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revenue|ˈrɛvənjuː|
Forms: α. 5–6 reu-, revenu, 5– revenue; pl. 5 -us(e, 5–6 -u(e)z, -uys. β. 5 reu-, 6 revenow; pl. 5 -owis, 6 -os, -ous. γ. 7 reu-, revenew; pl. 6 -euos, -ewys, -ewse, 6–7 -ewes. δ. 5–7 reu-, revennew(e; pl. 5 -ewis, 6–7 -ewes, 7 revennues, -u's.
[a. OF. revenu masc. (so in mod.F.) or revenue fem., substantive use of the pa. pple. of revenir to return.
The stressing reˈvenue, common or usual during the 17th and 18th centuries and until the later 19th century in legal and parliamentary usage, is now obsolescent, if not obsolete. Cf. the following: 1760 Ld. Holland in Life & Lett. Lady S. Lennox I. 14 He [the king] laid the accent on the first syllable of Allys and Revenues, which is after the Scotch pronunciation.1828Walker s.v., This word seems as nearly balanced between the accent on the first and second syllable as possible. 1840Smart s.v., Re-ven′-ue is an etymological pronunciation, but extensive custom does not sanction it. 1860Cornh. Mag. Nov. 589 Revenue—which, by the way, every parliamentary speaker insists upon pronouncing ‘revénnue’. ]
†1. Return to a place. Obs. rare.
1422tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 175, I kno well my frende, that he atte no tyme couaunt wold breke.., and Sertayne I haue of reuenine [sic]. 1532in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 24 We can do no lesse but now uppon the Kyngs revenue into his owne realme to gyve..thanks to Almightie God..for his prosperous..revenue.
†2. The return, yield, or profit of any lands, property, or other important source of income. Also pl. in the same sense. Obs.
sing.1427Rolls of Parlt. IV. 318/2 Ye Collectours of ye goode and revenue of ye saide Grauntes. 1565Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Abeo, Whervpon is the reuenew of my fermes spente or wasted? 1593Shakes. Rich. II, i. iv. 46 We are inforc'd to farme our royall Realme, The Reuennew whereof shall furnish vs For our affayres in hand. 1604E. G[rimstone] tr. D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iii. xvi. 172 The revenue of this Lake is worth three hundred thousand duckets a yeere. 1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. ii. Disc. ix. 109 One gave all his goods to the poore at once, the other kept all the inheritance and gave the revenue.
pl.1490Caxton Eneydos xxi. F iij, I shalle make the myn heyre, to..receyue, after my deth, þ⊇ re[ue]nues of all my londe. c1515Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 214 The Kinge..hath granted it [the lordship of Harwood] to me, with all the revenos & profitts thereof. 1546in Eng. Gilds (1870) 196 How the Revenuez and proffuytes of the possessiones of the same ben vsed. 1600J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa iii. 162 He appointeth a new gouernour ouer euery citie, vnto whom all the tributes and reuenues of the same place redound. 1654Whitlock Zootomia 404 His fifty Millions a yeare, standing Revenewes of his Crown Land.
fig.1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 124 Which thing if you doe (as I heare) the reuenues of your vertues wilbe inualuable. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage i. ii. 5 Neither do I know any thing wherein a man may more improue the reuenues of his learning. 1641Milton Animadv. Wks. 1851 III. 217 What are they but the black revennues of Purgatorie, the price of abus'd, and murder'd soules.
3. That which comes in to one as a return from property or possessions, esp. of an extensive kind; income from any source (but esp. when large and not directly earned).
1433Rolls of Parlt. IV. 432/2 No yift ne Graunte of lyfelod, Revenue or good, balangyng to youre Hienesse. 1599Shakes. Mids. N. i. i. 158, I haue a Widdow Aunt, a dowager, Of great reuennew. 1600J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa iii. 140 Amongst his other livings, he gathereth out of a certaine mountaine seuen thousand duckats of yeerely reuenue. a1699Temple (J.), Many offices are of so small revenue, as not to furnish a man with what is sufficient for the support of his life. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. viii. 319 A twelfth branch of royal revenue. 1776Adam Smith W.N. i. vi. (1869) I. 55 Wages, profit, and rent, are the three original sources of all revenue. 1845McCulloch Taxation (1852) 40 It is not from capital, therefore, but from revenue, that permanent taxes should be derived. 1878Simpson Sch. Shaks. I. 28 The sale of heiresses was a common source of revenue to courtiers in those days.
fig.1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. ii. iii. 31 The common curse of mankinde, follie and ignorance, be thine in great reuenew.
b. With possessive pron. or genitive.
