| 释义 |
▪ I. pore, n.1|pɔə(r)|
Forms: 4–6 poore, 6 powre, poure, 5– pore.
[a. F. pore (porre, 1312 in Hatz.-Darm.) = Sp., It. poro, ad. L. porus, a. Gr. πόρος passage, pore.]
1. A minute opening, orifice, aperture, perforation, or hole (usually, one imperceptible to the unaided eye), through which fluids (rarely solid bodies) pass or may pass.a. In an animal body (or substance); esp. applied to those in the skin (the orifices of the ducts of the sweat-glands).
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 53 Þe contrarie is of norþeren men, in þe whiche colde wiþ oute stoppeþ smale holes and poorus, and holdeþ the hete wiþ ynne. 1422tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 239 Men wyche haue the complexcion hote and stronge, and haue throgh al the body the ouertures large, that clerkys callyth Pores. 1563T. Hill Art Garden. (1593) 145 A stopping both of the vaines & poures. 1582J. Hester Secr. Phiorav. i. xv. 15 Those..you shal washe with Aqua vitæ, because it openeth the powres. 1601B. Jonson Poetaster Prol., A freezing sweate Flowes forth at all my pores. 1704F. Fuller Med. Gymn. (1711) 5 A sudden Constriction of the Pores of the Skin. 1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 271 The articulations are long and narrow, with marginal pores by which it [tape-worm] attaches itself to the intestines. 1858O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf.-t. xi, As a hide fills its pores lying seven years in a tan-pit.
b. fig. (and in fig. expressions), esp. in phrase at every pore.
1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 53 Their raies..penetrating through the pores of the heart, made themselves knowen. a1720Sheffield (Dk. Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) I. 13 Love's pow'r can penetrate the hardest hearts; And through the closest pores a passage find. 1847Emerson Repr. Men, Goethe Wks. (Bohn) I. 388 He sees at every pore. 1865Dickens Mut. Fr. iii. x, I see him chafe and fret at every pore.
c. In a plant (or vegetable substance); as the stomata in the epidermis of leaves, etc., or the small openings in certain anthers and capsules when ripe, for the discharge of the pollen or seeds.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. i. (Tollem. MS.), Tren wiþ þinne substaunce and nouȝt harde, but ful of holes, and poores. 1634Habington Castara (Arb.) 20 The flowers adore The Deity of her sex, and through each pore Breath forth her glories. 1712tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 96 A Bark that is adorn'd with Pores like Stars. 1776Withering Brit. Plants (1796) III. 761 Leaves..transparent, with many minute pores. 1861Miss Pratt Flower. Pl. IV. 88 Snapdragon..capsule..opening by pores at the top. 1873E. Spon Workshop Recip's Ser. i. 16/1 This coat closes all the pores of the wood, and does not crack or scale off.
d. In inanimate bodies or substances; esp. applied to the minute interstices or spaces between the particles of matter.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xix. cxxx. (1495) nn iij/1 For shyrenesse of partyes in suche [sc. thynne matere] ben many poores. 1501Douglas Pal. Hon. i. xxvii, The eirth,..with poris seir Vp drinkis air that mouit is be sound. c1645Howell Lett. I. vi. xxxv, The Sun, whose all-searching Beams penetrating the Pores of the Earth, do heat the Waters. 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Merch. xxi. 154 In the Pores or invisible little recesses of Water it self there lie..many parcels..of..Air. 1706Phillips, Pores..are small void Spaces between the Particles of Matter, of which all Bodies are made up. 1748H. Ellis Hudson's Bay 223 The Form or Essence of a Magnet..is supposed to consist in it's being perforated by an infinite Number of parallel Pores. 1830Herschel Stud. Nat. Phil. iii. i. 235 Water was forced through the pores (as was said) of a golden ball.
†e. In abstract or collective sense. Obs. rare.
1756P. Browne Jamaica 50 The substances..are seldom of a very strong texture, though frequently of a fine pore and smooth grain. 1773Horsley in Phil. Trans. LXIV. 271 A large proportion of pore, or interspersed vacuity, is sufficient for all purposes.
†2. A passage, channel, canal, duct (esp. in an animal body). Obs. rare.
c1400Destr. Troy 8801 Þen [the balm] sewit furth soberly, & sanke fro aboue,..Passond by poris into þe pure legges. 1541R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. N iv b, The wayes and poores wherby the vryne passeth from the reynes to the bladder. 1615H. Crooke Body of Man 138 But this pore of choler is inserted into the small guts, not at their beginning, least the Choler should flye vp into the stomack..but into the end of the Duodenum.
3. A small point or dot resembling a pore.
1833Herschel Astron. v. 208 Its ground [sun's disk] is finely mottled with an appearance of minute, dark dots, or pores. 1869T. L. Phipson tr. Guillemin's Sun (1870) 234 It explains neither the faculæ nor the pores nor the curious granulations known as ‘willow-leaves’.
