms of polyethism, namely those based on age, physiological condition, and size.
1888Daily News 22 Sept. 1/2 For purposes of communication and for interchange of ideas the polyglott, *poly-ethnic Indian continent has become one country.
1838Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. I. 311/2 There is no proportion observed between the *polyfenestral building itself, and the range of columns stuck up against it.
1842Francis Dict. Arts, etc., *Polyfoile, an ornament, like a leaf, of many round lobes.
1929W. H. Carothers in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LI. 2550 (heading) *Polyfunctional compounds. Ibid., All these may be classed together as polyfunctional reactions. 1962J. T. Marsh Self-Smoothing Fabrics v. 45 The finishing process..consists of impregnating the fabrics with the appropriate polyfunctional compound and a catalyst, drying, heating and washing. 1963J. Osborne Dental Mech. (ed. 5) i. 23 The basic ingredient is a polyfunctional mercaptan with..the average formula HS(R{b1}S{b1}S)23{b1}R{b1}SH. 1964N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xv. 301 By employing polyfunctional halides in place of alkyl halides depicted above, more complex ketones are obtained.
1936Trans. Faraday Soc. XXXII. 39 (heading) Polymers & *polyfunctionality. 1961Sorenson & Campbell Prep. Methods Polymer Chem. iii. 59 The qualitative aspects of condensation polymerization, including..effect of polyfunctionality on branching and gelation, have been thoroughly treated.
1927Peake & Fleure Apes & Men 69 This *polyglacial, or preferably multiglacial, view was not well received, and considerable opposition was offered to it. 1937Geogr. Jrnl. XC. 180 Formerly James Geikie, almost alone, insistently voiced the case for the polyglacial view and perhaps he strained it by over-statement. 1972Sparks & West Ice Age in Brit. v. 123 The limits of the successive glaciations of this polyglacial sequence, imperfectly known at present, are shown.
Ibid., The evidence for *polyglacialism lay not so much in evidence for different end-moraines of successive ice advances..but in the finding of non-glacial sediments between glacial deposits.
1946,1968*Polyglacialist [see monoglacialist n. and adj. s.v. mono- 1]. 1972Sparks & West Ice Age in Brit. v. 123 The supporters of the monoglacial theory..were eclipsed by polyglacialists, though some survived till a few years ago.
1812Southey in Q. Rev. VIII. 97 The title of this *poly⁓grammar must not be admitted as a proof that he was qualified for the task which he undertook.
1868Rep. to Govt. U.S. Munitions War 88 These guns are rifled on the *polygroove system, and use lead-coated projectiles. 1886Field 9 Jan. 54/3 Greatly improved the shooting of the old muzzle-loading polygroove.
1858Greener Gunnery 403 They will shoot as well as *poly-grooved rifles.
18..W. G. Binney (Cent. D.), *Polygyral.
1935Y. Katayama in Jap. Jrnl. Bot. VII. 374 The writer has classified (though provisionally) the haploid plants as follows... If the haploid has occurred from allopolyploids, it is classified under the name of *polyhaploid. 1955Nature 12 Mar. 469/1 This plant had the chromosome number 2n = 24, suggesting that it might be a polyhaploid of S[olanum] polytrichon, having arisen by haploid parthenogenesis. 1975Ibid. 17 Apr. 596/1 In wheat and oats, the polyhaploids show very little chiasmate pairing because genetic control is effective in the hemizygous state.
1880W. I. Stringham in Amer. Jrnl. Math. III. 2 It will be convenient to designate as an n-fold *polyhedroid the n-dimensional figure which is bounded by (n - 1)-fold flat (not curved) figures. 1914H. P. Manning Geom. Four Dimensions viii. 289 A regular polyhedroid..consists of equal regular polyhedrons together with their interiors, the polyhedrons being joined by their faces so as to enclose a portion of hyperspace, and the hyperplane angles formed at the faces by the half-hyperplanes of adjacent polyhedrons being all equal to one another. 1972C. S. Ogilvy Tomorrow's Math (ed. 2) iv. 79 A polytope is an n-dimensional polyhedroid.
1967Sci. Amer. June 124/3 Other names have been proposed, but it seems to me that the best is ‘*polyhexes’, the name adopted by David Klomer, who was one of the first to investigate them. 1975Ibid. July 114/3 Combinatorial geometers have given special attention in recent years to tiling with polyominoes and their cousins the polyiamonds and polyhexes.
1967Ibid. June 124/2 By joining equilateral triangles along their edges one obtains another well-explored family of shapes known as *polyiamonds. 1975[see polyhex above].
1903F. W. H. Myers Hum. Personality I. 47 In one word, hypnosis is a state of *poly-ideism, not of mono-ideism.
1938A. I. Oparin Origin of Life vi. 138 Regarding every living cell as a ‘single chemical particle or, more correctly, as a colossal poly-ion’. 1947Jrnl. Polymer Sci. II. 12 Both negative and positive polyions may be made; the former as polycarboxylic or sulfonic acids and their salts and the latter, for example, as onium salts of polymers such as vinylpyridine. 1959Acta Crystallogr. XII. 165/2 The crystal structure of inyoite contains isolated polyions, [B3O3(OH)5]-2. 1963New Scientist 11 Apr. 103/3 The chemistry of polyions, such as proteins, mucopolysaccharides, [etc.]..is very relevant to understanding the behaviour of the cell surface. 1972Cotton & Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) xvi. 486 There is slight evidence in the bromine system for Br5-, but the series of polyions I5-, I7- and I9- is well-established for iodine.
1907Publ. Carnegie Inst. No. 63. xii. 352 A fuller experimental investigation of the properties of dissolved salts, especially of those of *polyionic types. 1970Fox & Fried tr. Staudinger's From Org. Chem. to Macromolecules b. vii. 134 These anomalous phenomena in solutions of polyelectrolytes were termed ‘polyionic viscosity phenomena’.
1890W. H. Howell in Jrnl. Morphol. IV. 118 The first class might be named *polykaryocytes, or multinucleated giant cells. 1946Blood I. 29 Morone sharply differentiated the polykaryocytes from osteoclasts, but in this he was disputed by Lambin and Lamers. 1968E. Kelemen Physiopath. & Therapy Human Blood Dis. (1969) i. 36 Even larger cells, resembling megakaryocytes, are the osteoclasts or polykaryocytes. These two cells have to do with bone formation and are more often seen in a trephine biopsy.
1947Jrnl. Lab. & Clin. Med. XXXII. 664 The concept of a *polykaryocytic origin of the megakaryocyte has not received general acceptance. 1964Biol. Abstr. XLV. 3106/2 Injection of confluent polykaryocytic cultures into chicks resulted in the appearance of sarcomas which contained transformed cells and polykaryocytes.
1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. (ed. 6) 333 Single or *poly-laminated cylindrical, and ciliated epithelia.
1972B. Bickerton in Georgetown Univ. Ser. Lang. & Linguistics (1973) xxv. 34 The demonstration of similarities between Black English and Guyanese Creole..was simply a by-product of the attempt to write a polylectal grammar of the latter. 1972C.-J. N. Bailey in Stockwell & Macaulay Linguistic Change & Generative Theory 24 Rule changes of the sort being described could never occur in a homogeneous grammar... Without the retention of the older forms in a different style or in a different class lect known to a speaker long enough for a rule change to be generalized, such a generalization could not occur. Only a polylectal grammar is adequate for historical linguistics. 1977Word 1972 XXVIII. 166 The subject matter of dialectology may be viewed..1. As a complex of shared and differentiated items which function within a single diasystem (a pan-dialectal or polylectal system). 1978Archivum Linguisticum IX. 37 That implicational (polylectal) patterning obtains in Table 1(b) is clear: some speakers are invariable users of the feature S, others are invariable users of the feature P, while a third group of speakers alternate S and P.
1867Atwater Logic 151 The names Trilemma, Tetralemma, *Polylemma have been sometimes given to this sort of Syllogism according to the number of members or horns.
1933‘E. Cambridge’ Hostages to Fortune iii. vi. 184 Foreign students, slow south Germans, French boys from Rennes, *polylingual Swedes. 1958Times 5 Dec. 16/3 Polytextual, polylingual wrestlings with canti fermi. 1978Amer. N. & Q. XVI. 146/2 A few other bilingual and polylingual glossaries.
1956J. Whatmough Language 241 Correlation methods may be used to show how much..the *polylingualism of an interlingua may safely draw from different languages. 1977Word 1972 XXVIII. 193 Borrowing, especially when related to bilingualism or polylingualism, increases the number of opportunities for metanalytical processes to take place, both at the time of borrowing and subsequently.