1483Caxton Cato g iiij, Thou oughtest..to holde thyn estate after thy rente and reuenue. 1580Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 294 His majesteis yeirlie revenew and patrimony of his croun. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxxiv. §4 As the life of the Cleargie is spent in the seruice of God, so it is sustained with his reuenew. 1634Heywood Maidenh. well lost i. Wks. 1874 IV. 109 Much of his own reuenue He hath expended, all to pay his Souldiers. a1687Petty Pol. Arith. (1690) 100, I might add that his Majesties Revenue is near tripled. 1728Young Love of Fame i. 21 When men grow great from their revenue spent, And fly from bailiffs into parliament. 1776Adam Smith W.N. i. vii. (1869) I. 58 His profit, besides, is his revenue, the proper fund of his subsistence. 1815Elphinstone Acc. Caubul (1842) II. 71 His authority is loosely exercised, and he seems quite indifferent to every thing but his revenue. 1877Froude Short Stud. (1883) IV. i. iii. 37 Appeals to Rome were the most lucrative source of the pope's revenue.
fig.1594Shakes. Rich. III, iii. vii. 158 If..my Path were euen to the Crowne, As the ripe Reuenue and due of Birth. 1819Shelley Cenci i. i. 33 The deeds which are the stewards Of their revenue.
c. With the. Also fig.
1581G. Pettie tr. Guazzo's Civ. Conv. ii. (1586) 54 That answere gaue me occasion, to attribute to the eares, the reuenew, and to the tongue, the expense. 1614Raleigh Hist. World ii. (1634) 286 To whom a third of the revenew was given in recompence. 1648J. Beaumont Psyche vii. ccxxxix, Nor shall the arts Of rude and peevish Heresy suppress That Worship which the due Revenue is. c1727Swift, etc. Thoughts Var. Subj. Wks. 1751 IV. 288 'Tis like spending this year part of the next year's Revenue. 1776Adam Smith W.N. i. vi. (1904) I. 58 The revenue derived from labour is called wages; that derived from stock..is called profit. a1852Moore Periwinkle & Soc. 7 Every year, the Revenue From their periwinkles larger grew. a1862Buckle Civiliz. (1869) III. ii. 101 The clergy knew full well, that if they established their power the revenue would quickly follow.
4. pl. The collective items or amounts which constitute an income, esp. that of a person having extensive landed possessions, a ruler, city, state, etc. † Also with a (quot. 1627).
1433Rolls of Parlt. IV. 478/1 Other profitz or revenuz that longeth to the seid cominaltee. 1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 305 He..caused the partyes to be contented with such reuenuse & profytes as they had resayued. 1546Supplic. Poore Commons (E.E.T.S.) 2 The yearely reuenewse & possessions of this your Highnes realme. 1591Spenser Tears of Muses 469 Their great revenues all in sumptuous pride They spend. 1627Hakewill Apol. (1630) 356 A man of a great revenewes. 1687Dryden Hind & P. iii. 148 They gape at rich revenues which you hold. 1704Nelson Fest. & Fasts ii. iii. (1739) 472 They took Care of the Church's Revenues. 1779J. Moore View Soc. Fr. (1789) II. lxxii. 204 The revenues of this monarch are much greater than is generally imagined. 1845McCulloch Taxation Introd. (1852) 17 The burden of taxation should be made to press on individuals in proportion to their respective revenues. 1872Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. 172 The earls of Cornwall derived a considerable part of their revenues from the produce of the tin-mines.
fig.c1600Shakes. Sonn. cxlii, Those lips of thine, That haue..Robd others beds reuenues of their rents.
5. a. An income; an amount of money regularly accruing to one; † a stipend, salary.
1614Raleigh Hist. World ii. (1634) 418 Though parsimony itselfe be a great revenue, yet [etc.]. 1653Jer. Taylor Serm. for Year Ded., S. Paul..esteemed it his honour to preach to them without a revenue. 1709Steele Tatler No. 101 ⁋4 After having laid out a Princely Revenue in Works of Charity and Beneficence. 1779Johnson L.P., Dryden Wks. II. 315 A revenue in those days not inadequate to the conveniences of life. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iii. I. 309 A thousand a year was thought a large revenue for a barrister. 1876L. Stephen Eng. Th. 18th C. II. 313 Here then in Turgot's language was a ‘disposable’ revenue, a fund differing in kind from the wealth of other classes.
b. A separate source or item of (private or public) income.