4. attrib. and Comb., as pore-area, pore-canal, pore-facet, pore-size, pore-space; pore-like adj.; pore-capsule: see quot.; pore-coral, pore-stone, a stone-coral having pores; pore pressure, the pressure of pore water; pore-sieve, name for some part of a sponge; pore water, water contained in pores in soil or rock.
1880Nature XXI. 450/1 Hollow spines with peculiar *pore-areas at their bases.
1878Bell Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 111 The number of these *pore-canals (dermo-gastric pores), which have consequently a dermal and gastric orifice, is generally very great.
1877A. W. Bennett tr. Thome's Bot. (ed. 6) 149 Some capsules again dehisce by pores, as the poppy.., when they are termed *pore-capsules.
1880Nature XXI. 450/2 The shell has a large opening, as well as scattered *pore-facets.
1887Amer. Nat. XXI. 565 Lateral surfaces with irregular, shallow, *pore-like fossæ.
1947D. P. Krynine Soil Mech. (ed. 2) iv. 112 (caption) Analogy between (a) *pore pressure in clay and (b) hydraulic uplift in a dam. 1969C. R. Scott Introd. Soil Mech. & Foundations ix. 201 The stability of a retaining wall is adversely affected by large pore pressures in the soil behind it. 1977A. Hallam Planet Earth 64/3 Decreasing the pore pressure increases the resistance of the rock to fracturing.
1887Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 415/2 Section through the cortex of Cydonium eosaster,..showing the *pore-sieve overlying the chone.
1947New Biol. III. 175 If a series of filters of known *pore-size is used, the size of particles which just fail to pass a certain filter can be obtained.
1915L. V. Pirsson Text-bk. Geol. I. xvi. 388 The rocks are penetrated by cracks, crevices and jointing planes, and on a more minute scale there are the *pore spaces between rock grains. 1975Nature 17 Apr. 585/2 Usually the pore⁓space in a porous medium is visualised as a more or less complicated assembly of isolated or interconnected capillaries, and such porespace models are used in describing transport phenomena in porous media.
1708Phil. Trans. XXVI. 79 The *Pore Stone, or Pore Coral.
1936Proc. 1st Internat. Conf. Soil Mech. III. 51 The ultimate deformations and conditions of failure of cohesive soils are governed mainly by the principal effective stresses, defined as the difference between the total principal stresses and the hydrostatic pressure of the *porewater. 1943K. von Terzaghi Theoret. Soil Mech. i. 15 When dealing with clays, we are seldom in a position to compute the pressure which develops in the pore water while the point of failure is approached. 1972L. Zeevaert Foundation Engin. for Difficult Subsoil Conditions viii. 337 Upon dissipation of the excess pore water pressures, the soil tends to resume its initial elevation. 1977Offshore Engineer June 35/2 The engineers are looking for tell-tale signs of soil fluidisation by large increases in pore water pressure caused by water trapped within the steel skirts and forced out beneath the skirt.
▪ II. † pore, n.2 Physiol. Obs. rare.
[ad. Gr. πῶρος callus.]
The callus, or matter exuded at the site of the fracture of a broken bone.[c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 48 If þat ilk mater þat is restorid be nyȝ as hard as is þe boon, it is clepid porus sarcoides.] 1543Traheron Vigo's Chirurg. (1586) 273 When the bone is hardened and somewhat bound together with the pore called Sarcoeides. [1657Physical Dict., Poros, that matter which consolidateth the broken bones within.] ▪ III. pore, n.3 rare.
[f. pore v.]
An act of poring over something; a careful or close examination.
1871Daily News 12 Aug., I brought the book..and Madge..and myself shall have many a good pore over it.
▪ IV. † pore, n.4 Obs.
(Said to be a Huntsman's term: see quot.)
1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Navy Land Ships, Huntsm. Ship Wks. i. 93/1 What Necromanticke spells are Rut, Vault, Slot, Pores, and Entryes, Abatures, and Foyles, Frayenstockes,..and a thousand more such Vtopian fragments of confused Gibberish.
▪ V. pore, v.|pɔə(r)|
Forms: 4 pure, pouri, 4–5 poure, 5–7 powre, 6 poor, 6–8 poar, 5– pore.
[ME. pūren, pouren, pouri, of obscure origin. There is no corresp. verb in OF. or OE., though the early ME. forms answer to an OE. *púrian. Sense 2 is strikingly identical with the main sense of peer v.2, pire v., both also of obscure origin; but, although an OE. double form *púrian, *pýran would explain the forms, there is no trace of such a verb in OE. or the cognate languages. The phonology is abnormal; the ME. (puːr-) would normally have given mod. pour |paʊə(r)|, whereas in the 15th c. the form began to be pore, poar |pɔə(r)|.]
