| 释义 |
▪ I. reversal, n.|rɪˈvɜːsəl|
[f. reverse v. + -al1.]
1. Law. The act of reversing or annulling a decree, sentence, punishment, etc.; the fact of being reversed or annulled.
1488Rolls of Parlt. VI. 413/1 The Acte of Restitution or Reversall, made in the said Parliament. 1503Ibid. 526/2 Rehersyng the said Reversall, Repelle, Adnullacion and Avoydaunce, of this said Acte. 1562Act 5 Eliz. c. 9 §1 Upon every suche Reversall, the parties greeved to recover his or their Damages. 1622Bacon Hen. VII 12 The king likewise in the Reuersall of the Attainders of his Partakers..had his will. 1640in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1692) I. iii. 57 An Act for Reversal of a Decree made in Chancery. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. 284 Which reversal may be had by the defendant's appearing personally in court. 1797Month. Mag. III. 552/2 The effect of the reversal of an outlawry in a civil action..has been before mentioned. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) II. 328 It seems that the reversal of a fine by act of parliament will restore a contingent remainder destroyed by that fine. 1861May Const. Hist. (1863) I. vii. 460 Believing the judgment of the court to be erroneous, they might have sought its reversal by a writ of error. 1884Law Rep. 12 Q.B. Div. 439 The Queen's Bench Divison reversed his decision, and the present case is an appeal from that reversal.
transf.1818G. S. Faber Horæ Mosaicæ I. 59 note, He cannot mean a reversal of any imaginary sentence of annihilation. 1869Huxley in Scientific Opinion 21 Apr. 464/1 Whether they..appeal for a reversal of the sentence to that higher court of educated scientific opinion to which we are all amenable.
2. The act or process of reversing, in various senses of the verb; an instance of this.
1698Phil. Trans. XX. 416 Tornadoes..which made some small Reversal, though it was but for Two or Three Hours. 1794Sullivan View Nat. II. 84 Doctor Franklin proved particularly..the effects of the reversal of the poles of magnets, as caused by lightning. 1814Cary Dante, Par. xvii. 87 He shall cause Reversal of their lot to many people. 1833Herschel Astron. v. 197 The reversal of the seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres. 1880Haughton Phys. Geogr. iv. 187 The Monsoons are..produced by a reversal of the north-east trade winds.
attrib.1698Phil. Trans. XX. 415 Very high Lands, that of themselves doth most commonly give Reversal or Westerly Winds at Night.
3. Reversion to some practice, etc. rare.
1862Reichel Cathedral 19th Cent. 21 What I propose..is no reversal to antiquated and unsuitable modes and forms of thought and worship. 1893Illustr. Lond. News 1 Apr. 398/2 They had Nonconformity in the blood,..with occasional ‘throwings back’, or reversals, to Conformity.
4. Photogr. The process by which a positive image is produced on exposed photographic material without an intervening negative stage. Freq. attrib. (see sense 5).
1878Proc. R. Soc. XXVII. 292 When the strength of the permanganate, or hydroxyl, was correct a reversed image of the least refrangible end of the spectrum was obtained,..the reversal taking place somewhere near D, extending into the ultra-red. 1890Hurter & Driffield in Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 31 May 464/1 We accordingly distinguish four different periods of exposures... The last portion of the curve we term the period of ‘reversal’. Ibid. 464/2 This period we have named the period of reversal because within this period happens that peculiar phenomenon, the transformation of the negative into the positive, the ‘solarisation’, ‘reversal’, &c. 1907Sheppard & Mees Invest. Theory Photogr. Process ii. vi. 212 Various forms of reversal in the photographic process are known, not all of equal interest or importance. 1927C. B. Neblette Photogr. viii. 205 No photographic process is, strictly speaking, free from the effects of reversal. 1969Focal Encycl. Photogr. 1294/1 The positive image produced by reversal is..intrinsically finer in grain than the negative from which it is derived.
5. attrib. and Comb. (chiefly in sense 4), as reversal method, reversal paper, reversal stock, reversal transparency; reversal film, film that gives a positive image directly when it is processed; reversal process n. = sense 4 above; so reversal-processed ppl. a., reversal processing vbl. n.; also reversal-process v. trans.; reversal speed Aeronaut., the air speed above which the effect of a control surface is reversed, and at which it is nullified, by the aerodynamic effect of the elastic distortion of the aircraft caused by operation of the surface.
1931J. H. Reyner Cine-Photogr. for Amateurs i. 10 Reversal film..will make excellent positives from under exposed film. 1962Which? May 131/1 There are two types of colour film on the market—reversal film, which produces ‘positive’ transparencies (slides).., and negative film. 1970Amateur Photographer 11 Mar. 60/3 While positive film is comparatively cheap and good results are possible,..results cannot be nearly as pleasing as those obtained with conventional black-and-white reversal film.
1938G. H. Sewell Amateur Film-Making ii. 13 It is also possible by applying different solutions [to an exposed film] to ‘fix’ the film, i.e. dissolve away the silver and leave the salts, and if this is done, the residue of silver salts can then be exposed to light and developed, and it will be found that a positive image will result. That is known as the ‘reversal’ method.
1969M. J. Langford Adv. Photogr. xvi. 360 Using reversal paper to print direct from positive transparencies.
1920W. Gamble Photogr. xi. 80 Development is as usual, and there is no reversal process as in the case of the Autochrome. 1944T. A. Longmore Med. Photogr. 363 Development is carried out by the reversal process in order to produce a positive image to satisfy the requirements of the additive colour process. 1955Jrnl. Photogr. Sci. III. 129/1 Deep-etch plates and most bi-metal processes require positives to produce a positive image by a reversal process during platemaking. 1973Reversal-process vb. [see reversal processing vbl. n. below]. 1977J. Hedgecoe Photographer's Handbk. 73 The paper prints must be reversal processed using 8 or 9 stages similar to Ektachrome processing.
1964L. A. Mannheim tr. Croy's Camera Copying & Reproduction 150 Reversal-processed prints are liable to yield uneven image densities.
1938D. A. Spencer Colour Photogr. x. 143 The correct exposure is normally that which will leave the highest highlight just transparent after reversal processing. 1973W. Thomas SPSE Handbk. Photogr. Sci. & Engin. ix. 547 Films designed for reversal processing are available, and some black-and-white negative films can be reversal-processed.
1947Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. LI. 5/2 For a stiff enough wing there will theoretically be one reversal speed in the subsonic range and two in the supersonic. 1966McGraw–Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. I. 90/2 Elastic distortion of an airplane increases rapidly as its speed increases toward the divergence speed and reversal speed.
1969J. Elliot Duel iii. ii. 233 She went to..learn the mysteries of negatives and reversal stock.
1967Economist 7 Jan. 67/3 Ciba's new process for making colour prints from reversal transparencies.
▪ II. † reˈversal, a. Obs. rare.
[a. F. réversal or ad. med.L. reversālis (Du Cange).]
Revocatory.
1656Heylin Surv. France 77 Speciall letters reversall. a1715Burnet Own Time (1766) I. 439 After his death there were reversal letters found among his papers. |