| 释义 |
retro-, prefix|ˈriːtrəʊ, ˈrɛtrəʊ|
repr. the Latin adverb retrō backwards, back, which in the post-Augustan language appears in combination with various verbs and verbal nouns, as retroagĕre, -cēdĕre (-cessio, -cessus), -gradāre (-gradātio), -gradī (-gressus), -spicĕre, and more rarely in adjectival forms as retrōgradus. The use of the prefix was widely extended in mediæval Latin (see examples in Du Cange), but most of the important words in English which begin with it are derived from, or modelled on, the more classical types. The earliest to appear is the adj. retrograde, before 1400, followed in the 15th and 16th centuries by other forms from the same stem. Retrocedent and retroversion also appear in the 16th cent., but the main additions to the number are made in the 17th and following centuries. In the 19th, esp. the latter part of it, retro- has been very freely used as a prefix, chiefly in scientific terms (see examples under 3 below).
2. The pronunciation of retro- is to some extent unsettled, and lexicographers vary in their recognition of, or preference for, the short or long vowel. Walker gives only the short, Smart only the long, while Webster admits both in all cases. Recent dictionaries which attempt to discriminate between the various words usually favour |ˈriːtrəʊ|, except in retrograde and retrospect.
3. All the earlier or more important combs. of retro- are given below as main words; the following are illustrations of the extended use of the prefix in the 19th century.
a. Miscellaneous terms, as retroaˈnalysis Chess, analysis of a position so as to reconstruct the moves of the game leading to that position; also transf.; so retroanaˈlytical a. retrocogˈnition, (a) knowledge of the past supernaturally acquired; (b) Psychol., paranormal cognition of events in someone or something else's past; so retroˈcognitive a. retroˈcoupling a., joining backwards or behind. ˈretrodate v., to put back to an earlier date. retrodisˈplacement, displacement rearwards. ˈretroflux, a backward flow. ˈretrofocus a. Photogr., designating an optical system in which the distance of the rear surface from the image of an object at infinity exceeds the focal length, usu. achieved by placing a diverging group of lenses before a converging group. ˈretroform v. (see quot.). retromiˈgration, migration back again. retro-ˈoperative a., having a retrospective effect. ˈretroplexed a., folded back upon itself. retropoˈsition, change of position in a backward direction. retroˈpresbyteral a., lying behind the presbytery (or choir and altar) of a cathedral or other large church. retroreˈception, the action of receiving back again. retroˈseer, one who sees into the past. retrosuˈsception, the action of taking back. retroˈtransfer, -ˈtransference, the act of transferring back again. retroˈvision, vision into or of the past.
A number of similar forms are given in some Dicts., as retroclusion, -curved, -deflect vb., -deviation, -duct vb. -jection, -location, -morphosis, etc.
[1933H. Phillips Week-End Problems Bk. 182 Profound and puzzling retrograde analysis is needed to prove the legality of the key-move.] 1937T. R. Dawson Caissa's Wild Roses in Clusters 13/1 Trio of *retro-analyses. 1979Sci. Amer. Dec. 20/2 Most chess problems deal with the future, such as how can White move and mate in three. Smullyan's problems belong to a field known as retrograde analysis (retro analysis for short), in which it is necessary to reconstruct the past. 1980Daily Tel. 21 Apr. 13/7 Retro⁓analysis is..the root of much scientific thinking. It is as useful to the astronomer pondering the creating of the universe by observing space as it appears now as it is to the detective who solves a murder by deducing the series of events that led to the crime.
1966New Statesman 10 June 858/3 It contains a good many highly complicated ‘*retro⁓analytical’ problems. 1980Daily Tel. 21 Apr. 13/7 The chess-board here is being used only as a tool for an exercise in retro-analytical deduction.
a1901Myers Human Personality (1903) I. 31 Our *retrocognitions seem often a recovery of isolated fragments of thought and feeling. 1962C. D. Broad Lect. Psychical Res. 402 What I will call ‘states of direct but not ostensibly recollective retro-cognition’. 1969J. J. Macintosh in Macintosh & Coval Business of Reason 154 In the absence of a body there is no way of distinguishing between veridical memories and what might be called accurate retro-cognition. 1973Daily Tel. (Colour suppl.) 30 Nov. 27/4 Retrocognition, as precognition, but of past events.