1873M. Collins Squire Silchester II. xix. 232 An old friend..famous as *polylinguist, philologist, archæologist.
1839Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. II. 368/1 *Polylithic statues, or those composed of several stones. 1908Sci. Amer. Suppl. 25 Jan. 61/1 These crevices and fissures are filled with a polylithic mass of brown and white ‘calcic spar’. 1961Economist 11 Nov. 538/2 Somewhere in the essentially ‘polylithic’ variety of the sisterhood there must be an answer.
1886Jrnl. Chem. Soc. L. 677 Minerals from Kangerdluarsuk, in Greenland... *Polylithionite (lithium mica). 1927Amer. Mineralogist XII. 275 Polylithionite is of doubtful stability, but mica of approximately this composition has been described from Greenland. 1962Geochemistry xi. 1197 In lithium micas (polylithionites) the geochemical similarity of lithium and magnesium does not play an important part and lithium occupies an independent position in the structure of the mica lattice.
1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 117 Small round cells with *polylobular and fragmented nuclei.
1839Fraser's Mag. XX. 709 Freely dispensing light from the huge *polylychnous gas-burners to a whole neighbourhood.
1828Lancet 19 Apr. 73/2 Dr. Epps enumerated monomania; that is, when one faculty is affected: *polymania where more than one faculty is deranged.
1892Dental Rec. XII. 488 Amalgams consist of the combination of either one or several metals with mercury,..the bulk of a *polymetallic amalgam usually consisting of Tin and Silver. 1956Mineral. Abstr. XIII. 38 Nests and lenses of plumbojarosite are found in the oxidized zone of polymetallic ore deposits. 1968Bethell & Burg tr. Solzhenitsyn's Cancer Ward i. xv. 236 My theory is that you can discover deposits of polymetallic ore by looking for radioactive water. 1974Nature 16 Aug. 545/1 The polymetallic province is particularly enriched in silver north of boundary 1.
1893Chicago Advance 10 Aug., *Polymetallism is historical, and iron, copper, shells and wampum have all been used as money.
1888Nature 13 Dec. 151/2 Most muscles, Fuerbringer argues, are *polymetameric, i.e. they receive nervous fibres from two or more spinal roots.
1900H. W. Smyth Grk. Melic Poets p. lvii, The periods [in the dithyramb] were disjointed..and *polymetochic: the heaping of participles added pomp and rapidity.
1829W. Greenfield (title) *Polymicrian lexicon to the New Testament. 1838Bagster's Catal. 22 Polymicrian series of New Testaments, Concordances, Lexicons, and Psalters, Small Pocket Volumes. 1899W. I. Knapp Life Borrow I. 70 A small 4to volume..in his polymicrian handwriting.
1938Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. VI. 134 Except for a few monomineral fabrics, such as those of pure quartzite.., most rock fabrics are *polymineral. 1975Nature 25 Dec. 690/1 This suite of rather unusual minerals has received wide attention because the minerals have been identified in light-coloured, millimetre-sized polymineral inclusions present in carbonaceous chondrites.
1949E. A. Nida Morphol. (ed. 2) iv. 97 Simple structures consist of a single morpheme, free or bound. Complex structures consist of more than one morpheme. Simple structures may be called ‘monomorphemic’ and complex structures ‘*polymorphemic’. 1962H. C. Conklin in J. A. Fishman Readings Sociol. of Lang. (1968) 416 Single morphemes are necessarily lexemes, but for polymorphemic constructions the decision depends on meaning and use. 1964R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics 206 Polymorphemic words may consist wholly of free morphemes.
1957H. S. Barber in Ann. Rheumatic Dis. XVI. 237/2, (1) A condition characterized by widespread muscular pains without arthritis but accompanied by a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and occasional pyrexia is described. (2) The relationship to rheumatoid disease is discussed and it is concluded that this is probably a clinical entity within the rheumatic group of diseases. (3) It is proposed to term the syndrome ‘*polymyalgia rheumatica’. 1971Boyle & Buchanan Clin. Rheumatol. xvi. 434/2 Polymyalgia rheumatica..affects subjects in the later years of life, the average age of onset being the late sixties.
1878D. F. Lincoln tr. A. Eulenburg in Ziemssen's Cycl. Pract. Med. XIV. 133 According to these, the disease consists in an essentially inflammatory process, a ‘*polymyositis chronica progressiva’. 1890Billings Med. Dict., *Polymyositis, inflammation of a number of muscles, simultaneous or successive. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 461 Primary affections of the muscle. (a) Acute polymyositis.
1895Jrnl. Nervous & Mental Dis. XXII. 316 (heading) *Polyneuritic psychoses. 1932Times Lit. Suppl. 7 Jan. 14/3 His results..show that brain tissue from polyneuritic pigeons..has in vitro a lower power of oxygen uptake. 1968M. Pyke Food & Society ii. 17 The remarkable effects of a few milligrams of thiamine on a polyneuritic pigeon.
1886W. R. Gowers Man. Dis. Nerv. Syst. I. 91 The term ‘multiple neuritis’ or ‘*polyneuritis’ is applied to the condition in which many nerves are inflamed simultaneously or in rapid succession. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 496 Certain mineral poisons..induce paralysis by the establishment of polyneuritis.
1938I. S. Wechsler in Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 4 June 1913/2 It is suggested that the term multiple neuropathy, *polyneuropathy or peripheral neuropathy be substituted for multiple neuritis in those cases in which both the cause and the pathologic changes point to a degenerative process. 1954Jrnl. Neuropath. & Exper. Neurol. XIII. 168 Severe polyneuropathy with massive involvement of the large nerve trunks may not only appear in association with the more chronic forms of diffuse connective tissue disease,..but may even dominate the clinical picture so as to obscure the diagnosis of the underlying disease. 1974Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xxxiv. 36/2 Polyneuropathy arises from dietary deficiencies, chemical poisoning and may be a manifestation of numerous diseases.
1818Busby Gram. Mus. 99 note, The first of these styles of melody they term monodic, the second *polyodic. But this polyodic style of composition, after all, is nothing more than a compounding of harmony with melody.
1900Heape in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sc. Nov. 16 There are two forms of sexual season evident in female mammals; the monœstrous, in which there is only a single œstrus at one or more particular times of the year (bitch), and the *polyœstrous, in which there are two or more concurrent diœstrous cycles at a particular time of the year (mare). 1919Amer. Jrnl. Anat. XXVI. 131 The females of the wild swine of Europe are monoestrous, according to Kaeppeli ('08), having but one period of heat in the year; but under domestication the sow becomes polyoestrous, coming in heat at intervals of two to four weeks. 1975Sci. Amer. July 77/1 The particular response of each species to light seems to depend on whether the species is monestrous or polyestrous, that is, on whether it normally ovulates once a year (in the spring or fall) or at regular intervals throughout the year.
1954S. W. Golomb in Amer. Math. Monthly LXI. 675 We shall generalize the ‘domino’ to the ‘*polyomino’... We define an n-omino as a simply-connected set of n squares of the checker-board which are ‘rook-wise connected’; that is, a rook placed at any square of the n-omino must be able to get to any other square, in a finite number of moves. 1965― Polyominoes 13 Ever since I ‘invented’ polyominoes in 1953 in a talk to the Harvard Mathematics Club, I have found myself irrevocably committed to their care and feeding. 1972W. F. Lunnon in R. C. Read Graph Theory & Computing 108 Free polyominoes whose symmetry groups contain no improper elements..are enantiomorphic. 1974Sci. Amer. Feb. 106 Solomon W. Golomb's polyomino-placing game..has finally reached the marketplace.
1864Webster, *Polyommatous, having many eyes. 1884Ch. Times 8 Feb. 101 Like the mysterious Beings in the Apocalypse, polyommatous—full of eyes.
1887Science 3 June 534/2 In the natural world some beings are monorganic, others are *polyorganic.
1613Jackson Creed ii. xxvii. §3 As vsually is found in any *polyωticall Argus-eyed tyrannie.
1822J. Wilson in Blackw. Mag. XII. 87 It is all right and fitting that a quadruped, or *polyped, like Jack-with-the-many-legs, should go on foot. 1829Southey Sir T. More II. 193 Though it cannot be thrown down by a tempest, it may be shattered by it, and its polyped unity destroyed.
1647Ward Simp. Cobler (1843) 5 *Poly-piety is the greatest impiety in the world.