1624Capt. Smith Virginia iii. iv. 53 The sale of the Stores commodities maintained his estate, as an inheritable revenew. 1626Galway Arch. in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 473 The grace of God is the best revennewe of this towne, and his blessings our greatest rentes. 1692R. L'Estrange Fables ccxlvii, If the Woman could have been Contented with Golden Eggs, she might have kept That Revenue on still. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 145/2 Another maritime revenue..is that of shipwrecks. 1846McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) II. 397 The capacity of a tax on a commodity to raise a revenue. 1879Encycl. Brit. IX. 175/1 This form of conveyance also supplied a revenue to the crown. 1885W. D. Chester Chron. Customs 98 Revenues are let to those who will bid for them.
6. a. The annual income of a government or state, from all sources, out of which the public expenses are defrayed. (Cf. inland a. 2.)
1690Locke Consid. Raising Money 26 The Revenue now in time of Peace, will yield above all charges 1500000 l. per An. 1735Bolingbroke On Parties 17 They broke the Army, stinted the Revenue, and threw their Master on the Affections of his People. 1797in Norton Topics (1858) 202 Revenue, having reached its lowest point of depression, will, after next year, begin to rise regularly and uniformly. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India iii. vi. III. 263 Other changes were made..in the constitution of the Commissioners of revenue and circuit. 1901Empire Rev. I. 369 Obtaining this revenue in such a manner as will conduce towards the..extension of national industries.
b. The department of the civil service which deals with the collection of the national funds.
1700Maidwell in Collect. (O.H.S.) I. 312 All forms or papers with blancs to be used in any branch of his majesties revenue. 1708Swift Death of Partridge Wks. 1751 IV. 199, I had some sort of knowledge of him when I was employ'd in the Revenue. 1871C. Davies Metric Syst. iii. 125 But this calculation could not long suit the revenue. 1879Encycl. Brit. IX. 175/1 The exchequer hunted up and punished offences against the revenue, and through both agencies assisted the revenue.
c. U.S. A revenue officer.
1883Zeigler & Grosscup Heart of Alleghanies 257 My pards mout tak' ye fer a revenoo, an' let a hole thro' ye. 1901Munsey's Mag. XXV. 613/1 Once the ‘revenues’ had dragged him from his lair,..and he had been sent to State's prison for two years.
7. attrib. and Comb. (sense 6).
a. Attributive, as revenue account, revenue act, revenue agent, revenue board, revenue boat, revenue cruiser, revenue cutter, revenue department, revenue expenditure, revenue law, revenue man, revenue officer, revenue police, revenue stamp, revenue tariff, revenue vessel.
1869Bradshaw's Railway Manual XXI. 392 Confusion between capital and *revenue accounts..has led to the undue increase of capital. 1970R. W. Wallis Accounting x. 142 If the local authority charges similar fares and has similar expenses to those of the private undertaking, it too will make a profit or ‘revenue account surplus’. Ibid. 147 The public authority ‘provision for debt redemption’ or ‘loans redeemed’ accounts tend to be equivalent to the ‘depreciation provision’ account..provided the revenue account is charged with an amount approximating to the amount of depreciation of the asset concerned.
1791G. Washington Diary 4 June (1925) IV. 196 The discontents which it was supposed the last *Revenue Act..would create subside as fast as the law is explained. 1816Scott Antiq. xi, Revenue acts of parliament.
1864Statutes at Large U.S.A. XIII. 224 *Revenue agents..[shall] aid in the prevention, detection, and punishment of frauds upon the internal revenue. 1943Chicago Daily News 24 Dec. 6/1 We would hate to be a revenue agent with that gal up in the cove.
1846McCulloch Brit. Emp. (1854) II. 408 The number of commissioners in the different *revenue boards was..greater.
1846Knickerbocker XXVIII. 244 The *revenue-boat from the guardacosta came on board before our sails were furled.
1830Marryat King's Own xiii, I trust she's a *revenue cruiser.