1897Daily News 5 Feb. 6/7 *Retrocognitive clairvoyance..is thus explained.
1828Loudon's Gardener's Mag. III. 414 Description and Use of Dyer's *Retro-coupling Bee-boxes.
1862Lowell Lett. (1894) I. iv. 346, I send it now that my thanks may be antedated (or *retrodated rather) more than a year.
1903Med. Rec. (N.Y.) 27 June 434/2 (heading) The treatment by anterior vaginal section of *retrodisplacement of the uterus, complicated by adhesions. 1972Biol. Abstr. LIII. 3376/2 Physical exertion of women employed in mechanical coal dressing does not affect the incidence of..retrodisplacement of the uterus.
1889Matthews Dis. Women (ed. 4) xv. 116 Hence the *retroflux through a tube. This retroflux sometimes occurs before the operation.
1965Focal Encycl. Photogr. (rev. ed.) II. 1293/2 *Retrofocus lenses are almost invariably of the inverted telephoto type. 1977J. Hedgecoe Photographer's Handbk. 323 In wide-angle, retro-focus constructions the back focus is much greater than the focal length which allows room for mirrors etc. within the camera construction. 1979Amat. Photographer Feb. 95/2 The normal simple calculations for finding the effective f/number when engaged in close-up work with extension tubes or bellows do not always give the right answers when using a telephoto or retrofocus lens.
1848De Quincey in Tait's Mag. XV. 85 They were reforming the Church.., viz., *retroforming it, moulding it back into compliance with its original form and model.
1894Lancaster (Pennsylv.) Daily Intell. 8 Feb., The most recent *retromigration of disheartened Germans from the West.
1863Kinglake Crimea (1876) I. xiv. 311 Prince Louis Bonaparte and Morny..issued a *retro-operative decree.
1858De Morgan in Graves Life Sir W. Hamilton (1889) III. 539 Cauchy's proof..is Argand's, much complexed, perplexed, *retroplexed, and omniplexed.
1843Whewell in Todhunter Acc. Writ. (1876) II. 311 The propagation of the tide from place to place by free waves gave a further *retroposition. 1845Encycl. Metrop. V. 363* The effect of friction will be a retroposition of tides.
1849Ecclesiologist IX. 274 The propriety of the term whereby you describe this *retropresbyteral space.
1829Bentham Justice & Cod. Petit., Abr. Petit. Justice 65 Now, as to retrotransference and *retroreception, or say, return of the suit to the originating judicatory.
1821R. Pollok in D. Pollok Life 117 May not these our *retro-seers have made some mistake in consulting the..past?
1802–12Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) IV. 139 Practice of the ecclesiastical courts: transmission and *retro-susception, as in the equity courts. 1830― Offic. Apt. Maximized Pref. p. xiii, For the purpose of retro-susception or say resumption.
1869W. S. Dallas tr. Müller's Facts for Darwin xii. 123 A *retro-transfer of late-acquired advantages to this early period of life.
1829Bentham Justice & Cod. Petit., Abr. Petit. Justice 60 Transference is followed by *retrotransference.
1830Cunningham Brit. Painters II. 176 They had precisely the same *retro-visions and prophetic visions with himself.
b. Terms of Anat. and Path. in which retro- is combined with an adj. denoting some part of the body, and has the sense of ‘situated behind’ (the part in question), as retro-cæcal, retro-cardiac, retro-duodenal, retro-mastoid, retro-maxillary, retro-ocular, retro-peritoneal, retro-pubic, retro-sternal, retro-tarsal, retro-uterine, etc.; retro-ˈbulbar, situated or occurring behind the eyeball.
[1866A. von Graefe in Archiv für Ophthalm. II. 147 Als solche erscheint mir die Annahme einer retrobulbären Neuritis.] 1879Archiv für Ophthalm. VIII. 328 (heading) Three cases of *retrobulbar, pulsating, vascular tumor. 1879E. Nettleship Student's Guide Dis. Eye ii. xvii. 225 Neuritis behind the eye (retro-bulbar neuritis). 1961Lancet 29 Apr. 908/2 Retrobulbar neuritis is a rare, though well-recognised complication of addisonian pernicious anæmia. 1964S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) 568 Retro⁓bulbar injections should be preceded by an injection of procaine.
