| 释义 |
presentation|prɛzənˈteɪʃən|
[ME. a. OF. presentacion (13th c. in Littré, mod.F. présentation), or ad. late L. præsentātiōn-em, n. of action f. præsentāre to present.]
The action of presenting, in various senses; rarely, something presented.
I.
1. The action of presenting or introducing a person: see present v. 1. a. The formal bringing or presenting of a person before God, as a religious act: see present v. 1 b.
Specifically, the Presentation of Christ in the Temple, as recorded in Luke ii. 22–39, and Presentation of the Virgin Mary, as a child, narrated in the Apocryphal Gospels. Also applied to the festivals in which these incidents are celebrated by various branches of the Christian Church, the former on Feb. 2 (see Candlemas, purification), the latter, by the Greek and Roman Churches, on Nov. 21. Also, in Art, a representation of either of these incidents. Order of the Presentation of the Virgin Mary: a Roman Catholic order of nuns, founded in 1777 in Ireland, and mainly devoted to the education of poor girls.
c1400Mandeville (1839) xxii. 232 The firste feste is of his [the grete Chane's] byrthe, þat oþer is of his presentacioun in here temple..where þei maken a manere of circumcisioun. c1450Cov. Myst. ix. (Shaks. Soc.) 89 Lo! sofreynes here ye have seyn, In the temple of oure ladyes presentacion. 14..in Tundale's Vis. (1843) 131 He [Simeon] hath the way nom To the temple with hye devocion To se of Cryst the presentacion. 1662Bk. Com. Prayer, The Presentation of Christ in the Temple, commonly called, The Purification of Saint Mary the Virgin. 1859A. Jameson Early Ital. Painters 250 (Raphael) The subjects..were all from the life of Christ, and were as follows:—..4. The Presentation in the Temple. Ibid. 297 (Titian) The first of his historical compositions..is the Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple. 1879Encycl. Brit. IX. 34/1 (Farinato) In the Berlin gallery [is] a Presentation in the Temple. 1880F. Meyrick in Dict. Chr. Antiq. II. 1140/1 (Festivals of Mary) The Greek and Latin churches agree in celebrating the Assumption and the Presentation. Ibid. 1144/1 The Festival of the Presentation of St. Mary..did not pass into the West till 1375... Its purpose is to commemorate the presentation of St. Mary as narrated in the Gnostic legend which is embodied in the Protevangelion and the Gospel of the Birth of Mary. 1885Cath. Dict. 691/1 The story of Mary's presentation in the temple when three years old and her sojourn there till her marriage first appears in Apocryphal Gospels. Ibid. 691/2 Order of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary... In 1874 it possessed seventy-three houses, with 1,140 nuns and more than 20,000 pupils.
b. The formal or ceremonious introduction of a person to another, esp. to a superior; spec. the presenting of a person at court.
1788Ld. Auckland Corr. (1861) II. 62 The presentations of our countrymen are very troublesome when they happen here. 1796Jane Austen Pride & Prej. v, His presentation at St. James's had made him courteous. 1863M. Howitt F. Bremer's Greece I. i. 16, I was promised an early presentation to Her Majesty. 1881M. E. Herbert Edith 150 After May there would be no drawing⁓rooms or presentations.
c. The presenting of a candidate for examination, for admission to a degree, etc.
1683Wood Life (O.H.S.) III. 57 The duke, after he was presented, took his place on the right of the vicechancellor; the rest, after presentation, on the left. 1864Lond. Univ. Cal. 59 A Certificate..shall be delivered at the Public Presentation for Degrees to each Candidate who has passed. 1883Camb. Univ. Reporter 22 May 732 The Presentation for Doctor's Degrees..conferred honoris causa..shall take precedence of all others. 1906J. Wells Oxf. Degree Cerem. 11 The second part of the ceremony is the presentation of the candidates to the Vice Chancellor and Proctors.
2. Eccl. The action, or the right, of presenting a clergyman to a benefice, or to the bishop for institution: see present v. 3.[1278Rolls of Parlt. I. 5/1 Diu ante presentacionem factam Radulpho per regem fuit institutus.] c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 248 Þouȝ pore prestis myȝtten frely geten presentacion of lordis to haue benefices wiþ cure of soulis. 1467–8Rolls of Parlt. V. 599/2 The next Presentation, power and auctorite of presentyng of a..persone to the Parissh Chirche. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 55 Concerning the nomination and presentation into benefices, if any controuersie arise betweene the layetie and Clergie: or betweene one spirituall man with another [etc.]. 1607Cowell Interpr., Presentation..is vsed properly for the act of a patron offering his Clerke to the Bishop, to be instituted in a benefice of his gift. 1622Callis Stat. Sewers (1647) 107 One who hath the presentation or nomination to a Church as Patron. 1766[see presentative a. 1]. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) III. 14 A presentation in writing is a kind of letter, not a deed, from the patron to the bishop.., requesting him to admit the person presented to the church. 1852Hook Ch. Dict. (1871) 607 Presentation..differs from nomination, inasmuch as nomination signifies offering a clerk to the patron in order that he may be presented to the bishop. 1880Fowler Locke ii. 24 Locke..was made Secretary of Presentations—that is, of the Chancellor's church patronage.
