| 释义 |
▪ I. pour, v.|pɔə(r)|
Forms: see below.
[ME. pour-en, evidenced early in 14th c.; not in OE., nor in the cognate langs.; source obscure: see Note below. The prevailing written form from the first has been pour(e (also spelt powr(e, power), in ME. (as still in Sc. and n. dial.) = (pur), in mod.Eng. till 19th c. (and still dial.) = |paʊə(r)|, proved by the spelling powre, power, and by rimes in all the poets from Pope to Tennyson and Swinburne (these last have also pɔə(r)): see illustration of Forms. But the spelling pore is found in some 15th c. writings, and poor (perh. = puːr) in Palsgrave and Shakes. The late 18th and 19th c. |pɔə(r)|, given by Nares 1784, disapproved by Walker 1791-, approved by Webster 1828, Smart 1836, is not easy to account for: it could hardly be derived from |paʊə(r)|; it may be a dialectal survival of the 15th c. pore, though connecting evidence is wanting; it may also repr. 16th c. poor |puːr|, altered as in floor, door, and vulgar more, pore, shore, yore, for moor, poor, sure, your.]
A. Illustration of Forms.
(α) 4–7 poure, 5– pour. (β) 5–7 powre, 6–8 power. (γ) 5 pore. (δ) 6 poore, 6, 9 dial. poor.
α13..Cursor M. 5833 (Gött.) To þe water of þe flum þu ga, And poure [Cott. put, Fairf. putte] it vp apon þe land. c1330–1549 Poure, pour [see B. 1, 3 b]. 1570Levins Manip. 222/30 To Poure, fundere. 1712Pope Messiah 13 Ye Heav'ns! from high the dewy nectar pour [rime show'r]. 1728― Dunc. ii. 3 Where on her Curls the Public pours..fragrant Grains and Golden show'rs. 1780Cowper Table Talk 210 Winter invades the spring, and often pours A chilling flood on summer's drooping flowers. 1781Morison in Sc. Paraphr. xxxv. vi, Through latest ages let it pour, In mem'ry of my dying hour. 1817Shelley Rev. Islam v. xxix. 1 A mighty crowd, such as the wide land pours..like the rush of showers. [Ibid. ii. xlii. 6, x. xi. 5, etc. rimes with more, gore, before.] 1830Tennyson Poet's Mind 12 Holy water will I pour Into every spicy flower. [In later poems pour'd rimes with stored, oar'd.]
βc1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 19 Be sleȝe and powre in water thenne. 1570Levins Manip. 78/10 To Powre, fundere. 1597Lyly Woman in Moone ii. i. 25 High Ioue himselfe..Receiues more influence then he powers on thee. 1611Bible Ps. xlii. 4, I powre out my soule in mee. 1683Salmon Doron Med. i. 107 Then powring the matter upon a cold Table. 1741Warburton Div. Legat. II. 22 The Light the Great Maimonides had powered into this enquiry.
γc1430Two Cookery-bks. 16 As a man may pore it out of þe bolle. c1440Promp. Parv. 409/2 Poryn in, infundo. c1490Ibid., Poryn owt, effundo.
δ1530Palsgr. 662/2, I poore drinke or lycoure in to a cuppe or vessell. c1600Shakes. Sonn. xxxviii, Thou..that poor'st into my verse Thine owne sweet argument.
B. Signification.
I. trans.
1. a. To emit in a stream; to cause or allow (a liquid or granular substance) to flow out of a vessel or receptacle; to discharge or shed copiously; also, to emit (rays of light). Said either of a person, or of a thing which discharges a stream. Often with advbs., forth, out, in, down, off, etc.
