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retention|rɪˈtɛnʃən|
Also 5 -cion, -cioun, 7–8 -sion.
[a. OF. retencion, -tion:—L. retentiōn-em, noun of action f. retinēre to keep back, retain. So Sp. retencion, It. ri-, retenzione.]
1. Med.
a. The fact of retaining within the body one of the secretions (esp. the urine) which are normally evacuated; a case or instance of this.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 266 If þe cause come of retencioun of menstrue, þan þou schalt ȝeue hir medicyns for to bringe out þe menstrue. 1543Traheron Vigo's Chirurg. 109/2 Retention of vryne, & costyfnes. 1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 623 The reliques or retensions of ventosities, whiche staie not for naturall ejections. 1725Bradley Fam. Dict. II. G 4 b, The Retention of Urine is very painful and very dangerous: It's a Collection or Retention of ill Humours that is the Cause of it. 1804Abernethy Surg. Obs. 237 A gentleman..had a retention of urine from an enlarged prostate gland. 1833Cycl. Pract. Med. I. 67/2 Amenorrhœa has been usually divided into retention and suppression of the menses. 1876J. S. Bristowe Th. & Pract. Med. (1878) 828 The presence of the biliary acids in the urine is characteristic of jaundice from retention of bile.
attrib.1871T. H. Green Introd. Pathol. 189 In the retention-cysts they [the contents] will vary with the nature of the normal secretion.
b. (See quot. 1727–38.)
1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xxv. (Arb.) 309 Helping the naturall concoction, retention, distribution, expulsion, and other vertues, in a weake and vnhealthie bodie. 1615Crooke Body of Man 296 The third action of the wombe is the Retention of the seedes. 1727–38Chambers Cycl. s.v., Retention is also used, in medicine, &c. for the state of contraction in the solids, or vascular parts of the body, which makes them hold fast their proper contents.
2. a. The fact of retaining things in the mind; the power or ability to do this; memory. Psychol., the ability to retain specific previously learned mental, perceptual, or motor tasks; also attrib., esp. as retention curve, the curve on a graph which shows the amount of learning retained over a period of time.
1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 306/2 Theyr fruycion whiche is..In profounde cognycion as to Cherubyn, and in perpetuel retencion as touchynge the thrones. c1600Shakes. Sonn. cxxii, That poore retention could not so much hold, Nor need I tallies thy deare loue to skore. 1624Heywood Gunaik. vii. 314 That nation..hath beene remarkable for their admirable retention, who..had all the passages of former ages by heart. 1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. x. (1695) 70 The next Faculty of the Mind..is that I call Retention; or the keeping of those simple Ideas, which from Sensation or Reflection it hath received. 1745J. Mason Self-Knowledge i. xv. (1853) 115 A man that knows himself will have a regard to the Furniture of his memory... If the Retention be bad, do not crowd it. 1791Boswell Johnson (1816) I. 255 note, I knew him a few years ago.., high in fancy, and strong in retention. 1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxx. II. 411 The faculty of Retention would be useless without the faculties of Reproduction and Representation. 1891G. T. Ladd Physiol. Psychol. xvii. 418 The ‘retention’ which is commonly spoken of as necessary to the phenomena of memory, cannot be considered as a mental act. 1902J. M. Baldwin Dict. Philos. & Psychol. II. 470/2 The first [sound] must leave behind it some after-effect which so modifies the second as to determine the judgment. This may also be called retention. 1923C. S. Spearman Nature of Intelligence xix. 304 Those who would trace memory back to retention have more particularly tried to depict it in the guise of associative reproduction. 1940R. S. Woodworth Psychol. (ed. 12) x. 337 The retention curve, or ‘curve of forgetting’, was first obtained by the relearning method... The curve shows a gradual loss of retention with the lapse of time. 1949Postman & Egan Exper. Psychol. xvi. 381 (caption) Retention curve showing the reminiscence phenomenon. 1952McGeoch & Irion Psychol. Human Learning (ed. 2) x. 359 In general, the retention of perceptual-motor habits is quite high. 1963L. J. Cronbach Educ. Psychol. (ed. 2) xi. 350 On a retention test several weeks later they [sc. pupils] did better than they had done at the end of the instruction. 1975G. H. Bower in W. K. Estes Handbk. Learning & Cognitive Processes I. ii. 75 The ‘fluctuation’ mood of contextual alterations and their effect on retention.
b. The fact of maintaining, keeping up, or continuing to use something. Also attrib. as retention rate.