3. Law.
†a. = presentment 2. Obs.
b. bond of presentation (Sc. Law): see quot. 1861.[1278Rolls of Parlt. I. 13/1 Certificet de presentacione facta in Itinere suo.] 1604in Eng. Gilds (1870) 436 No presentation of blood drawing or beareing wepons of a childe, shall be presented before hee be twelve years of age. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. (1637) 181 The Clerke of Presentations. a1765Erskine Inst. Law Scot. (1773) iii. iii. §70 The granter of a bond of presentation who has failed to present the debtor's person in the terms of his obligation. 1861W. Bell Dict. Law Scot., Bond of Presentation is an obligation granted for behoof of a person in custody on a legal warrant, in order to obtain his temporary liberation. The obligant in such a bond becomes bound to present the person so liberated, to the officer holding the warrant, at a particular day and place.
II.
4. a. The action of offering for acceptance, esp. formally or ceremoniously; handing over, delivery; bestowal, gift, offering.
1433Lydg. St. Fremund 814 To the Bysshop off the diocyse Made off his bullis presentacioun. c1550Cov. Corp. Chr. Plays 26 Here make owre presentacion Vnto this kyngis son clensid soo cleyne And to his moder for ovre saluacion. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. xlviii. §11 Prayers..are..sometime a presentation of mere desires, as a means of procuring desired effects at the hands of God. 1700C. Nesse Antid. Armin. (1827) 81 The two parts of his priestly office, oblation and presentation, cannot be separated. 1866Crump Banking iv. 93 It would seem sufficient that the post of the second day should be the medium of presentation [of a cheque at a bank]. 1883Act 46 & 47 Vict. c. 52 §10 The Court may..after the presentation of a bankruptcy petition stay any action..against..the debtor.
b. Something offered for acceptance; a present, gift, donation; in quot. 1714, an address presented (with allusion to sense 3 a). ? Obs.
1619Time's Storehouse ii. iv. 154/2 The height or top of an oliue tree..wherof the Doue broght a presentation to the good old man, as a symbol of grace. 1663Gerbier Counsel a iij, This is a kinde of Attome, in comparison of other Presentations. 1714Steele Lover No. 3 (1715) 16 A Sett of Persons whom they call in their Presentation the Lovers Vagabond.
III. 5. a. The action of presenting to sight or view, or that by which something is so presented; theatrical, pictorial, or symbolic representation; a display, show, exhibition. Also, a display or show (e.g. of slides) used esp. in advertising.
1600Shakes. A.Y.L. v. iv. 112 He vses his folly like a stalking-horse, and vnder the presentation of that he shoots his wit. 1672Dryden Ess., Heroic Plays (ed. Ker) I. 150 These warlike instruments, and even their presentations of fighting on the stage, are no more than necessary to produce the effects of an heroic play. 1858Hawthorne Fr. & It. Note-Bks. II. 19 To aim at any other presentation of female beauty. 1898R. F. Horton Commandm. Jesus v. 78 The plain presentation of it [the Passion] by the peasants of Ober-Ammergau has an overwhelming effect even on careless spectators. 1972G. Bromley In Absence of Body i. 13 ‘We've got the OOO-Frooty presentation tomorrow.’.. The presentation was to show the client proposals for a new [advertising] campaign. 1976National Observer (U.S.) 12 June 3/4 Picnic lunches, public speeches, and presentations about Proposition 15 were to be the order of the day. 1976J. H. Spencer Surgenor Campaign i. 16 Cusack taking him through a slide presentation on their international capability: twenty-seven offices in fourteen countries.
b. An image, likeness, semblance (= presentment 5 b); a representation, a symbol.
1594Shakes. Rich. III, iv. iv. 84, I call'd thee then, poore Shadow, painted Queen, The presentation of but what I was. 1866J. H. Newman Gerontius iii. 32 Thou livest in a world of signs and types, The presentations of most holy truths.
c. In Broadcasting, the action or an instance of presenting a programme; also ellipt. for presentation department (see sense 10 below).
1941B.B.C. Gloss. Broadcasting Terms 26 Programme presentation. (1) Action of presenting a sequence of programmes by means of a framework of microphone announcements... (2) Framework of microphone announcements in a sequence of programmes, its purpose being to supply continuity, to link programmes together, and to attract listeners. 1963[see Newspeak]. 1968Listener 22 Aug. 252/1 In bad periods of radio..language is usually what they [sc. programmes] are about, or, to call it by its new, pompous name, Presentation. 1968Radio Times 28 Nov. 23/3 Television presentation by Nick Hunter. 1974Some Technical Terms & Slang (Granada Television), Presentation, the department within Granada responsible for shape and coordination of the daily programme schedule. 1978Listener 7 Dec. 762/4 The business of neat, informative presentation.