1. intr.
a. To look intently or fixedly, to gaze (in, on, upon, at, over); to search for or into something by gazing. (Often, now always, with admixture of sense b.)
a1300K. Horn 1092 Aþulf was in þe ture [v.r. toure] Abute for to pure [v.r. poure] After his comynge. 13..K. Alis. 5799 There he seighen a selcouth folk Al day pouren in the walken. 1340Ayenb. 177 Þe men þet doþ zuo grat payne ham to kembe and to pouri ine sseaweres. c1384Chaucer H. Fame iii. 31 And for to powren [v.r. poure] wonder low Yf I koude eny weyes know What maner stoon this roche was. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 224 Some pores vpon the grounde as though they sought for pinnes. 1621Quarles Esther Medit. v. E iv, All Creatures else pore downward to the ground, Man lookes to heauen. 1722De Foe Plague (1840) 24 No wonder if they who were poring continually at the clouds, saw shapes and figures, representations and appearances. 1834H. Martineau Farrers iv, Down on his knees, poring over the pavement, to see which way the stones were laid. 1854Macaulay Biog., Johnson (1867) 82 He would stand poring on the town clock without being able to tell the hour.
b. To look at something (usu. a book) with fixed attention, in the way of study; to read or study earnestly or with steady application; to be absorbed in reading or study. (Const. on, upon, (now chiefly) over; rarely in, into, or absol.)
c1386Chaucer Prol. 185 What sholde he studie and make hym seluen wood Vpon a book in Cloystre alwey to poure [MS. Lansd. powre]. c1449Pecock Repr. i. xvi. 87 Thouȝ ȝe wolden labore, and powre, and dote alle the daies of ȝoure lijf in the Bible aloon. 1594Lyly Moth. Bomb. i. iii, Instead of poaring on a booke, you shall holde the plough. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. Auth. to Rdr., I have pored upon many an old Rowle. 1718Free-thinker No. 37. 271 He rises by Three in the Morning to pore over Mathematicks. 1768Beattie Minstr. i. li, Where dark cold-hearted sceptics, creeping, pore Through microscope of metaphysic lore. 1874L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) II. iii. 90 He had pored over their pages till he knew them by heart.
c. To fix one's thoughts earnestly upon something; to meditate, muse, or think intently; to ponder. Const. on, upon, over; rarely with dependent clause (quot. 1856).
1423Jas. I Kingis Q. lxxii, The longe day thus gan I prye and poure, Till phebus endit had his bemes bryght. a1591H. Smith Wks. (1866) I. 173 So, while he pores and gapes upon it, by little and little the love of it grows more and more in his heart, until at last he hath mind on nothing else. a1628Preston Saint's Daily Exerc. (1629) 138 If a man be poring on his wants still. 1722De Foe Moll Flanders (1840) 64 When he has thought and pored on it. 1856Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh i. 348 She had pored for years What sort of woman could be suitable To her sort of hate. 1882C. Pebody Eng. Journalism xviii. 137 Dickens..took himself off..to Geneva,..to pore over the story of ‘Dombey and Son’.
†2. To look with the eyes half shut; to look closely, as a near-sighted person; to peer. Obs.
1699Wafer in Phil. Trans. LV. 51 For they see not well in the sun, poring in the clearest day. 1706Phillips, To Pore, to look close, as they do that are short-sighted. 1709Steele Tatler No. 27 ⁋5 Poring with her Eyes half shut at every one she passes by. 1774Foote Cozeners i. Wks. 1799 II. 157 He doesn't pore, with his eyes close to the book, like a clerk that reads the first lesson. 1862Thoreau Excursions, Ch. Night (1863) 310 Their eyes which are weak and poring.
3. trans. To bring or put into some state by poring; in phrase to pore one's eyes out, to blind oneself or ruin one's sight by close reading or over-study; to tire (one's eyes) by close reading.
1593Nashe Christ's T. 43 b, I that haue poor'd out myne eyes vpon bookes. 1698Phil. Trans. XX. 455 Old, rusty, Moth eaten Books, upon which a Man may pore his Eyes out before he can read a Word or a Line. 1706E. Ward Wooden World Diss. (1708) 37 He might have..por'd himself into Stupidity. 1712Swift Jrnl. to Stella 7 Aug., I have been poring my eyes all the morning. a1754Fielding Fathers v. v, Though I have hated books as I do the devil,..I'll pore my eyes out rather than lose her.
Hence ˈporing vbl. n. and ppl. a. (whence ˈporingly adv.).
c1374Chaucer Troylus iii. 1411 (1460) Dispitous day..Thi pouryng In wol no where late hem dwelle. c1449Pecock Repr. i. xvi. 85 Bi her powring in the Bible aloon thei miȝten leerne. 1594Nashe Unfort. Trav. Wks. (Grosart) V. 120 He that viewd them a farre off, and had not directly stood poaringly ouer them, would haue sworne they had liued. 1615G. Sandys Trav. 124 Many of the Pilgrims by poaring on hot bricks, do voluntarily perish their sights. 1728Pope Dunc. iii. 191 There, dim in clouds, the poreing Scholiasts mark. 1874L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) II. vii. 211 That disposition which..delights in poring over its own morbid emotions.
▪ VI. pore
obs. (and dial.) var. of poor a.; obs. f. porr, pour, power. |