1918R. Newstead in Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasitol. XII. 93 The main pair of stigmata..lie in the deep cup-shaped cavity or pit between the *polypneustic lobes. Ibid. 95 The low-convex anal lobes or callosities were distinctly polypneustic in character. 1925A. D. Imms Gen. Textbk. Entomol. 110 In Glossina there are about 500 of these pores to a side which form the sculpturing on a pair of polypneustic lobes. 1962Gordon & Lavoipierre Entomol. for Students of Med. xxix. 182 The larva contracts considerably to form a barrel-shaped object varying between 5 and 8 mm. in length, with the prominent polypneustic lobes of the larva still clearly visible.
1890Cent. Dict., *Polypnœa. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 485 A probable compensatory polypnœa or attack of dyspnœa. 1921Physiol. Rev. I. 296 Marsupials are the lowest mammals capable of ‘heat polypnea’. 1966Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CCX. 1270/1 Free-breathing cats demonstrated a thermal polypnea similar to that reported for dogs, cattle, and monkeys. 1975J. J. Groen in L. Levi Society, Stress & Dis. II. xxxiv. 350/2 The child may substitute in situations of frustration another form of respiratory behaviour such as apnoea, polypnoea, or a peculiar kind of pressing with the abdominal muscles during expiration which..produces an expiratory wheeze.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Polypnœic, polypneic. 1934Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CIX. 528 Any type of panting (the polypneic or the hyperpneic) that occurs after decortication is dependent on a rise in blood temperature. 1975Biol. Abstr. LIX. 1795/1 (heading) Induction of polypneic threshold by heating during cat sleep cycle.
1853Fraser's Mag. XLVII. 179 We have never had such a *polyponous individual as the Rector of Lyndon.
1821Sporting Mag. IX. 53 The ancients boasted the power of their *Polyposists.
1873Ganot Physics (ed. 6) vii. iii. §502 That the angle of deviation increases with the refractive index may be shown by means of the *polyprism. This name is given to a prism formed of several prisms of the same angle connected at their bases.
1849Craig, *Polyprismatic, presenting numerous prisms. 1864Webster, Polyprismatic, having many lateral secondary planes, with or without the primary planes; said of a prismatic crystal.
1974Jrnl. Virol. XIV. 261 (heading) Cleavage of mengovirus *polyproteins in vivo. 1975Sci. Amer. May 27/3 This huge protein, really a polyprotein, is then systematically cleaved by proteolytic enzymes.
1896J. Donovan in Classical Rev. Feb. 62/1 The gradual development from extreme oligoprothesy to considerable *polyprothesy, in the Tragic writers, is especially dwelt on.
Ibid., The enquiry leads to the general law that prose is *polyprothetic and poetry oligoprothetic.
1876World V. No. 105. 9 If it is..intolerable for one gentleman to call another a *polypseudonymous writer. 1902Swinburne in Q. Rev. July 30 The polypseudonymous ruffian who uses and wears out as many stolen names as ever did even the most cowardly and virulent of literary poisoners.
1693Phil. Trans. XVII. 928 The Pomiferous Trees and Shrubs,..these are all *Polypyrene.
1706Phillips, *Polypyrenous Fruit,..such Fruit of Trees, Herbs, etc. as contain two or more Kernels or Seeds within it. 1858in Mayne Expos. Lex.
1890Cent. Dict., *Polyrhizal.
1858Mayne Expos. Lex., Polyrhizus,..having many roots,..*polyrhizous.
1962Science 28 Dec. 1401/2 An intrinsic property of the *polyribosomal unit. 1970Sci. Jrnl. Apr. 36 In the unaltered cytoplasm surrounding these areas ribosomes were gathered into polyribosomal aggregates, indicating very active synthesis of protein.
1962*Polyribosome [see polysome]. 1973Sci. Amer. Apr. 41/1 As the synthesis of the messenger RNA proceeds, giving rise to a longer strand of RNA, more ribosomes attach themselves to the strand. They form a string called a polyribosome, which continues the translation of the elongating messenger RNA.
1925Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey XV. 440 The septic or grossly polluted portions of a stream... The organisms of this zone are those which have been termed by Kolkwitz and Marsson..*polysaprobic and by Forbes and Richardson..septic or saprobic. 1932Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. XVII. 112 The association of polysaprobic organisms occurs in waters rich in decaying organic matter. 1933[see oligosaprobic adj. s.v. oligo-]. 1946Jrnl. Ecol. XXXIII. 274 Judging from data obtained from other rivers the amounts of algal growth appear to fall into four groups,..in the polysaprobic waters (e.g. the river Tame) the numbers..are low. 1950Folia Limnologica Scandinavica V. 76 The polysaprobic zone is defined in a chemical respect as the zone in which reduction of the polluting substances takes place. 1973M. A. Sleigh Biol. Protozoa xi. 265 The largest numbers of protozoan organisms occur in polysaprobic conditions.
1873F. Hall Mod. Eng. 170 Multivocals..are of three sorts. I. *Polysemants, where there is identity of form in the symbols of primary significations and their derivatives; as (a) burst, cast, cost, cut, hit, presents, preterites, and participles; as (b) love, substantive and verb, or ill, adjective, adverb, and substantive; and as (c) post, stage, the substantives. II. Homographs, identical to the eye;..III. Homophones, identical to the ear only.
1862― Hindu Philos. Syst. 75 note, This is not the Sánkhya ‘nature’, prakṛiti, but our own *polysemantic ‘nature’. 1939L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. 255 Words are very frequently polysemantic. 1960E. Delavenay Introd. Machine Transl. vi. 81 In recent concise dictionaries the vocabulary of the English language comprises some 60,000 word entries: this number may run four times as high if each meaning of each polysemantic word is entered separately. 1961Amer. Speech XXXVI. 5 (heading) Polysemantic extensions of ‘dog’ and allied terms.
1966S. Ceccato in Automatic Transl. of Lang. (NATO Summer School, Venice, 1962) 75 First of all there is the problem of the *polysemanticity of the individual words.
1939L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. ix. 258 The principle of analogy or metaphor in *polysemantism..appears when the name of a well known historical..figure is extended to persons supposed to resemble that character. 1946Word II. 124 Synchronic semasiology..deals with..problems like homonyms, homophones, synonyms, polysemantism.
1904Gardner Dante's Ten Heavens 11 We are told in the Letter to Can Grande that the poem is *polysensuous.
1899Dublin Rev. Jan. 211 We do not think that Mr. Paget Toynbee quite realises in the Dictionary..the *poly⁓sensuousness of Beatrice.
1900Brit. Med. Jrnl. 15 Dec. 1693/2 Italian physicians..have given a name or names to this multiple inflammation of the serous cavities... The names are *polyserositis and polyorromenitis. 1915Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. CL. 518 (heading) Chronic lead-poisoning in guinea-pigs: with special reference to nephritis, cirrhosis, and polyserositis. 1966Wright & Symmers Systemic Path. I. i. 5/1 Occasionally, as a result of the compression of the inferior vena cava by the coarse fibrous tissue, a syndrome known as ‘polyserositis’ or Concato's disease develops in which fluid gradually collects in the pleural and peritoneal cavities.
1862H. W. Bellew Jrnl. Pol. Mission Afghanistan 216 The only clean..building is a *polysided domed mosque..that stands on an eminence overlooking the village.
1898Sedgwick Textbk. Zool. I. 125 note, The coenosark or hydrocaulus is said to be fascicled or *polysiphonic when it is composed of several adherent tubes.
1857Berkeley Cryptog. Bot. §133 Of those green Algae which are masked by calcareous matter, there are two series distinguished by their monosiphonous or *polysiphonous stems.
1951Strauss & Jackson in Jrnl. Polymer Sci. VI. *Polysoaps are defined as polymers to whose chain soap molecules are attached. 1976Nature 5 Aug. 519/2 Some enzymes may be converted into surface-active amphipathic conjugates by covalent coupling to certain types of polymeric detergents (polysoaps).
1778W. H. Marshall Minutes Agric., Digest 18 A Unisoil Farm requires fewer Implements than a *Polysoil Farm.
1904Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Dec. 1643/2 The subject of *polysomatous terata.
1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. vi. 251 Groups of *polysomitic segments, which..receive the name of thorax and abdomen.
1950H. Gastaut in Electroencephalogr. & Clin. Neurophysiol. II. 250/1 In the EEG is a burst of very large amplitude rhythmic spikes of a frequency equal to that of the flashes; these are bilateral and synchronized, and appear predominantly in the precentral and frontal regions where they can in fact be localized... These spikes are sometimes quite pure and thus constitute the complex for which we have proposed the name ‘*polyspike’. 1975S. Arieti Amer. Handbk. Psychiatry (ed. 2) IV. xiii. 320/2 The state is associated with prolonged EEG discharge of the 3-Hz. spike-wave type as well as..slower and faster components with polyspikes.