1790Deb. Congress U.S. (1834) 1st Congress 2nd Sess., App. 2277 The officers of the *revenue cutters hereinafter mentioned. 1801Nelson in Duncan Life (1806) 195 The..revenue cutters kept under sail.
1790Deb. Congress U.S. 2 July (1834) 1003, I likewise nominate the following persons to fill offices in the *Revenue Department of the United States. 1964S. Brittan Treasury under Tories iv. 101 The Inland Revenue and Customs and Excise (jointly known as ‘the Revenue Departments’).
1961Webster, *Revenue expenditure. 1968Johannsen & Robertson Managem. Gloss. 116 Revenue expenditure, expenditures of cash which are undertaken to maintain asset values (e.g. repairs) or to obtain current revenue (e.g. raw material purchases, factory payroll). 1970R. W. Wallis Accounting x. 140 [In central government accounting] the distinction between capital and revenue expenditure is not recognized. 1979Daily Tel. 6 Apr. 10/6 After deducting more than {pstlg}3 million earmarked for capital projects, the council's new grant represents a rise in its revenue expenditure of about 19 per cent.
1776Adam Smith W.N. v. v. (1904) II. 563 A manifest encouragement to the violation of the *revenue laws.
1841J. T. J. Hewlett Parish Clerk II. 258 By giving information to the *revenue-men. 1895Century Mag. July 378/2 I'm always skeered o' the revenue men bein' about.
1776Adam Smith W.N. v. ii. (1904) II. 565 The levying of this tax requires a multitude of *revenue officers. 1885W. D. Chester Chron. Customs viii. 92 The interference..was..attended with some danger to the revenue officers.
1848–9Act 11 & 12 Vict. c. 121 §25 Any Officer of Excise or Customs, or of the *Revenue Police in Ireland.
1870J. K. Medbery Men & Mysteries Wall St. 52 The acknowledgements are covered with *revenue stamps.
1820Deb. Congress U.S. 24 Apr. (1855) 1966 They enacted a treasury tariff, a *revenue tariff, without the least regard to the situation of the country. 1887Courier-Jrnl. (Louisville, Kentucky) 19 Feb. 4/1 They are the identical arguments which the Courier-Journal has been pounding into the understanding of the people in its fight for a revenue tariff.
1814Scott Diary 26 Aug. in Lockhart, The people here were much irritated against the men of a *revenue vessel.
b. Obj. and objective genitive, as revenue-collector, revenue-defender, revenue-earner; revenue-earning, revenue-paying, revenue-producing, revenue-sharing, revenue-yielding.
1849Otté tr. Humboldt's Cosmos II. 597 Persians were established at that period as revenue-collectors on the Indus.
1885W. D. Chester Chron. Customs viii. 94 This..does not redound to the valour of the revenue defenders.
1963Times 23 Mar. 11/1 Sport in general is a major revenue-earner.
1892Pall Mall G. 23 Mar. 2/3 The Treasury insists on regarding the Post Office as a revenue-earning institution.
1910J. London Let. 9 Aug. (1966) 317 The idea that a judge of rectitude should..try a case between a non-resident like me and a revenue-paying, vote-swinging tenant like Muldowney.
1892Daily News 18 Apr. 3/4 The peasant..is simply regarded as a revenue-producing unit.
1971New Yorker 10 July 43 Brock's dominant theme was much the same as what President Nixon would later call ‘revenue sharing’—that government had to be returned to local control by way of sending the taxpayers' money back to the states, counties, cities, and towns. 1973Black Panther 17 Mar. a/3 Even the facade of Revenue Sharing as the promise of a ‘new lease on life’ for American cities is fast becoming a sad joke. 1976National Observer (U.S.) 2 Oct. 10/1 Boston's Housing Improvement Program, an apparently successful effort to use Federal revenue-sharing money to upgrade city neighborhoods and preserve existing housing.
1898E. Howard To-morrow v. 53 A considerable outlay would be incurred in respect of markets, water supply, lighting, tramways, and other revenue-yielding undertakings.
Hence ˈrevenued a., in well revenued or richly revenued, having large or rich revenues. Now rare.
1637Heywood Royall King ii. ix, Are we not rich? are we not well revenew'd? 1649Alcoran p. ix, They haue Temples, Colleges, and Hospitales well revenued. a1661Fuller Worthies, Lancs. ii. (1662) 122 Knights..anciently descended, and richly reveneued in this County. |