| 释义 |
protamine Biochem. and Med.|ˈprəʊtəmiːn|
Also † -in |-ɪn|.
[ad. G. protamin (F. Miescher 1874, in Verhandl. d. Naturforsch. Ges. in Basel VI. 153): see proto- and amine.]
1. Any of a class of basic proteins of relatively low molecular weight which occur combined with nucleic acids in the sperm of many species of fish, and which have the property of countering the anti-coagulant action of heparin; orig. spec. that obtained from the salmon.
1874Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXVII. 794 Nuclein occurs in the salmon roe in the form of an insoluble compound with the new base protamine, the latter constituting no less than one-fourth of the weight of the roe. 1896Ibid. LXX. i. 582 The names salmine and sturine are suggested by [sic] the two protamines. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 724/1 These Protamins..take up water and yield the bases above referred to. 1928W. V. Thorpe tr. Kossel's Protamines & Histones ii. i. 2 Increasing knowledge of the hydrolysis products of the protamines confirmed Kossel's view..that the protamines belonged to the protein group and were the most elementary type of this..class of compounds. 1954A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. ix. 195 The protamines are relatively small and simple proteins, deficient in many amino-acids and extremely rich in arginine. 1970R. W. McGilvery Biochem. xxvi. 653 The effects of heparin can be reversed by giving protamine, the highly basic small protein associated with nucleic acids in fish sperm. 1971D. R. Williams Metals of Life iii. 27 The threshold between polypeptides and proteins is arbitrarily set at MW 5000 since the smallest physiologically active polymers, the protamines (found in spermatozoa), have molecular weights commencing at this value. 1973B. A. Brown Hematol. iv. 132/1 At the completion of surgery, protamine is administered in order to neutralize the effects of the heparin.
2. attrib. and Comb.
a. In various combs., as protamine-insulin, protamine-zinc(-insulin), denoting suspensions of insulin with a protamine, and usu. also zinc chloride, which have greater stability and a more prolonged hypoglycæmic action than insulin alone.
1935C. L. Heel tr. N. B. Krarup (title) Clinical investigations into the action of protamine insulinate. 1936Canad. Public Health Jrnl. XXVII. 157/2 In the preparation of protamine insulin for injection, a suitable quantity of protamine, buffered with sodium phosphate, is added to regular insulin. 1936Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. XXXV. 240/1 The other solution contained a buffer phosphate, 1 c.c. of which, when added to the protamine-zinc-insulin complex, adjusted the reaction so that the hydrogen-ion concentration..was identical with that of blood. 1956Nature 4 Feb. 223/2 Robinson and Fehr were able to estimate the percentage of insulin in protamine insulin by using the upper phase from a butanol/acetic/water..mixture as a chromatographic solvent. 1960M. Spark Bachelors vii. 100 Protamine zinc for more prolonged coverage throughout the evening and the following night. She needs 80 units. 1962J. H. Burn Drugs, Med. & Man xiv. 148 While the maximum time of action of insulin alone was six hours, that of protamine-insulin was 12–18 hours, and finally that of zinc-protamine-insulin was 24–30 hours.
b. protamine sulphate, a salt of a protamine and sulphuric acid, given as an aqueous solution to neutralize the anti-coagulant effect of heparin; protamine titration, a test of the clotting ability of blood in which blood is first made incoagulable with heparin and then titrated against protamine sulphate until clotting occurs; a value so obtained.
1936Jrnl. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therapeutics LVIII. 80 After standing 4 or 5 days the precipitated protamine sulfate has settled and is removed by centrifugation. 1962Listener 3 May 769/2 Certain mixtures of large molecules—for example, mixtures of starch, gelatin, and protamine sulphate—will form drops which have great stability. 1971S. I. Rapaport Introd. Hematol. xxiv. 311 One-tenth volume of 1 per cent protamine sulfate is added to plasma, and the plasma is examined for a precipitate after 15 minutes at 37°C.
1949J. G. Allen et al. Jrnl. Lab. & Clin. Med. XXXIV. 473 (heading) A protamine titration as an indication of clotting defect in certain hemorrhagic states. 1949Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 30 Apr. 1251/1 The blood..showed an increased protamine titration when the prothrombin level was normal or near normal, when fibrinogen levels were not abnormal and when fibrinolysin was not grossly disturbed. 1973B. A. Brown Hematol. iv. 132/1 The protamine titration..is used to estimate the minimum required dose of protamine. |