1887Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 417/2 (Sponge) A continued spiral growth through several revolutions gives the *poly⁓spire. 1888― in Challenger Rep. XXV. p. lxii, Polyspire... A spire of two or more revolutions.
1849Balfour Man. Bot. §392 If the stamens are double the sepals or petals..the flower is diplostemonous..; if more than double, *polystemonous. 1861Bentley Man. Bot. 254 Polystemenous [sic],..as in the Rose.
1889H. E. Handerson tr. Baas' Outl. Hist. Med. 1016 The stethoscope of Landouzy (*polystethoscope) with several tubes at one end, so that several persons can listen to the same murmur at once.
1863R. Townsend Mod. Geom. I. 144 A complete figure which..may be termed a *polystigm in the former case, and a polygram in the latter.
1881Blackmore Christowell x. I. 152 As the *polystigmatic view deepened, her name accrusted finally to the positive form of ‘Spotty’.
1843Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. VI. 195/1 A picturesque piece of *poly⁓stylar composition.
Ibid. 263/2 Such apertures must prove..at variance with its columnar and *polystyle character.
1837–8Sir W. Hamilton Logic xix. (1866) I. 363 A series of correlative syllogisms, following each other in the reciprocal relation of antecedent and consequent is called a *Poly⁓syllogism.
1952New Biol. XII. 28 The only method at present available for diagnosing monozygosity involves comparison of as many morphological and physiological characters as possible—the so called ‘*polysymptomatic similarity’ method which is that normally used for determining the zygotic nature of twins in man. 1962A. Bourne Doctor's Creed vi. 117 The unhappy woman is the victim of constant physical troubles which present a polysymptomatic picture which is quite incurable by the ordinary methods of clinical medicine. 1977Lancet 24/31 Dec. 1340/1 What do you do with a polysymptomatic patient in whom the only positive finding is an enlarged liver?
1709–10Henley in Swift's Wks. (1841) II. 452/2 When the *polytasted wine excited jovial thoughts and banished serious reflections.
1905Faith of Christian (ed. 2) 12/1 We have simply substituted what may be called *poly⁓thelemism, or the doctrine of many wills, for the doctrine of polytheism.
1894W. R. Williams Dis. Breast iv. 56 In other cases one or more supernumerary nipples, each with its own areola, have been met with, in various positions, on a single breast (intramammary *polythelia). 1928[see polymastia]. 1970H. P. Leis Diagnosis & Treatm. Breast Lesions iv. 60 Polythelia or accessory nipples may occur along the ‘milk line’ from the axilla to the symphysis pubis or anywhere over a given breast.
1886*Polythelism [see polymastism].
1928F. Z. Snoop From Monotremes to Madonna 23 *Polythely. This last form is commoner in men than women.
1852Ecclesiologist XIII. 63 They are read,—we mean read in *polytone,—by the Priest. 1866J. B. Dykes in P. Freeman Rites & Ritual 106 The use of the monotone dropped and gave place to our modern careless unecclesiastical polytone.
1974Tetrahedron XXX. 1596/1 The concept of shape is presented in terms of a dihedral angle relationship between adjacent *polytopal faces. This procedure was first employed..to map out structural form in the relatively complicated 8-atom family.
1908Proc. Sect. Sci. Koninkl. Akad. van Wetensch. Amsterdam X. 689 This leads us gradually to the question, whether it is not possible to point out one or more *polytopes—if not quite regular ones—which with C5 fill the fourdimensional space. 1929D. M. Y. Sommerville Introd. Geom. N Dimensions x. 190 In a plane there are an unlimited number of regular polygons and 3 regular networks, in space of three dimensions there are 5 regular polyhedra and one regular honeycomb, in S4 there are 6 regular polytopes and three regular honeycombs, in space of more than four dimensions there are just three regular polytopes and one regular honeycomb. 1974H. S. M. Coxeter Regular Complex Polytopes xiii. 141 The regular polytopes and honeycombs so far considered are the only ones that can exist in unitary spaces.
1611B. Jonson in Coryat Crudities, Charac. Authour, The character of y⊇ famous Odcombian or rather *Polytopian Thomas the Coryate.
1904Science 10 June 885/1 The idea that a species may originate in more than one place..did not originate with Briquet, but he resuscitated it and christened it the *polytopic theory. 1939Geogr. Jrnl. XCIII. 271 We are forced to fall back on the theory of polyphyletic and polytopic evolution. 1970Watsonia VIII. 143 The distribution of the hexaploids in Britain does not show any obvious pattern.., and this agrees with Rousi's suggestion that hexaploids have had a polytopic origin from the tetraploids.
1876C. A. Cutter Rules for Printed Dict. Catal. 14 It will be well to have both words,—polygraphic denoting (as now) collections of several works by one or many authors, *polytopical denoting works on many subjects. 1961T. Landau Encycl. Librarianship (ed. 2) 282/1 Polytopical. Descriptive of a book treating of several subjects.
1605Earl Stirling Alexandrœan Argt., Which multitude of murthers gave..to me the subject of this *Polytragicke Tragedie.
1858Mayne Expos. Lex., Polyuresia, *Polyuresis.
1842Dunglison Dict. Med. Sci. (ed. 3) 562/1 *Polyuria, diabetes. 1870J. R. Cormack tr. Trousseau's Lect. Clin. Med. III. lxv. 533 Polyuria, saccharine diabetes, and also sometimes albuminuria, may, in succession, attack the same individual. 1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. (ed. 6) 584 Polyuria is absent, but there exists a frequent desire for micturition. 1890Lancet 1 Nov. 938/1 Reducing the polyuria and the thirst.
1870J. R. Cormack tr. Trousseau's Lect. Clin. Med. III. lxv. 536, I have..had the pain to see nearly all the *polyuric patients whom I had to treat, waste away rapidly. 1885W. Roberts Urinary & Renal Dis. ii. i. (ed. 4) 245 In poly⁓uric subjects the contractile power of the renal vessels is apparently paralysed.
1890Pop. Sc. Monthly Feb. 500 For the protection of the mulberry-trees, the raising of *poly⁓voltines, or worms that hatch several broods a year, is forbidden in many countries.
1953Parasitology XLII. 260 (table) *Polyxenic. [Number of associated organisms] Several. [Source of term] New. 1976Ann. Rev. Microbiol. XXX. 128 Laboratory stocks of many protozoa are maintained on mono- to polyxenic substrates. In an attempt to establish axenic cultures of Entamoeba histolytica, spontaneous and sporadic lysis in these amoeba developed.
2. In Chemistry, a prefixed element indicating generally the higher members of a series of mono-, di-, tri-, etc. compounds; sometimes including all except the primary or mono- member.
a. Prefixed to ns., forming ns. used as the names of compounds formed by the combination of two or more atoms, molecules, or radicals (sometimes with elimination of hydrogen atoms, water molecules, etc.), as polyethylene; polyˈglycerin: see quot. 1877; polyˈoxide, a binary compound containing several oxygen atoms, as a pentoxide; so polyˈsulphide, polyˈterebene, polyˈterpene, etc.
1854J. Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc., Chem. 353 The designation of polysulphurets has been applied. 1866Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 687 Polyterebenes, hydrocarbons polymeric with oil of turpentine. 1877Watts Fownes' Chem. (ed. 12) II. 185 Polyglycerius. Two, three, or more molecules of glycerin can unite into a single molecule, with elimination of a number of water-molecules less by one than the number of glycerin molecules which combine together.
b. Prefixed to adjs. or ns., forming adjs., meaning ‘containing or derived from two or more molecules of the substance expressed by the second element’: e.g. polycarbic, polyethenic, polyoxygen, polysulphuretted. See also polyacid, polyatomic, polybasic, polythionic.