c1330Amis & Amil. 2026 The lazar tok forth his coupe of gold,..Therin he pourd that win so rich. c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 648 (Cleopatra) He pouryth pesyn vp on the hachis sledere. 1520M. Nisbet N.T. in Scots (S.T.S.) III. Prol. to Romanis 332 Ewin as watter js powret into anne weschel. 1535Coverdale Prov. ix. 5 Drynke my wyne, which I haue poured out for you. 1600Shakes. A.Y.L. v. i. 46 Drink being powr'd out of a cup into a glasse, by filling the one, doth empty the other. 1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. xxix. 418 Powring foorth many teares, with great repentance and sorrow. 1614Markham Cheap Husb. i. iii. (1668) 34 Powre a spoonful of cold vinegar into her ear. 1666Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual. Wks. 1772 III. 62 The remaining matter..with the least heat may be poured out like a liquor. 1697W. Dampier Voy. I. xi. 322 The Sky..being covered with black Clouds, pouring down excessive Rains. 1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. II. 159 If potash be poured into a solution of this salt, it produces a precipitate. 1818–20E. Thompson Cullen's Nosol. Method. (ed. 3) 206 Vesicles..remain for several days and then pour out a thin ichor. 1819Shelley Prometh Unb. iv. 227 Liquid darkness, which the Deity Within seems pouring, as a storm is poured From jagged clouds. 1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. II. 14 The sun had poured his last ray through the lofty windows. 1855Kingsley Westw. Ho.! iv, Campian..trying to pour oil on the troubled waters. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xx. 138 A large wide valley into which both mountains pour their snows. 1881Mrs. J. H. Riddell Senior Partner II. x. 203 An old, old pug..took no notice of Mr. McCullagh or anything else, till Janey poured him out a glass of milk. 1893Times 26 Apr. 9/4 He was obliged to pour cold water very plentifully upon the zeal of his Irish friends. 1909E. Banks Mystery F. Farrington 54 Pour me some tea, dear, and tell me about your play.
b. nonce-use. To send (something) down a stream.
1590Spenser F.Q. ii. x. 19 But the sad virgin, innocent of all, Adowne the rolling river she did poure [rimes succoure, floure = floor].
c. absol. spec. with ellipsis of the name of the thing poured.
1539Bible (Great) 2 Kings iv. 40 So they powred out for the men to eate. 1560― (Genev.) Ibid. 41 Powre out for the people, that they may eat. a1631Donne Poems (1650) 147 Men are spunges, which to powre out, receive. 1906W. S. Maugham Bishop's Apron ix. 61/1 Mrs. Railing stirred the tea, put milk in each cup, and poured out. 1919‘C. Dane’ Legend 5, I used to pour out when interesting people came to tea. 1925E. H. Young William viii. 81 Lydia immediately got into a hammock. ‘I can eat here, but..I can't pour out. Dora can do that.’ 1930A. Bennett Imperial Palace lvi. 420 ‘Will you pour?’ she asked... He poured out the tea. 1956R. Fuller Image of Society ix. 226 ‘Shall I pour?’ she asked. 1962Woman's Own 31 Mar. 89/2, I think Alison should pour today. 1965R. Petrie Running Deep x. 115 ‘Miss Fairfield poured,’ Ian reminded her. 1973‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Starry Bird iii. 43 ‘I shall pour,’ Johnson said, and pushed a cup under my nose. ‘Black coffee and Sambucca and good intentions.’
2. Said of a river, etc.: To cause the water to flow in a flood; refl. to flow with strong current, to fall into the sea, etc.
1665Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 591 The Rhine mixeth and powres it self into Issell. 1790Burns Tam O'Shanter 97 Before him Doon pours all his floods. 1870J. H. Newman Gram. Assent ii. ix. 382 As a stream might pour itself into the sea. 1894Blackmore Perlycross 269 Every gateway poured its runnel, and every flinty lane its torrent.
3. transf. and fig. To send forth as in a stream; to send forth, emit, discharge copiously and rapidly.
a. With material object: To send forth (persons) in a stream (also refl.); to discharge in rapid succession or simultaneously, as missiles; to cause (money or any commodity) to flow or pass in a constant stream; to bestow profusely.
1599Shakes. Hen. V, v. Prol. 24 How London doth powre out her Citizens. 1609Bible (Douay) 1 Sam. xxiii. 27 Make hast, and come, because the Philistijms have powred in themselves upon the land. 1617Moryson Itin. ii. 83 From all partes they powred upon as great vollyes of shot. 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 74 When the Captain was come within distance [he] poured in two Broadsides among them. 1715–20Pope Iliad ii. 790 Crete's hundred cities pour forth all her sons. c1764Gray Triumphs Owen 6 He nor heaps his brooded stores, Nor on all profusely pours. 1810Scott Lady of L. vi. xviii, And refluent through the pass of fear The battle's tide was poured [rime sword]. 1836Marryat Midsh. Easy xxx, At the word given, the broadside was poured in. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iv. I. 495 Sixty thousand a year, little more than what was poured into the English exchequer every fortnight.
b. With immaterial object: To send forth or out as in a stream (words, music); to give free utterance or expression to (a feeling); to shed or infuse freely or continuously (an influence, etc.).