1903Amer. Med. V. 836/1 Case 1. *Retrocecal gangrenous appendicitis. 1961Lancet 23 Sept. 671/2 Staph[ylococcus] aureus..was isolated from..the retrocæcal abscess.
1901Ibid. 12 Jan. 118/2 This clear zone is somewhat triangular in shape. Dr. Mignon proposes to call it the *retro-cardiac triangle. 1908Practitioner Dec. 863 The ‘retro-cardiac triangle’, seen when the patient is in the lateral oblique position. This triangle is bounded by the heart in front, the spine behind, and the diaphragm below.
Ibid. 827, I am inclined to think that transduodenal or *retro-duodenal operations for this condition should be avoidable.
1878Bartley tr. Topinard's Anthrop. 171 The *retro-mastoid sutures are complicated.
1891Moulin Surg. 869 *Retromaxillary growths.
1872Darwin Emotions vi. 161 This is due to the dilatation of the *retro-ocular vessels.
1893Trans. Path. Soc. XLIV. 69 The case is..an example of what Astley Cooper termed the mesenteric variety of *retro-peritoneal hernia. 1977Lancet 28 May 1133/1 Retroperitoneal hæmorrhage occurred in 5 patients.
1967Taylor & Cotton Short Textbk. Surg. xxvi. 397 *Retropubic Prostatectomy. The prostate is approached..via a suprapubic incision through the cave of Retzius, the potential space between the back of the pubis and the bladder... A drain is inserted into the retropubic space.
1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 11 The sensation is almost always *retrosternal.
1875Walton Dis. Eye 846 The oculo-palpebral portion, called also the *retro-tarsal fold.
1851Monthly Jrnl. Med. Sci. XIII. 278 (heading) *Retro⁓uterine sanguineous tumours. 1879St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 439 A retro-uterine dermoid cyst.
c. Terms in Astronautics relating to retro-rockets and their use, as retro-ignition, retro-impulse, retro-manœuvre, retro-propulsion, retro-system, retro-thrust.
1967New Scientist 21 Sept. 595/1 *Retro-ignition was delayed for 12·5 seconds, coming at 150 000 feet instead of the normal 274 000 feet.
1961H. H. Koelle Handbk. Astronaut. Engin. xxv. 29 The instantaneous *retro impulses applied tangentially to the trajectory.
1976Sci. Amer. June 7/3 In the Viking missions..the *retromaneuver..that will put the spacecraft in orbit around Mars will be based on commands sent from the earth at least a day earlier.
Ibid. 59/1 Those commands will cause the spacecraft's *retro⁓propulsion system to fire for 43 minutes, subtracting enough velocity to place the spacecraft in an elliptical orbit around Mars.
1962S. Carpenter in Into Orbit 56 The *retro-system is rigged so that the rockets will not fire..unless the capsule is in the correct attitude.
1962Riley & Sailor Space Syst. Engin. iv. 86 The *retro-thrust is directed at such an angle as to provide a desired range. Increases in retro⁓velocities result in small range angles.
Add:[3.] d. Org. Chem. Prefixed to the names of reaction types in order to designate the equivalent processes taking place in reverse, esp. in retro-ene reaction, the reverse of an ene reaction.
1969H. M. R. Hoffmann in Angewandte Chem. (Internat. ed.) VIII. 556/1 Retro-ene reactions, e.g., the decarboxylation of β-ketoacids and the formation of olefins by ester pyrolysis. 1972DePuy & Chapman Molec. Reactions & Photochem. vii. 140 Retro-Diels-Alder reactions may be carried out in the vapor phase in the absence of all solvents and catalysts. 1974Gill & Willis Pericyclic Reactions vi. 205 Retro-ene type reactions..are very much more common when one or more of the six atomic participants is a heteroatom, and notably oxygen. 1989tr. Elschenbroich & Salzer's Organometallics viii. 108 The retrodiene cleavage of a silabicyclo [2.2.2] octadiene is exploited. |