1854J. Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc., Chem. 353 These polysulphuretted combinations are decomposed. 1866Odling Anim. Chem. 113 We cannot doubt that corresponding acids with three and four atoms of oxygen are also formed, as in other modes of oxidation;..such poly-oxygen acids being much less volatile. 1873Watts Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 621 Polyethenic alcohols..contain the elements of two or more molecules of ethene oxide combined with one molecule of water.
c. Now used esp. to form the names of polymers and other types of compound which have a number of identical groups in their structure. The second element is in some cases a suffix. Usage of the prefix is restricted by some authors to cases where the number of constituent groups is large (in contrast to oligo-), but there is no uniformity in this respect. The prefix is now very abundant in Chem., and only the more widely occurring formations are included below.
poly-A, poly A, etc. = polyadenylic acid below; polyˈacetal, any of a class of polymers containing the repeating group{b1}O·CH(R){b1}, which are prepared by addition polymerization of aldehydes and are typically strong thermoplastics used as moulding materials; polyaˈcetylene, any organic compound containing two or more carbon-carbon triple bonds; hence ˌpolyacetyˈlenic a.; polyaˈcrylamide (or ˌpolyacryˈlamide) [acryl + amide], any of the polymers of acrylamide, CH2{b2}CH·CONH2, or its substituted derivatives, which are water-soluble polymers widely used to form or stabilize gels and as thickening, suspending, or clarifying agents, etc.; polyaˈcrylic a. (and n.), designating compounds which are polymers of acrylic acid or its esters, or thermoplastic materials consisting of or made from such polymers; hence polyˈacrylate, an ester or salt of polyacrylic acid; a polymer of an acrylic ester or, loosely, of acrylic acid; ˌpolyacryloˈnitrile, any of the polymers of acrylonitrile, many of which are used commercially, esp. as man-made fibres; ˌpolyadeˈnylic acid Biochem. [adenyl], a polynucleotide formed from adenosine monophosphate by the action of polynucleotide polymerase, and isolated as fibres; abbrev. poly-A; polyˈalcohol, a polyhydric alcohol; polyˈallomer [f. allomerism after polymer], any of a class of crystalline thermoplastics which are copolymers of two or more different alkenes, esp. ethylene and propylene; polyˈamine, any organic compound which contains two or more amine groups; polyanˈhydride, any of a class of polymers in which the units are linked through the anhydride group, {b1}CO·O·CO{b1}, and which includes many resins used commercially, esp. as fibres; polyanion, -anionic a. (see sense 1 above); polyˈbrominated a., applied to compounds in which two or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by bromine atoms; ˌpolybutaˈdiene, any of the polymers of 1,3-butadiene or its derivatives; also, any of the class of synthetic rubbers consisting of or made from such polymers; ˌpolycarboˈxylic a., having more than one carboxyl group in the molecule; polycation, -cationic a. (see sense 1 above); polyˈchloroprene, any of the polymers of chloroprene; also, any of the class of synthetic rubbers (esp. neoprene) consisting of or made from such polymers; polyˈdiene Chem., any polymer of a conjugated diene, esp. any of those forming a number of types of synthetic rubber; polyene |ˈpɒlɪiːn| [-ene], any organic compound containing two or more carbon-carbon double bonds; hence polyˈenic, polyeˈnoic adjs.; polyˈethenoid a. = polyenic adj.; also as n.; polyˈformal, -forˈmaldehyde = polyoxymethylene below; polygluˈtamic acid Biochem., a synthetic polypeptide consisting of glutamic acid residues; polyˈglycine Biochem., any oligopeptide or polypeptide composed of glycine residues; spec. a synthetic crystalline long-chain polypeptide having this structure; polyˈglycol = polyethylene glycol s.v. polyethylene a; polyglyˈcolic acid, a polyester fibre which is made by polymerizing glycolic acid, CH2OH·COOH, and is used in surgery for ligatures, as it is slowly and harmlessly absorbed by the body; polyhydroxy(-), prefix used to designate compounds or groups containing more than one hydroxyl group; also (without hyphen, as an independent word) as quasi-adj.; polyhyˈdroxyl = prec. (quasi-adj. use); ˌpolyisoˈbutylene, any polymer of isobutylene; also, any of the large class of synthetic rubbers consisting of or made from such polymers; polyˈlysine Biochem., a synthetic polypeptide consisting of lysine residues; ˌpolymethaˈcrylic acid, any polymer of methacrylic acid; hence polymeˈthacrylate, a salt or ester of polymethacrylic acid; also, any of the synthetic resins made by polymerizing esters of methacrylic acid; polyol |ˈpɒlɪɒl| (a) [ol], an ol complex which contains more than one bridging hydroxyl ligand; now rare; (b) [-ol], a polyhydric alcohol; polyˈolefin(e, any polymer of an olefin, esp. any of the commercially important synthetic resins of this type; also = polyene above; ˌpolyoxyˈethylene, designating, or used in the names of, compounds containing the polymeric group {b1}(CH2·CH2·O)n{b1}; ˌpolyoxyˈmethylene, any of a number of white, crystalline polymers which are prepared from formaldehyde and in which the repeating unit is {b1}CH2·O{b1}; esp. any of the tough, strong thermoplastics of this type which are used as moulding materials; polyˈphenol, any compound which contains more than one phenolic hydroxyl group; hence polyˈphenolic a.; polyphenol oxidase, ˌpolyphenoˈloxidase Biochem. [ad. G. polyphenoloxydase (Battelli & Stern 1912, in Ergebnisse d. Physiol. XII. 96): see oxidase], any of the phenolases which oxidize polyphenols; loosely, any phenolase; polyˈphenylene, any polymer in which the repeating unit is or contains the para-phenylene group; polyphenylene oxide, a thermoplastic having the structure {b1}(p-C6H4O)n{b1}, which is used as a moulding material; ˌpolyphoˈsphoric acid, any oxyacid of pentavalent phosphorus which contains two or more phosphorus atoms, spec. a mixture of polymers of orthophosphoric acid which is used in organic chemistry esp. as a mild dehydrating agent; hence polyˈphosphate, a salt, anion, or ester of any such acid; polysiˈloxane [siloxane], any polymer which is based upon a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms; esp. a silicone; polyˈstyrol = polystyrene; polyˈsulphide, (a) a salt or other compound which contains two or more sulphur atoms bonded together, as an anion or group; also, such an anion or group; (b) any polymer in which the units are linked through polysulphide groups, esp. any of a class of synthetic rubbers with this structure; freq. attrib.; polyˈsulphone, any polymer in which the units contain the sulphone linkage, {b1}SO2{b1}, esp. a type of thermosetting synthetic resin which has this structure and is used as a moulding material, esp. in electrical and electronic applications; polyˈterpene [ad. G. polyterpen (O. Wallach 1885, in Ann. d. Chem. CCXXVII. 302)], any of the higher members of the terpene series, (C5H8)n; a polymer of a terpene; polyˈterpenoid = prec.; polyˈuronide [uronic a. + -ide], any polysaccharide which consists of uronic acid residues, usu. in combination with simple monosaccharides.
1957Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXIX. 2023/2 Experiments were carried out with poly-A and poly-U prepared..with polyribonucleotide phosphorylase from E.coli. 1968W. Müller in E. Harbers et al. Introd. Nucleic Acids iii. 51 Below pH 6, polyA yields fibers with high negative birefringence. 1975Poly(A) [see polyadenylic acid below].
1931Chem. Rev. VIII. 371 The reaction between glycols and acetaldehyde (or acetylene) presents the possibility of forming cyclic acetals..or polyacetals. 1967Times Rev. Industry June 72/3 There are in hand expansion programmes covering polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polystyrene, butadiene, polyacetals, and polyesters. 1973Materials & Technol. VI. viii. 578 Polyacetal is largely crystalline and not transparent. It resists weathering well and..shows little cold flow.
1885Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLVIII. 759 (heading) Polyacetylene compounds. 1952Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXIV. 1588/2 From these spectra, Dr. Sörensen identified our compounds as polyacetylenes. 1967New Scientist 13 Apr. 95/2 In recent years the widespread occurrence in fungi and plants..of straight-chain ‘polyacetylenes’..has been recognized. 1978Sci. Amer. Dec. 66/1 It is conceivable that a polyacetylene film could replace ordinary metal conductors in some special circumstances, such as where weight or resistance to corrosion is important.
1952Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXIV. 1588/2 The isolation of polyacetylenic compounds from several genera of Compositae. 1961Chem. Nat. Products (I.U.P.A.C.) I. 570 The cis-lachnophyllum ester..is also most unusual in being a polyacetylenic compound which has been used in industry.
1944Jrnl. Org. Chem. IX. 501 Another possible source of polyvinylamine would be the hypobromite degradation of polyacrylamide. 1962H. Bloemendal et al. in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism Rel. Cataract 300 The large size of α-crystallin is responsible for its electrophoretic behaviour..in polyacrylamide gel. 1976Nature 18 Nov. 264/1 Polypeptides were identified by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and autoradiography.
1932Chem. Abstr. XXVI. 1249 With the polyacrylate salts,..the process is approx. reversible. 1946[see polymethacrylate below]. 1974P. L. Moore et al. Drilling Practices Manual v. 117 Polymers of the colloidal type..do not aggregate solids, as do the polyacrylates.