1526Tindale Acts ii. 17 Of my sprete I will poure out apon all flesshe. 1545Joye Exp. Dan. iv. 61 Daniel lykewyse cap. 9. powereth forth his herte before god. 1549Coverdale, etc. Erasm. Par. Cor. 38 Madde men whiche..poure out wordes, whiche neyther themselues vnderstand nor other. ― Eph. 1 Iesus Christ..that of hys free fauour, hath powred all gentle kyndenesse vpon vs. 1557N.T. (Genev.) Acts x. 45 On the Gentils also, was powred out [Wyclif sched out, Tindale sheed oute] the gyft of the holy Gost. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 58 That he alone myghte..powre out all his indignation vpon them. 1579W. Wilkinson Confut. Familye of Loue 19 The essentiall nature or being of God is poured into us. 1644Directory for Public Worship 11 That God would powre out a blessing. 1711Addison Spect. No. 57 ⁋4 The Charms which Nature has poured out upon them [Woman-kind]. 1733Pope Ess. Man iii. 33 Is it for thee the linnet pours his throat? 1789Blake Songs Innoc., Night 23 They pour sleep on their head. 1812J. Wilson Isle of Palms ii. 325 Such words she o'er her lover pours As give herself relief. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iv. I. 452 He frequently poured forth on plaintiffs and defendants..torrents of frantic abuse, intermixed with oaths and curses. 1871R. Ellis Catullus lxiii. 321 They..Pour'd grave inspiration, a prophet chant to the future.
c. to pour (on) the coal (Aeronaut. slang), to cause an aircraft to accelerate; to pilot an aircraft at high speed. Also transf.
1937E. C. Parsons Gt. Adventure xix. 233, I poured coal into the old Hispano and lit out like a scared jack rabbit. 1944T. H. Wisdom Triumph over Tunisia xxiii. 183 The bombs gone away, Jimmy put the nose down and poured on the coal to escape. 1961J. M. Foster Hell in Heavens 58 He poured the coal to his plane and banked to avoid passing too close. 1971M. Tak Truck Talk 122 Pour on the coals, to drive a truck at high speed.
†4. fig. refl. To give oneself up or over, yield, abandon oneself (to). Obs. rare.
c1450tr. De Imitatione ii. i. 41 Þe inwarde man..neuere pouriþ himself holy to outwarde þinges.
5. spec. in Founding. To make by melting; to cast, found. (= L. fundere, F. fondre.) rare.
1873J. Richards Wood-working Factories 88 Whenever it is practicable, both sides of the bearings should be poured or moulded at one time.
II. intr. (for refl.)
6. a. (from 1, 2). Of liquids, etc.: To gush forth or flow in a stream; to flow strongly; of rain: to fall heavily, rain hard.
1538Elyot Dict., Ruo.., to falle, to poure out. 1552in Huloet. 1605Shakes. Lear iii. iv. 18 No, I will weepe no more; in such a night, To shut me out? Poure on, I will endure. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 174 When impetuous Rain Swells hasty Brooks, and pours upon the Plain. Ibid. iv. 413 The teeming Tide, Which pouring down from Ethiopian Lands, Makes green the Soil with Slime. 1737[S. Berington] G. di Lucca's Mem. (1738) 74 The River Nile..running thro' the hither Ethiopia, pours down upon Egypt. 1831Willis Poem at Brown Univ. 172 The light Of the blest sun pours on his book. 1832Tennyson Dream Fair Women 182 The torrent brooks..From craggy hollows pouring,..Sound all night long. 1859W. Collins Blow up w. Brig!, The sweat poured off my face like water. 1883Manch. Guard. 22 Oct. 5/2 Sewer gas was pouring into the lavatories.
b. impers. To rain heavily or copiously. Often in proverb, it never rains but it pours: events (esp. misfortunes) come all together or happen in rapid succession.
1726Arbuthnot (title) It cannot rain but it pours; or London strow'd with rarities. 1809Malkin Gil Blas i. ix. ⁋1 As it never rains but it pours, I was in the front of the battle. 1815Lady Granville Lett. (1894) I. 79 We were to have gone with him if it had been fine, but it is pouring. 1849Thackeray in Scribner's Mag. I. 551/1 Is it pouring with rain? 1893[see rain v. 1].
