| 释义 |
Aryan, Arian, a. and n.|ˈɛərɪən, ˈɑːrɪən|
[f. Sanskrit ārya, in the later language ‘noble, of good family,’ but apparently in earlier use a national name ‘comprising the worshippers of the gods of the Brahmans’ (Max Müller); cf. Zend airya ‘venerable,’ also a national name, and Old Persian (Achæmenian) ariya national name (applied to himself by Darius Hystaspes); whence probably Gr. ἀρεία, ἀρία, L. Arīa, Aria, and Ariāna, the eastern part of ancient Persia, and Pehlevi and mod.Pers. Irân ‘Persia.’ As a transl. of L. Ariānus ‘of Aria or Ariana,’ Arian has long been in English use: Aryan is of recent introduction in Comparative Philology, and is also by many written Arian, on the ground that āria was the original word, as shown by the Vedic language, ārya being only the later Sanskrit form; the spelling Aryan has the advantage of distinguishing the word from Arian in Eccl. Hist.
1601Holland Pliny I. 131 The region of the Arianes, all scorched and senged with the parching heate of the Sunne. 1794Sir W. Jones tr. Ordin. Menu x. §45 All those tribes of men, who sprang from the mouth, the arm, the thigh, and the foot of Brahmá, but who became outcasts by having neglected their duties, are called Dasyus, or plunderers, whether they speak the language of the Mlechch'has or that of Aryas.]
A. adj.
1. a. Applied by some to the great division or family of languages, which includes Sanskrit, Zend, Persian, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, and Slavonic, with their modern representatives; also called Indo-European, Indo-Germanic, and sometimes Japhetic; by others restricted to the Asiatic portion of these. absol., the original Aryan or Arian language.
The restricted use rests on the ground that only the ancient Indian and Iranian members of the family are known on historical evidence to have called themselves Aria, Arya or Ariya; the wider application rests partly on the inference that the name probably belonged in pre-historic times to the whole family, while this still constituted an ethnic and linguistic unity; and partly on the ground that even if it did not, it is now the most convenient and least misleading name for the primitive type of speech from which all the languages above-mentioned have sprung, inasmuch as Indo-Germanic is too narrow, and Indo-European too wide, for the facts, while Japhetic introduces speculations of which science has no cognizance. A frequent use of the word, in which all agree, is to distinguish the Aryan from the non-Aryan languages of India, the former being ‘Aryan’ whether the term is used in the restricted or the wider sense.
1839Penny Cycl. XIII. 309/1 The Medo-Persic, or Arian branch; at the head of which stands the Zend. 1847Pritchard Rep. Brit. Assoc. 241 The Indo-European, sometimes termed Indo-German, and, by late writers, Arian or Iranian languages. 1878Cust Mod. Langs. E. Indies 49 That all the other Aryan Vernaculars are variants of Hindi, caused by the influence of non-Aryan communities. 1882Sweet in Trans. Phil. Soc. 109 Parent Arian had already developed a perfectly definite word-order. Ibid. 111 The original Arian (not ‘Aryan’) forms.
b. spec. Of or pertaining to the ancient Aryan people.
The idea current in the 19th cent. of an Aryan race corresponding to a definite Aryan language was taken up by nationalistic historical and romantic writers. It was given especial currency by de Gobineau, who linked it with the theory of the essential inferiority of certain races. The term ‘Aryan race’ was later revived and used for purposes of political propaganda in Nazi Germany (see 2).
1851[see Celt1 2]. [ 1855M. A. de Gobineau Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines IV. 350 La race germanique était pourvue de toute l'énergie de la variété ariane. Il le fallait pour qu'elle pût remplir le rôle auquel elle était appelée.] 1858Whitney Orient. Stud. II. 5 The Aryan tribes—for that is the name they gave themselves. 1872Freeman Gen. Sketch i. §2 History in the highest and truest sense is the history of the Aryan natives of Europe. 1911J. Lees tr. H. S. Chamberlain's Foundations 19th Cent. I. iv. 266 Anthropologists, ethnographers and even historians, theologians, philologists and legal authorities find the idea ‘Aryan’ more and more indispensable... Though it were proved that there never was an Aryan race in the past, yet we desire that in the future there may be one. 1916Madison Grant Passing of Great Race (1917) v. 62 The name ‘Aryan race’ must also be frankly discarded as a term of racial significance. 1939J. S. Huxley ‘Race’ in Europe 24 Biologically it is almost as illegitimate to speak of a ‘Jewish race’ as of an ‘Aryan race’.
2. Under the Nazi régime (1933–45) applied to the inhabitants of Germany of non-Jewish extraction.
1932L. Golding Let. to Hitler 25 What you and many of your followers imagine is the Arian manner. 1933W. Norman Brown (title) The Swastika, a Study of the Nazi Claims of its Aryan Origin. 1934Ann. Reg. 1933 ii. 170 Germany{ddd}During April the so-called Aryan Decrees were introduced. 1940War Illustr. 5 Jan. 574/1 The Founder of the Christian faith, he [sc. Rosenberg] asserts, was of ‘Aryan’ not Jewish descent. 1943Ann. Reg. 1942 183 The town..was cleared of its ‘Aryan’ population and made a centre, or rather a concentration camp, for all Jews.
B. n.
1. A member of the Aryan family; one belonging to, or descended from, the ancient people who spoke the parent Aryan language.
1851Edin. Rev. 328 Times when neither Greece nor India were peopled by Arians. 1861Max Müller Sc. Lang. (1873) I. vi. 273 The state of civilisation attained by the Aryans before they left their common home. 1870Emerson Soc. & Solit. vii. 137 The days are ever divine as to the first Aryans. 1878Cust Mod. Langs. E. Indies 13 The Aryans advanced down the basins of the Indus and the Ganges. 1882Sweet Trans. Phil. Soc. 114 The primitive Arians.
2. spec. under the Nazi régime (cf. sense A. 2).
1933tr. Hitler's Mein Kampf in Times 25 July 15/6 The exact opposite of the Aryan is the Jew. 1933Education 1 Sept. 170/2 The basic idea of the new law is that non-Aryans, that is to say mainly Jews, shall be admitted to Universities and to the higher and middle schools only in accordance with their ratio of the total population of Germany. 1940War Illustr. 16 Feb. 107 Pitiable in the extreme is the plight of the Jews in Poland under Nazi rule... On their backs they must wear a triangle of yellow cloth to show that their faith is abominable to the Nazi, and they must walk in the gutter, for the pavement is for Aryans only. |