1625Bacon Ess., Of Innovations (Arb.) 527 A Froward Retention of Custome, is as turbulent a Thing, as an Innouation. 1811Pinkerton Petral. Introd. p. xiii, The retention, in their systems, of the four gradual divisions of the logicians. 1861Stanley East. Ch. vi. (1869) 193 The retention of the old Pagan name of Dies Solis for the weekly Christian festival. 1972N.Y. Times 3 Nov. 18/4 The retention rates for the addicts referred to the therapeutic communities—which typically hold less than 25 per cent of their patients—are high. 1974Amer. Jrnl. Epidemiol. C. 104/2 In each cohort, the retention rate is similar for the ambulatory patients and for the patients inducted on an inpatient basis. 1977D. Louria in M. M. Glatt Drug Dependence iv. 116 Initial efforts were directed to relating retention in a given treatment modality to nine demographic characteristics. Ibid., Retention rates in the six programs studied ranged from over 60 to less than 5 per cent.
c. In Phenomenology, the continued consciousness of or existence in the present of a previous act or event. Cf. protension 3 b.
1931W. R. B. Gibson tr. Husserl's Ideas III. ii. 220 The absolute right of immanent retention, in respect of that in it of which we are conscious as ‘still’ living and having ‘just’ happened. 1943M. Farber Found. Phenomenology xvi. 516 As long as the retention lasts the tone has its own time, it is the same, its duration is the same. 1962Macquarrie & Robinson tr. Heidegger's Being & Time ii. iv. 411 Circumspective making present, however,..is grounded in a retention of that context of equipment with which Dasein concerns itself in awaiting a possibility. 1966A. Gurwitsch Stud. Phenomenol. & Psychol. vii. 137 The very reality of conscious life, when an act is an enduring one, is a phase of present actuality most intimately connected with a whole continuity of phases retained (in retentions of various degrees). 1974R. Sokolowski Husserlian Meditations v. 134 The primitive elapsing of the now-consciousness into retention is an ‘event’ outside time.
3. a. The action or fact of keeping to oneself or in one's own hands, under one's power or authority.
1540Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 25 A deduction and retencion of the sayde .iiii.s. be made in the handes of the payers of the sayd pencion. 1580–1Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 362 Nather can the said Bischop have actioun aganis the said David for retentioun of the thrid of the said pensioun. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. v. i. 84 His life I gaue him, and did thereto adde My loue without retention, or restraint. 1644Bulwer Chirol. 65 An uncharitable retention, which doth not love to scatter, but to snatch away. 1693Stair Institut. i. xviii. (ed. 2) 157 Retention is not an absolute extinction of the Obligation of Re-payment, or Restitution, but rather a Suspension thereof, till Satisfaction be made to the Retainer. 1766W. Gordon Gen. Counting-ho. 114 Allowed retention of the premium. 1809–10Coleridge Friend (1865) 171 A mere acquiescence on his part in our retention of Malta. 1874Green Short Hist. viii. §9. 563 The House at once insisted on the retention of its power.
†b. Law. (See quot.) Obs.
1658Phillips, Retention, in Common-law,..when a Court pronounceth not a full arrest, or judgement, but reserves somewhat to be afterwards ordered.
c. (See retain v. 3 b.)
1651Hobbes Leviath. iii. xlii. 274 The Power of Remission, and Retention of Sinnes,..is a consequence of the Authority to Baptize.
d. Something that is kept back or retained.