7. transf. and fig. Of persons or things: To run or rush in a stream or crowd; to come or go in great numbers, continuously, or in rapid succession; to stream, to swarm.
1573–80Baret Alv. P 628 To Powre out, to come or runne forth in great companies. 1662J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 14 The other Muscovites came pouring into the Citie. 1754Gray Poesy 11 Now the rich stream of Music winds along..Headlong, impetuous, see it pour. 1781J. Logan in Sc. Paraphr. x. i, In streets, and op'nings of the gates where pours the busy crowd. 1848A. Jameson Sacr. & Leg. Art (1850) 1 The modern engravings which pour upon us daily. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. ii. I. 219 From every part of Germany troops poured towards the Rhine. 1860L. V. Harcourt in G. Rose's Diaries & Corr. II. vi. 204 After the announcement of Mr. Pitt's death, lamentations pour in. 1891Punch 18 Apr. 185/1 Business prospered, and money came pouring in.
III. 8. Special uses with adv. or prep.
For general uses with forth, out, etc., see prec. senses.
†a. pour on (in ME. with indirect passive). To overspread with something poured, to suffuse fully. [= L. suffundĕre.] Obs.
c1450tr. De Imitatione i. xxiv. 33 Þe lecherovs men..shul be poured on wiþ brenyng picche & stynkyng brymston.
†b. pour out: to scatter, spread about. In pa. pple. poured out = L. effusus, diffusus, spread out diffusely. Obs. rare.
c1586C'tess Pembroke Ps. xliv. vi, As sheepe..we lie alone: Scattringlie by Thee out powred. 1748Thomson Cast. Indol. i. lxxi, Where, from gross mortal care and business free, They lay, poured out in ease and luxury. [Note. It has been suggested that ME. pour-e(n was an irregular representative of F. pur-er:—L. pūrāre to purify (with religious rites). F. purer, now ‘to scum’, had in OF. the senses ‘to purify, clarify, cleanse, rinse’; also in Norman ‘to drip’ (Lajoie revint tant moullé, qu'il puroyt de toutes parts, c 1560 in Godef.), so still in Guernsey (J'o l'cidre qui pure dans l'auge, ‘I hear the cider dripping or pouring into the trough’ Moisy), and in mod.Norman and other dialects ‘to drip, drop, ooze, or flow out’, in Burgundy, etc., ‘to press, wring, or squeeze juice or water out of anything’ (Godef.). English shows no trace of an original sense ‘purify’, nor even of ‘press or squeeze out’, and the intransitive sense 6, which comes near that of ‘drip or flow out’, is not of early appearance; so that the historical connexion of sense is not evident. The phonology also presents difficulty; it is doubtful whether Eng. has any certain instance of ou (or even o, oo) from Fr. u:—L. ū.] ▪ II. pour, n.|pɔə(r)|
[f. pour v.]
1. Pouring, a pouring stream.
1790D. Morison Rood Fair xxv. Poems 23 O'er her nose the sweat in sooms, In pours began to tumble. 18..Trowbridge The Pewee ii. (Funk), Through rocky clefts the brooklet fell With plashy pour.
b. fig. A number of people streaming out or in.
1897Crockett Lad's Love xvii, A miscellaneous pour of lads and lasses. 1898― Standard Bearer xiv. 123 There cam' a pour o' men-folk frae 'tween the lintels.
2. A heavy fall of rain, a downpour.
1814P. Hawker Diary (1893) I. 90 A pour of rain, which turned to snow. 1831S. E. Ferrier Destiny xx. (D.), He..rode home ten miles in a pour of rain. 1861G. J. Whyte-Melville Mkt. Harb. xii. 97 Ere long, it began to rain—first of all, an ominous drizzle,..then a decided pour.
3. Founding.
a. The act, process, or operation of pouring melted metal.
b. The amount of melted metal, or other material, poured at a time.
1884Century Mag. XXIX. 238/2 The ‘pour’ is preceded by a shower of sparks, consisting of little particles of molten steel which are projected fully a hundred feet in the direction of the open mouth of the converter. 1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 102 As the pour is ended, we look into the vessel. 1899Edin. Rev. Apr. 318 The core materials in each ‘pipe’ represent several ‘pours’.
▪ III. pour
obs. form of poor, power. |