1930Chem. Abstr. XXIV. 1563 Colloid mols. may be homeopolar (polystyrols, rubber), or heteropolar (polyacrylic acid salts, albuminoids). 1939Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XLIII. 241 The article deals with the mechanical and physical properties of four representative transparent plastic resins: Cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, polymer mixtures and polyacrylic esters. 1943Ibid. XLVII. 140 The polyacrylic resins are thermoplastic, and articles can be made of them by moulding or extrusion. 1959Times Rev. Industry Sept. 4/1 The last 20 years have seen the development of non-cellulosic fibres such as..polyacrylics (Courtelle, Orlon, Acrilan). 1973Materials & Technol. VI. viii. 560 The chemical composition of polyacrylic acid, as the basic polymer of the whole class of acrylics, permits the production of many derivatives.
1935C. Ellis Chem. Synthetic Resins II. 1072 Hydrolysis of polyacrylonitrile in the presence of water also gives an aqueous solution of the polymerized acid. 1963A. J. Hall Textile Sci. ii. 89 Great difficulty has attended the devising of a satisfactory process for spinning Orlon from polyacrylonitrile. 1969Nature 25 Jan. 357/2 Cellulose and polyacrylonitrile..have been found to produce carbon fibre of good strength and modulus.
1956Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXVIII. 3548/2 While studying the X-ray diffraction patterns of synthetic nucleotide polymers, we mixed together the sodium salts of polyadenylic acid and polyuridylic acid. 1961Jrnl. Molecular Biol. III. 78 The helical molecule of polyadenylic acid consists of two polynucleotide chains organized about a twofold rotation axis. 1975Nature 27 Nov. 357/1 Polyadenylic acid (poly(A)) is present at the 3′ terminus of most classes of cytoplasmic messenger RNAs..in all eukaryotic organisms reported so far.
1900E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter's Org. Chem. (ed. 3) II. 247 Of the aromatic polyalcohols, having the hydroxyl groups attached to different carbon atoms of the same side-chain, it is only the glycols and their oxidation products which have been studied in any sense completely. 1974Nature 19 Apr. 668/1 The donor and acceptor groups were aliphatic hydroxyl groups in polyalcohols, saccharides and related compounds.
1962New Scientist 22 Mar. 697/2 They are described as stereoregular crystalline plastics and have been given the name polyallomers because their highly crystalline structure differs in chemical composition from other crystalline plastics. 1962H. J. Hagemeyer in Mod. Plastics June 157/2 The term polyallomer was coined [by the writer] to identify this new class of polymers and to distinguish them from previous known homopolymers and copolymers... These new polymers are examples of allomerism in polymer chemistry. 1975C. A. Harper Handbk. Plastics & Elastomers i. 91 Polyallomers are superior to polyethylene in flow characteristics, moldability, softening point, hardness, stress-crack resistance, and mold shrinkage. 1975Nature 18 Dec. 638/2 CsCl powder (5·4g) was added to the solution in a siliconised polyallomer tube.
1861Proc. R. Soc. XI. 281 (heading) Monacid polyamines. 1875Chem. News 2 July 1/1 (heading) The mono character of ethylen and other polyamines. 1910N. V. Sidgwick Org. Chem. Nitrogen iii. 72 This looseness of attachment of the nitrogen is characteristic of these poly-amines. 1965New Scientist 25 Mar. 795/2 Polyamines such as spermine and putrescine have been found in vegetable embryos and the seeds of various plants.
1931Chem. Rev. VIII. 371 (heading) Polyanhydrides. 1932Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LIV. 1584 Polyanhydrides derived from dibasic acids of the series HOOC(CH2)xCOOH are especially easy to obtain in the superpolymeric state. 1972Encycl. Polymer Sci. & Technol. X. 649 The best fiber-forming properties are found..in the series of polyanhydrides prepared from di(p-carboxyphenoxy)⁓α,ω-alkanes.
1940U.S. Patent 2,199,397 4/2 A process for producing new surface active products which comprises reacting trimethylamine with a polybrominated palmitic acid. 1977Time 4 Apr. 56/3 Michigan farmers..last year lost thousands of cattle to poisoning when a fire retardant called polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) was accidentally mixed with feed. 1977Lancet 9 Apr. 790/2 When, in the U.S.A., flame resistance in children's sleeping clothes became mandatory, industry responded promptly, using those polychlorinated or polybrominated compounds which were to hand.
1935Chem. Abstr. XXIX. 3976 Polyethylene sulfone..and polypropylene sulfone..decompose..above 300°, polybutadiene sulfone, polyisoprene sulfone,..at 200–20°. 1946F. Marchionna Butalastic Polymers vii. 209 In this method there are obtained 1-ethenyl-3-cyclohexene and low molecular weight polybutadiene. 1960Times 28 Sept. 21/6 When the Shell Chemical Company announced that they would be making polybutadiene and poly-isoprene in the United Kingdom it marked another important step in the production of synthetic rubbers in Britain. 1975Sci. Amer. Dec. 101/1 Polymers that exhibit rubbery behaviour at room temperature include polyisoprene (natural rubber) and polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber).
1898Proc. Chem. Soc. XIV. 179 The preparation of a number of salts of polycarboxylic acids..is described. 1947[see polyion s.v. poly- 1]. 1970Jrnl. Polymer Sci. A. VIII. 1483 The polycarboxylic resins act in a manner similar to some monomeric polycarboxylic acids.
1931W. H. Carothers et al. in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LIII. 4206 We will call this product µ-polychloroprene to distinguish it from other chloroprene polymers that will be described later in this paper. 1951Engineering 7 Sept. 289/3 The insulation employed includes..vulcanised rubber with sheaths of lead alloy or polychloroprene compound. 1970Cabinet Maker & Retail Furnisher 30 Oct. 208/3 Adhesives based on neoprene or more generally polychloroprene have been used for many years for bonding decorative laminates to various core materials.
1946Nature 17 Aug. 224/1 Quite a number of vinyl polymers, poly-esters, polyamides, and polydienes give well-defined patterns indicative of a high degree of internal order, provided they are stretched as in rubber or are drawn into fibres as in polyamides. 1960Times Rev. Industry May 53/3 Also at the end of March came the announcement from Shell Chemicals that it is to build a plant..for the manufacture of polydiene rubbers, polybutadiene and polyisoprene. 1960Economist 28 May 896/2 The main increase will be in butyl rubber..and in the new polydienes—polyisoprene and polybutadiene rubber—which the makers hope will prove suitable for heavy-duty tyres.
1928Chem. Abstr. XXII. 1768 (heading) Addition of hydrogen and bromine to the poly-enes. 1934Science 25 May 489/1 The names which have been given to almost all the known polyene pigments have had a taxonomic origin in either botany or zoology. 1970New Scientist 5 Nov. 260/1 The polyene macrolides are an important group of antibiotics.
1961Webster, Polyenic. 1972Nature 21 Jan. 132/1 A quite different kind of molecule..is the polyenic visual pigment constituent, retinal. 1976Chem. Physics Lett. XLIII. 270 The Raman spectra show..large shifts of vibrational frequencies relative to other polyenic polymers and oligomers.
1949Arch. Biochem. XX. 333 Table II shows the composition of the various tissue fatty acids with respect to dienoic, trienoic, and polyenoic fatty acids. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 181 Gas-liquid chromatography revealed so little polyenoic C18 acids that the mean unsaturation could generally only be expressed as monethenoid.
1935Biochem. Jrnl. XXIX. 1553 (heading) Polyethenoid acids. 1951H. J. Deuel Lipids I. ii. 20 From a quantitative standpoint, linoleic acid is the most important of the polyethenoid acids found in vegetable oils. 1957Lancet 13 Apr. 787/1 The poly-ethenoids in fish oils are so different from those in the other food fats. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 177 The polyethenoid alcohols never seem to amount to more than traces [in the depot lipids of fish]. Ibid. 179 There are some suggestive findings to indicate that polyethenoids and long-chain homologues may..be greatly reduced in amount [in the castor-oil fish, Ruvettus pretiosus].
1935Hill & Carothers in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LVII. 925/2 Compared with the polyesters derived from carbonic acid, the rate of distillation was quite slow; in this respect, the polyformals resembled the..polyesters derived from the higher dibasic acids such as sebacic. 1962J. T. Marsh Self-Smoothing Fabrics vii. 91 When fabrics are treated with the polyformal they have a softer handle and better resistance to abrasion than when treated with formaldehyde alone.
1959Trans. Faraday Soc. LV. 1484 The polarized spectra of oriented films of Delrin, a commercial polyformaldehyde resin have been investigated. 1965Haslam & Willis Identif. & Anal. Plastics viii. 248 Polyformaldehyde is inherently an unstable polymer and if unmodified decomposes rapidly on heating. 1973E. H. Immergut tr. Vollmert's Polymer Chem. ii. 253 Polyformaldehyde..can be transformed to transparent and hard plastics with high mechanical strength.