1922Daily Mail 15 Dec. 11 Major Doyle both rode and trained Ilderton, who looked a cheap retention at 100 gs. 1962Rep. Comm. Broadcasting 1960 153 in Parl. Papers 1961–2 (Cmnd. 1753) IX. 259 Gross licence revenue... Deduct retentions. 1970P. Oliver Savannah Syncopators 63 There is a frequently expressed opinion that the use of the ‘answering’ guitar in some blues traditions is a retention from the custom of leader-and-chorus singing.
4.
†a. Detention of persons by forcible or other means. Obs.
1579Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 248 Tuicheing the retentioun of the said Laurence and putting of him to libertie as a frie persoun. 1605Shakes. Lear v. iii. 47, I thought it fit, To send the old and miserable King to some retention. 1615Chapman Odyss. iv. 336, I haue within this Ile bene held for winde A wondrous time; and can by no meanes find An end to my retention.
b. The action or fact of holding fast or keeping fixed in a place or position; the fact or property of being kept, or remaining, in place.
1597A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 24/1 Of the retentione of the tunge, which..we nowe call..tungetyed. 1655Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 65/2 Falling Stars are Cœlestial Bodies failing of their retention by the ordinary course of Heaven thrown down. 1860Tyndall Glac. ii. §26. 373 The frontal slopes..have a northern aspect,..which..causes the retention of the snow upon them. 1887Brit. Med. Jrnl. 26 Feb. 454 The treatment consisted of..the retention, just within the neck of the bladder, of a gum-elastic catheter.
†c. Restraint, check. Obs.
1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1213 To consume, cut off and chastice them by all means of repressions and retentions that be reasonable. 1633P. Fletcher Purple Isl. iii. xv, Which wer't not surely held with strong retention, Would stirre domestick strife, and fierce contention.
d. Self-restraint or control. rare.
1626T. H[awkins] tr. Caussin's Holy Crt. 507 What life more mortifyed, then to behold so much humility in soueraingne greatnesse?..In an absolute power to do all, so much retention? c1735Man of Manners (ed. 2) 30 We ought to be plain and modest in our Discourse, so as he may take Notice of our Retention. 1802Gifford tr. Juvenal (1817) I. p. lxxvi, In a man of such lively passions, the retention with which he speaks of them all, is to be admired.
†e. Restriction of expenditure. Obs. rare.
1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §4 The Excess of the Court in the greatest want, and the Parsimony and Retention of the Country in the greatest plenty. 1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 5 In pecuniary dispensations to his Favourites he was excessive liberal, yea though the exigence of his own wants pleaded retention.
5. Power to retain; capacity for holding or keeping something.
1601Shakes. Twel. N. ii. iv. 99 No womans heart So bigge, to hold so much, they lacke retention. 1613M. Ridley Magn. Bodies 100 Where a smaller strength Magneticall altereth quickely the retention of the whole more vigorous Magnet. 1656tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 215 If the retention of the radius cease, that endeavour..will now be in the tangent. 1730Phil. Trans. XXXVI. 307 Steel cannot be seasoned too hard for Retension (nor, as I think, for Reception) of Magnetism. 1823J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 141 Stone is the only material upon which you can operate, because of its ready absorption and retention of water. 1870Rolleston Anim. Life 143 Having indeed scarcely any limit short of the retention of the stomach.
6. retention money (see quots.).
1911W. Thomson Dict. Banking 452/2 Retention money, money which is retained for a certain time after completion of a contract; e.g. if a contract has been made for {pstlg}5,000 it may be agreed that 10 per cent. of the money due to the contractor shall be retained till, say, six or twelve months after the completion of the contract. If an assignment of retention money is given as security, notice of the assignment must be given to, and an acknowledgment received from, the person who is liable to pay the money to the contractor. 1974Terminol. Managem. & Financial Accountancy (Inst. Cost and Managem. Accountants) 17 Retention money, a sum of money representing an agreed proportion of a price for goods supplied or work completed, such proportion being withheld by the purchaser or contractee for an agreed period of time as security against failure by the supplier or contractor to fulfil his obligations under the terms of the contract. |