| 释义 |
▪ I. polygraph, n.|ˈpɒlɪgrɑːf, -æ-|
[ad. Gr. πολυγράϕ-ος, -ον adj. writing much; cf. F. polygraphe (1536 in Hatz.-Darm.), It. poligrapho (Florio) in sense 4. In senses 1–3, app. directly f. the Greek elements.]
I.
1. a. An apparatus, on the principle of the pantograph, for producing two or more identical drawings or writings simultaneously. b. An apparatus for taking a number of copies of a writing; esp. a gelatine copying-pad.[Cf.1763Hist. Acad. des Sci. 147 Un instrument, inventé et présenté par M. de Cotteneude auquel il donne le nom de polygraphe ou Copiste habile.] 1805Jefferson Writ. (1830) IV. 33, I have laid aside the copying press, for a twelvemonth past, and write always with the polygraph. 1807Young Lect. Nat. Phil. II. 100 An ingenious instrument..by means of which copies may be multiplied with great facility; it is called the polygraph. 1819Rees Cycl. s.v. Copying, Fig. 4 represents one of Hawkins' patent polygraphs [Patent dated 1803 No. 2735]. 1829Mackenzie Five Thous. Receipts 394 To frame a polygraph, or instrument for writing two letters at once. 1884Knight Dict. Mech. Supp., Polygraph, one of the names given to the gelatine copying pad.
†2. fig. (in allusion to polygraphic 2). A person who imitates, or is a copy of, another; an imitator or imitation. Obs.
1794Coleridge Lett. (1895) 117 The move of bepraising a man by enumerating the beauties of his polygraph is at least an original one. 1797M. Robinson Walsingham IV. 10 A polygraph is a fellow that apes one's dress and manners.
3. An instrument for obtaining tracings of movements in various parts of the body; a myograph. Also, one used to obtain tracings of other physiological characteristics (such as rates of pulse and respiration, or the electrical conductivity of the skin), and made to serve as a lie-detector.
1871Lancet 25 Nov. 739/1 The most direct method for recording the heart's motion is that which we owe to Chauveau and Marey. These ingenious experimenters have supplied us with many instruments adapted for the registration of movements, but none more generally useful than the following, which has been well named the ‘polygraph’. 1876A. Ransome Stethometry vi. 126 A tube, placed in the trachea of a recently killed dog, is made to communicate with the drum of a polygraph. 1890in Billings Med. Dict. 1895Syd. Soc. Lex., Polygraph, a syn. for Myograph. 1905H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 93 J. Mackenzie has made an exhaustive study of hepatic pulsation by means of the polygraph, a modification of the cardiograph. 1923J. A. Larson in Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. VI. 424 A deception test based upon the correlation between the physiological and emotional activities... The technique consists of securing a continuous blood pressure curve (secured by an Erlanger sphygmomanometer or more preferably by a modification of the McKenzie or the Jacquet polygraphs) taken synchronously with a respiratory and a timing curve. 1942F. E. Inbau Lie Detection i. 5 Until 1939 the Keeler Polygraph consisted only of the blood pressure-pulse-respiration units; since then it has been obtainable either with or without a galvanometer unit for recording electrodermal responses. 1959M. Dolinsky There is no Silence iii. 47 Anxiety causes subtle and involuntary increases in the heartbeat, respiration,..and blood pressure which the polygraph records. 1971Nature 9 July 124/2 Instantaneous blood flows to the two hindlimbs..were displayed on a ‘Grass P7’ polygraph together with the instantaneous and mean (integrated) blood pressure. 1973N.Y. Law Jrnl. 20 Mar., The court then explained that there is no scientific proof that lying heightens anxiety, and that a subject's emotional responses as measured by the polygraph are no proof either of truthfulness or lying. 1976Time 27 Dec. 41/2 Patients spend the night hooked up to a polygraph, a lie-detector-like machine that monitors sleep-related physiological functions (breathing, muscle twitching, rapid eye movement). 1977New Yorker 30 May 29/1 A lot of firms..now routinely give standard polygraph tests to prospective employees.
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4. A writer of many or various works; a voluminous author. [Cf. F. polygraphe one who writes on many subjects (1536).]
1854A. G. Henderson tr. Cousin's Philos. of Kant i. 8 Leibnitz..was led away by a passion for universal knowledge... Wolf endeavoured to bring all the scattered views of the great polygraph to a common centre. 1883Century Mag. VI. 251 M. Jules Claretie, most prolific of polygraphs, has..added another novel to his already long list. 1891Sat. Rev. 8 Aug. 152/1 M. Auguste Vitu was..what his own countrymen call a ‘polygraph’.
5. A collection of many or various writings. rare—0.
1882in Ogilvie (Annandale).
III. 6. Cryptography. A group of two or more letters; also, in Phonetics, a group of three or more letters expressing a simple sound of speech.
1943L. D. Smith Cryptogr. iv. 82 A method that represents a distinct departure from Vignère's..is found in polygraph substitution—that is, the substitution of cipher digraphs or trigraphs for the plain-text digraphs or trigraphs. 1959Brno Studies in English I. 18 The following stage..replaced the cumbersome digraphs (and polygraphs) by simple but diacriticized graphemes. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia V. 332/1 In substitution ciphers, the characteristic relative frequencies of single letters, digraphs, and longer polygraphs serve as a basis for the assignment of plaintext equivalents to cipher values.
▪ II. polygraph, v.|ˈpɒlɪgrɑːf, -æ-|
[f. prec. n.]
a. intr. To perform (satisfactorily, etc.) when examined with a polygraph.
b. trans. To examine with a polygraph, esp. for truthfulness. Hence ˈpolygraphing vbl. n.
1969H. H. Cooper Cave with Two Exits i. 68 The checks on him were being completed. He polygraphed okay, for what that's worth. 1978‘W. Wingate’ Bloodbath ii. 15 He was..a mystery, and this despite all his debriefings..and polygraphings. Ibid. 16 In the two years since his defection, Yazov had been repeatedly polygraphed. 1979P. Friedman Termination Order (1980) i. 14 Your superiors..will want to polygraph me. Ibid. iv. 57 All this nonsense—calling people back for polygraphing, or debriefing or whatever. |