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reverberation|rɪvɜːbəˈreɪʃən|
[a. OF. reverberation (mod.F. réverbération, = Sp. reverberacion, It. re-, ri-, rinverberazione), or ad. late L. reverberātiōn-em, n. of action f. reverberāre to reverberate.]
1. a. The fact, on the part of a thing, of being driven or forced back, esp. after impact. rare.
c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. 2234 Euery soun Nis but of Eir reuerberacioun. 1577Frobisher in Hakluyt Voy. (1600) III. 81 We suppose these great indrafts..are made by the reuerberation and reflection of that same current. 1579Fenton Guicciard. iv. (1599) 178 Being nothing amazed to see many of their companies slaine directly with the bullet, and many wounded with the reuerberation of the same. 1601Holland Pliny xi. xix. I. 321 The sound made by reverberation of the aire, which men call Eccho.
b. Reflection of light or heat.
1460–70Bk. Quintessence 6 Sette ȝoure vessel forseid to þe strong reuerberacioun of þe sunne in somer tyme, and lete it stonde þere. 1555Eden Decades (Arb.) 287 The days are..hot by reason of contynuall reuerberation of the beames of the soonne. 1601Holland Pliny I. 7 In the reflection and reuerberation of the Sun-beames from the water. 1662J. Bargrave Pope Alex. VII (1867) 136 The reverberation of the light from the steel through the crystal sendeth forth..a radiant light in a dark night. 1705Addison Italy 42 Like the several Reverberations of the same Image from two opposite Looking-Glasses. 1778R. Lowth Transl. Isaiah Notes (ed. 12) 300 That false appearance..is occasioned by the reverberation of the sun beams. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. ix. 98 Fostered by the reverberation of solar heat from the rocks. c1879Stevenson Ess. Trav. (1905) 222 The plump sunshine from above and its strong reverberation from below colour the skin.
fig.1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 54 To feel as strong reverberations of envie and ill will from beneath, as they do irradiations of grace and favour from above. 1870Lowell Among my Books Ser. i. (1873) 184 The throng which is but the reverberation of his supremacy.
c. Return or re-echoing of sounds; spec. temporary persistence or prolongation of sound without perceptible distinct echoes, produced either by repeated reflection from nearby surfaces or artificially.
1626Bacon Sylva §270 To the Reverberation of Audibles are required greater spaces. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. i. 30 Cowardice often resounded the same Shout in their Breasts, till beaten with the Reverberation thereof, without striking a Stroak, they confusedly ran away. 1828E. Holmes Ramble among Musicians of Germany 194 The effect of an excellent orchestra is heightened by the structure of this edifice, which admits of a fine echo and reverberation. 1866J. G. Murphy Comm., Exod. xix. 18 The whole mountain trembled greatly with the reverberations of the thunder. 1870J. H. Newman Gram. Assent i. v. 101 The perceptive power which identifies the intimations of conscience with the reverberations or echoes (so to say) of an external admonition. 1905E. Atkinson tr. Ganot's Nat. Philos. (ed. 10) iv. i. 203 When a person is speaking in a large empty room, the reverberation from the walls and ceiling produces a confused effect. 1948P. M. Morse Vibration & Sound (ed. 2) xxxii. 387 If the room is used chiefly for music, we can allow more reverberation without detriment. 1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio xi. 188 ‘Echo’ is something of a misnomer for a studio technique which serves to extend reverberation without (it is hoped) introducing any actual echoes. Ibid. 191 Reverberation is added by an echo chamber. 1975G. J. King Audio Handbk. i. 22 It is the aim of hi-fi reproduction..to reproduce the whole of the original, including the reverberation, which should not be unduly modified by the listening room.
†2.
a. The action of something in reflecting light or heat. Obs.
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 497 The siȝhte of the peple segenge that cite was deludede by the reverberation of snawe. 1600E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 140 His caske burnt with the sunne and the reuerberation of the Sands..did breake. 1686tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 413 A high Mountain..The Reverberation of which..furiously heats the place.
†b. The action of a thing in returning a sound, or the result of this. Obs.
1596Danett tr. Comines (1614) 300 The reuerberation of these great mountaines..made this thunder seeme greater than in deede it was. 1617Moryson Itin. ii. 84, I sensibly heard by reuerberation of the wall, the sound of the vollies of shot in that skirmish. 1657Reeve God's Plea 33 Is it not the cry in every Congregation? the reverberation of the very walls of the Sanctuary?