1945H. Fraenkel-Conrat et al. in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXVII. 317/1 Polyglutamic acid was prepared..from a bacterial culture medium. 1970A. L. Lehninger Biochem. vi. 113 Polyglutamic acid is a random coil at pH 7·0 because its R groups at that pH are all negatively charged. However, at pH 2·0, its R groups have no charge, and it readily forms an α-helix.
1906Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XC. i. 403 (heading) Action of nitrous acid on polyglycine esters. 1956Nature 18 Feb. 326/1 The two crystallographic forms of polyglycine..have recently been reinvestigated. 1968E. J. DuPraw Cell & Molecular Biol. xii. 290 (caption) A molecule of polyglycine, the simplest possible polypeptide chain.
1889G. M'Gowan tr. Bernthsen's Text-bk. Org. Chem. 193 Ethylene glycol combines with glycol to form the so-called Polyglycols, e.g. Di-ethylene glycol, C2H4(OH){b1}O{b1}C2H4(OH). 1959Times 3 Mar. 7/6 Shell chemicals are already extensively used..in hydraulic brake fluids (glycols, glycol ethers and polyglycols). 1961H. R. Simonds Source Bk. New Plastics II. iv. 49 The polyglycols are receiving increased attention as intermediates in plastics compounds.
1956Chem. Abstr. L. 11349 HOCH2CO2H..(7·6 g.) standing with 100 cc. dioxane-Et2O (1:3) satd. with HCl at room temp. gave 0·8 g. of a polyglycolic acid H(OCH2CO)nOH.., m. 126–8°. 1969Brit. Med. Jrnl. 3 May 308/1 A synthetic absorbable suture material made of polyglycolic acid (P.G.A.) has recently been developed. 1977Lancet 28 May 1128/1 The results of using interrupted nylon skin sutures or subcuticular polyglycolic acid (P.G.A.) sutures after appendicectomy were compared in a prospective controlled trial in 127 patients.
1895Thomson & Bloxam Bloxam's Chem. (ed. 8) 587 (heading) Polyhydroxy-monobasic acids. 1913Jrnl. Chem. Soc. CIV. i. 1147 (heading) The spatial arrangement of the hydroxyl groups of polyhydroxy-compounds. 1945[see polyisocyanate]. 1965Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xiv. 545 A number of elements and compounds have the ability to form glasses. Examples include..most polymeric materials such as polystyrene, and many poly-hydroxy compounds, e.g. water, glycol and glycerol. 1967New Scientist 4 May 270/3 The darkening in afrormosia, another African hardwood, is due to certain polyhydroxystilbenes.
1951L. H. Long tr. Hückel's Struct. Chem. Inorg. Compounds II. xi. 916 A further example is the intensification of the acidity of the very weak boric acid by complex-formation with organic polyhydroxyl compounds. 1957B. A. Dombrow Polyurethanes i. 2 If we take the urethane group, and, instead of..a simple alcohol,..utilize a polyhydroxyl material like glycol, etc., a point of growth is produced. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. xi. 710 Various organic substances, either colloids, such as gum arabic, or crystalloids, such as ascorbic acid and other polyhydroxyl compounds.., stabilize ferric hydroxide sols.
1931Jrnl. Physical Chem. XXXV. 1893 (table) Polyisobutylene. 1935C. Ellis Chem. Synthetic Resins I. ix. 166 Staudinger and Brunner have examined isobutylene polymerized in the presence of floridin... They separated the resulting mixture..into tri-isobutylene, pentaisobutylene, and a polyisobutylene. 1942Industr. & Engin. Chem. Oct. 1192/1 The high degree of chemical stability and excellent dielectric properties of polyisobutylene have led to its widespread commercial use. 1966Economist 1 Oct. 84/3 Later the two companies may co-operate in making polyisobutylene, plastic foam and other products.
1947E. Katchalski et al. in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXIX. 2564/2 On extending experiments concerning polymerization of amino acids to basic amino acids, we succeeded in preparing poly-lysine. 1964G. H. Haggis et al. Introd. Molecular Biol. iii. 55 In acid solution,..polylysine forms a flexible chain, the repulsion between the side chains preventing helix formation. 1973Nature 6 Apr. 361/1 He [sc. E. Katchalsky] was the first to synthesize polylysine, a molecule that is much used in immunological research.
1935C. Ellis Chem. Synthetic Resins II. liii. 1078 The metallic..polymethacrylates are said to possess useful thermoplastic and film-forming properties. 1946Nature 17 Aug. 224/1 The most notable exceptions are polyacrylates and polymethacrylates, and polyvinyl acetate. The X-ray diffraction patterns produced by these amorphous polymers yield practically no information regarding their constitution. 1973Sci. Amer. Aug. 111/3 Lenses, mirrors and fiber optics of plastics, usually polymethacrylate and polystyrene, are often made by glass-working techniques.
1897Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXII. i. 399 (heading) Polymethacrylic acid. 1935C. Ellis Chem. Synthetic Resins II. liii. 1080 Polymethacrylic acid begins to decompose at 200°C. 1973Materials & Technol. VI. viii. 559 In polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and the amide derivatives..the polymers decompose on heating as the softening point is reached.
1931Jrnl. Physical Chem. XXXIV. 44 To account for lack of mobility in the shift of equilibrium, we can picture the aluminum oxychloride sol as resembling the polyol basic chromic salts reported by Bjerrum. 1948W. Pigman Chem. Carbohydrates vi. 232 The designation ‘polyols’ introduced here is synonymous with the longer, customary term, polyhydric alcohols. 1962R. van Heyningen in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism Rel. Cataract 396 A comprehensive review on the biochemistry of acyclic polyols has just been published. 1975Nature 17 Jan. 194/1 Since glycerol causes cell fusion, other polyols have been investigated for fusogenic properties.
1930Industr. & Engin. Chem. June 591/1 Polymerization (A polymers). Examples: Olefins and poly-olefins, unsaturated hydrocarbons, azo-compounds. 1936Trans. Faraday Soc. XXXII. 5 Dimerisation is observed with the olefines and it is possible that the polyolefines may be built up in this way. 1959Economist 7 Mar. 895/2 By 1961, with these new plants, British capacity in ‘polyolefin’ plastics will be over 150,000 tons a year. 1962B.S.I. News Dec. 19/2 The viscosity number of polyolefines. 1969L. S. Mounts in W. R. R. Park Plastics Film Technol. v. 122 Low density polyethylene films..constitute the largest segment of the polyolefin film market.
1939Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXI. 1905/2 This method..was used in the present work to synthesize the 6-, 18- and 42-membered polyoxyethylene glycols. 1952Martindale's Extra Pharmacopœia (ed. 23) I. 574 The polyoxyethylene derivatives are mostly soluble or dispersible in water. 1960A. E. Bender Dict. Nutrition 100/1 Monoglycerides are soluble in fat, but by reacting with ethylene oxide the resulting polyoxyethylene derivatives become water-soluble to whatever degree is required. 1972Materials & Technol. V. ix. 265 Polyoxyethylene dioleate and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether are viscous liquids and act as non-ionic emulsifiers. Ibid. x. 309 The polyoxyethylene alcohol surfactants range in solubility from completely oil-soluble to completely water-soluble, depending on the number of moles of ethylene oxide added.
1908Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCIV. i. 131 When heated in the open, these three poly⁓oxymethylenes volatilise without first melting. 1930Chem. News 24 Oct. 264/2 The ends of the long chains might be saturated by groups such as hydroxyl, methoxyl, or acid residues, as in the case with poly-oxymethylenes. 1952New Biol. XII. 109 The clouds in the atmosphere of Venus..are said by some to be dust and by others to be polyoxymethylene. 1959Jrnl. Appl. Physics XXX. 1516/1 (caption) Single crystals of an acetal resin, polyoxymethylene. 1975Sci. Amer. Dec. 104/2 Examples of drawable semicrystalline polymers are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyoxymethylene, and nylon.
1894Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXVI. i. 415 It is noteworthy that all polyphenols derived from pyrogallol yield blue compounds. 1947Sci. News V. 90 Many substances to be found in soil will reduce manganese dioxide, for example, polyphenols and sulphydryl compounds. 1973Sci. Amer. Dec. 62/1 The abundance in the leaves of plants of distasteful and toxic compounds such as alkaloids and polyphenols.
1928Chem. Abstr. XXII. 411 (heading) Complexes of uranyl with polyphenolic acids. 1958Times 22 Dec. 1/5 (Advt.), Synthesis and testing of natural polyphenolic compounds as anti-oxidants.