3. a. The action of driving or sending back, reflecting light, returning a sound, etc.; the fact of being reflected, returned, etc.; an instance of this.
1597A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 30 b/1 In this tumefactione ther is a continuall reverberation. 1601Holland Pliny I. 526 It beeing driuen backe, returneth downward; howbeit, in that reuerberation, breaketh out vnder those knots. a1702Howe Living Temple ii. v. Wks. 1835 I. 81 What wounded him did, by a strong reverberation, wound them back again. 1758H. Walpole Mem. Geo. II, III. 84 He did..give such a reverberation to our stagnating Councils as exceedingly altered the appearance of our fortune. 1773Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 6 Sept., A mighty flood,..frequently obstructed by protuberances and exasperated by reverberation. 1834M. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sci. xvi. (1849) 153 The rolling noise of thunder has been attributed to reverberation between different clouds. 1876Mellor Priesthood ii. 68 Music..that steals from arch to arch in long reverberation.
b. The fact or process of subjecting to heat in a reverberatory furnace. Also in † furnace, or oven, of reverberation.
1460–70Bk. Quintessence 13 Þe riȝt blak erþe..in þe furneys of glas.., or ellis reuerberacioun, xxj. dayes calcyne. 1605Timme Quersit. i. xiii. 161 Their colours may be taken away by cementation and reverberation. 1683Pettus Fleta Min. ii. 5 The Lime..being well calcin'd in an oven of Reverberation makes the Amel. 1694Salmon Bate's Dispens. i. ii. 94/2 Then it [the fire] ought to be increas'd by degrees to the second and third degree of Reverberation for eight Hours more. 1727–38Chambers Cycl. s.v. Calcination, Actual calcination is subdivided into incineration, and reverberation. 1799G. Smith Laboratory I. 156 Take of that iron powder prepared by reverberation.
c. Plumbing. = water-hammer 2.
1967Gloss. Sanitation Terms (B.S.I.) 63 Reverberation, a hammering sound caused by violent surges of pressure in water pipes. 1972J. Hastings Plumber's Compan. 168 The working plumber is unlikely to use ‘reverberation’ or even ‘concussion’ when speaking of water hammer.
4. a. A re-echoing sound.
1845Longfellow The Arsenal at Springfield 12 The cries of agony..Which, through the ages that have gone before us, In long reverberations reach our own. 1858Hawthorne Fr. & It. Note-bks. I. 277 Petrarch's house stands..within hearing of the reverberations between the strokes of the Cathedral bell.
b. A reflection of light or colour.
1860Tyndall Glac. 203 The colour is, no doubt, due to the optical reverberations which occur within a fissure or cavity formed in the snow. 1883R. L. & F. Stevenson Dynamiter Wks. 1895 II. 55 A..lean-to shed.., in strong contrast to the room, was painted with a red reverberation as from furnace-doors.
5. attrib., as reverberation chamber, a room specially designed to reflect sounds produced within it; reverberation time Acoustics, the time taken, after cessation of production of a steady sound, for the average sound intensity at a given frequency in a room or enclosure to die away, spec. to decrease by 60 decibels.
1932P. E. Sabine Acoustics & Archit. vi. 120 With a source of sound whose acoustic output can be varied in measured amounts the absorbing power of the reverberation chamber both in its standard condition and with the absorbent material present can be determined directly. 1966McGraw–Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. I. 665/2 Two types of rooms especially constructed for research and development are..the random diffusion or reverberation chamber and the anechoic room. 1969Reverberation chamber [see sabin].
1927I. B. Crandall Theory of Vibrating Syst. & Sound v. 203 We define T, the reverberation time of the given enclosure as the time required for the energy density to sink from one prescribed level to another. Ibid. 211 A new concept of reverberation time more nearly in accordance with the actual conditions under which concert rooms are used. 1932[see acoustical a. b]. 1952Sci. News XXIII. 83 Recent concert hall designs have included large quantities of polished wood as a surface finish in an endeavour to prevent the reverberation-time falling away at high frequencies. 1975G. J. King Audio Handbk. i. 22 For the reproduction of music the reverberation time should not be too large otherwise the ‘definition’ will be impaired owing to the commencement of a new component of sound before those preceding have died away. |