1913Chem. Abstr. VII. 796 They [sc. Battelli and Stern]..defend the use of the term polyphenoloxidase used to designate the enzyme which oxidizes chiefly the polyphenols and polyamines. 1956New Biol. XX. 96 Browning [of tomatoes] may be associated with phenolic substances..and their subsequent polymerization to melanins by the action of polyphenoloxidases present in the host cells. 1973F. B. Abeles Ethylene in Plant Biol. viii. 205 Polyphenol oxidase is a copper-containing enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of phenols such as tyrosine and is responsible for the blackening of cut raw potatoes on exposure to air. 1974R. G. S. Bidwell Plant Physiol. vi. 119 Several enzymes that oxidize phenols to quinones are known. Two of the most important are monophenol oxidase (tyrosinase) and polyphenol oxidase (catechol oxidase).
1931Chem. Rev. VIII. 375 In a similar way the oxidation of phenols may lead to the formation of polyphenylene ethers. 1965Jrnl. Appl. Polymer Sci. IX. 513 Polyphenylenes tend to be brittle and intractable. 1965Mod. Plastics Encycl. 1966 303/1 Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) is a new high performance engineering thermoplastic, with a unique combination of properties. 1971New Scientist 24 June 761/1 Printed circuitry utilises..polyphenylene oxide parts. 1975J. A. Brydson Plastics Materials (ed. 3) xxi. 470 Several substituted linear polyphenylenes have also been prepared but none appear to have the resistance to thermal decomposition shown by the simple poly-p-phenylene.
1908Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCIV. ii. 838 The various supposed polyphosphates can be considered theoretically as formed by the union of pyrophosphate and metaphosphate in various proportions. 1960A. E. Bender Dict. Nutrition 100/2 Polyphosphates, complex phosphates added to foods, in particular to meat products... Include pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10), longer phosphate chains of 100 phosphate units, polyphosphate glasses prepared by rapid quenching of Na2O{b1}P2O5 melts. 1962Cotton & Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. xx. 397 Linear polyphosphates..are salts of anions of general formula [PnO3n + 1](n + 2)-. Ibid. 398 Cyclic polyphosphates..are salts of anions of general formula [PnO3n]n-.
1895Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXVIII. ii. 445 (heading) New polyphosphoric acid, H5P3O10, and its salts. 1950Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXII. 2962/2 In order to test this hypothesis the reaction was carried out in polyphosphoric acid, a commercially available mixture of the ‘strong phosphoric acids’. 1967I. L. Finar Org. Chem. (ed. 5) I. ix. 229 Snyder et al. (1954) have shown that the hydrolysis of cyanides with polyphosphoric acid gives very good yields of amide.
1944Mod. Plastics Nov. 124/1 (caption) The formation of silicones... Condensation to siloxanes... A polysiloxane. 1946Industr. & Engin. Chem. Nov. 1117/1 Industrial attention has been directed to the liquid polysiloxanes since the announcement in 1944 that silicones were in commercial production. 1955Brown & Dey India's Mineral Wealth (ed. 3) 391 The resultant organosilicon chlorides are hydrolysed to silanols which condense into the polysiloxanes or silicones. 1959B. S. Garvey in M. Morton Introd. Rubber Technol. i. 33 The silicone rubbers are polysiloxanes.
1932Nature 19 Nov. 756/1 He [sc. H. Staudinger] has prepared a polystyrol (C8H8)6000, with about 100,000 atoms in the molecule and a molecular weight of 600,000. 1940‘Plastes’ Plastics in Industry vi. 73 Polystyrol..is mechanically somewhat weaker than cellulose acetate. 1966Economist 16 July 263/1 (Advt.), Technical synthesis of styrol for polystyrol and Buna synthesis.
1849H. Watts tr. Gmelin's Handbk. Chem. III. ii. 98 The aqueous solution of the polysulphide of sodium is yellow. 1871Roscoe Elem. Chem. 215 From the formation of polysulphides of ammonium and water. 1882Rep. to Ho. Repr. Prec. Met. U.S. 615 Some sulphurets from Nevada County were digested in a solution of sodium polysulphide, with the addition of free sulphur. 1935C. Ellis Chem. Synthetic Resins II. lviii. 1170 As some of the commercial sulphur resins are polysulphides, Thomas and Riding's work on the alkyl polysulphides should be considered. 1959B. S. Garvey in M. Morton Introd. Rubber Technol. i. 33 The Thiokols are polysulfides of organic dihalides. 1959J. S. Jorczak in Ibid. xv. 363 Polysulfide polymers were first introduced in 1930. 1963C. R. Cowell et al. Inlays, Crowns, & Bridges v. 50 One brand of polysulphide rubber is supplied in two viscosities, a more fluid grade for use with a syringe and injection into the cavity, and a more viscous grade for use in an impression tray. 1965Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xvi. 578 The sulphides redissolving in excess sulphide mostly give rise to polysulphide anions, e.g. [SnS3]2-.
1934Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LVI. 1815/2 Seyer and King have suggested a polysulfone structure..for the addition product of cyclohexene and sulfur dioxide. 1967Times Rev. Industry June 68/1 In the main these are specialist materials offering advances in thermal, mechanical or electrical properties, and include the phenoxy polymers, the polysulphones, methyl pentene polymers, to mention a few. 1971New Scientist 24 June 761/1 Polysulphone moulded components perform satisfactorily in various aircraft parts.
1885Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLVIII. i. 551 The author [sc. O. Wallach] proposes to classify the terpenes as follows:..C Polyterpenes. 1. Tripentenes, C15H24.. 2. Tetrapentenes, C20H32.. 3. Polyterpenes, (C10H16)x, such as caoutchouc, &c. 1956I. L. Finar Org. Chem. II. viii. 250 Rubber is the most important polyterpene. 1970Encycl. Polymer Sci. & Technol. XIII. 577 Serious attempts are being made by the resin manufacturers to develop a substitute for polyterpenes from petroleum distillates. Ibid. 591 Polyterpene and terpene-urethan resins are used as additives in the preparation of hot-melt coating mixtures.
1936L. F. Fieser Chem. Nat. Products related to Phenanthrene 358 Previously polyterpenoid compounds had been known to occur only in plants. 1964New Scientist 22 Oct. 220/1 A feature of polyterpenoids which had already been noted by chemists was that the carbon skeletons of their molecules could usually be dissected into five-carbon units with branched chains. 1971G. P. Moss in K. H. Overton Terpenoids & Steroids I. v. 198 Although the best-known polyterpenoid is rubber, recent work has demonstrated a range of polyprenols and related compounds such as vitamins E and K.
1930Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LII. 2474 Conjugated uronic acids, the so-called polyuronides found in pectins, gums, alginic acids, the specific polysaccharide substances of certain micro-organisms, and other plant materials also yield carbon dioxide when heated with 12·0{pmil} hydrochloric acid. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. xvii. 889 The main part of the humus of acid peat is not a lignin derivative but apparently consists of hemicelluloses or polyuronides. 1975Nature 11 Dec. 483/2 The natural soil ‘cements’ include polysaccharides and polyuronides.
3. Words in which poly- represents or is derived from another Eng. word beginning with the element, as poly-cotton [f. polyester]; ˈpolyreaction Chem., any reaction that yields a polymer; ˈpolyrod Radio [see quot. 1950], an antenna consisting of a rod of dielectric material (usu. tapered) projecting from a waveguide. Cf. poly3.
1978Country Life 28 Dec. 2237/1 The basic Burberry trenchcoat..now costs around {pstlg}99, made in poly-cotton. 1979Times 1 Dec. 10/1 (Advt.), Dreamy Nightwear... The skirts of both garments are polycotton; 65% polyester and 35% cotton.
1941Mark & Raff High Polymeric Reactions 3 To avoid the lengthy expressions, polymerization reactions and polycondensation reactions,..we shall designate both as polyreactions. 1959New Scientist 2 July 34/2 The remaining lectures were divided into two groups with the general titles ‘Physics and Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules’ and ‘Polyreactions’.
1945Electronic Industries Sept. 222 Polyrod antenna, an antenna in which the radiating element is a rod of polystyrene. 1947Bell Syst. Technical Jrnl. XXVI. 844 The principal defect of the uniform polyrod is the strong minor lobes. 1950H. P. Williams Antenna Theory & Design II. iv. 190 This form of dielectric antenna is commonly called a ‘polyrod’ antenna, since the dielectric material is often polystyrol. 1967E. L. Gruenberg Handbk. Telemetry & Remote Control iv. 130 Plastics, foams, and ceramics can be used for the radiating element. The most common type is called a polyrod and the usual construction contains a dielectric that is linearly tapered over slightly more than half its length. |