6. a. The action of presenting to notice or mental view; a setting forth, a statement.
1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxvii. §4 This new presentation of Christ not before their eyes but within their soules. 1674Essex Papers (Camden) I. 283, I have not further to trouble yr Excellcy then wt the presentation of my reall desires to serve you. 1829I. Taylor Enthus. x. 302 In the Bible, there are no scientific presentations of the body of divinity. 1907Hibbert Jrnl. July 927 His presentations of the orthodox case are sometimes the merest travesties of what educated opponents really hold.
b. The action of representing to the mind or thought; representation or suggestion to the mind. (Cf. presentive.)
1871Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (1873) §229 The letter A was once a picture, and it represented a bull's head... It began in presentation and has reached a state of symbolism.
7. Metaph. and Psychol. (tr. Ger. Vorstellung.) All the modification of consciousness directly involved in the knowing or being aware of an object in a single moment of thought. By some authors restricted to perceptual cognition, in order to mark the distinction between it and ideational cognition or representation.
1842Abp. Thomson Laws Th. §46 (1860) 71 The impression which any object makes upon the mind may be called a Presentation. 1864Bowen Logic 1 Such acts are called Intuitions or Presentations; the former is the more generally received appellation. 1871Farrar Witn. Hist. ii. 51 note, Strauss..shewed how essential were the differences between dogma and speculation, between the presentation and the notion. 1874Lewes in Contemp. Rev. Oct. 691 The specific facts of feeling, perception, desire, will, &c., in so far as they are known, may on the whole be called Presentation (Vorstellung). 1884Sully Outl. Psychology vi. 152 The percept involves the immediate assurance of the presence of the whole object. Hence psychologists commonly speak of percepts in their totality as presentations. 1886J. Ward in Encycl. Brit. XX. 41/1 All that variety of mental facts which we speak of as sensations, perceptions, images, intuitions, concepts, notions, have two characteristics in common: (1) they admit of being more or less attended to, and (2) can be reproduced and associated together. It is here proposed to use the term presentation to connote such a mental fact, and as the best English equivalent for what Locke meant by idea, and what Kant and Herbart called a Vorstellung.
8. a. The action of placing, or condition of being placed, in a particular direction or position with respect to something else or to an observer; the mode in which a thing is presented or presents itself.
1833Herschel Astron. xi. 349 A presentation of the one planet to the other in conjunction, in a variety of situations, tends to produce compensation. 1866― Fam. Lect. Sc. 205 Among them occurs every variety..of oblique presentation from a plane passing..edgeways thro' the eye of the spectator to one perpendicular to the visual line. 1881T. W. Webb in Nature 10 Nov. 38/2 The Earl of Rosse..finds a narrow ray on either side, making..a singular resemblance to Saturn with a very thin presentation of the ring.
b. Obstetr. The presenting of a particular part of the fœtus towards the os uteri during labour: see present v. 9 b. Often with defining word indicating the part, as arm, breech, face, foot, head, shoulder, vertex, etc.
1754–64Smellie Midwif. I. 195 The presentation of the head was always deemed the most natural. 1842Stephens Bk. Farm (1849) I. 512/1 The presentation [of lambs, etc.] is sometimes made with the hind-feet foremost. 1851Ramsbotham Obstetr. Med. (ed. 3) 121 Discriminating marks of a Head Presentation.
¶9. Used for presence (app. for the sake of rime).
c1485Digby Myst. (1882) ii. 180 Bounde to Ierusalem, with furyous vyolacion, Be-for cesar caypha, and annas presentacion.
IV.
10. attrib. in sense 4, as presentation binding, presentation bowl, presentation box, presentation clock, presentation copy, presentation cup, presentation drawing, presentation pack, presentation plate, presentation silver, presentation watch, etc.; in sense 1 b, as presentation dress, presentation frock, presentation gown; (in sense 5 c) presentation assistant, presentation studio, presentation suite; presentation day, a day on which a ceremonial presentation is made, e.g. a degree-day in a university: see quots.; presentation department (see quot. 1978); presentation value, value as a fact presented to mental view or knowledge.
1941B.B.C. Gloss. Broadcasting Terms 24 *Presentation Assistant (abbrev. P.A.), Broadcasting official immediately responsible for the smooth running of a sequence of programmes, and hence for co-ordinating the activities of programme producers, announcers, and engineers directed to that end.
1939–40Army & Navy Stores Catal. 841 Books in *presentation bindings. 1952J. Carter ABC for Bk. Collectors 139 Presentation binding, used variously for gift binding or author's binding.
1907Yesterday's Shopping (1969) p. li/2 *Presentation bowls. 1973L. Cooper Tea on Sunday ii. 30 Silver, some of it..presentation cups and bowls, shining behind shining glass doors.
1908Sears, Roebuck Catal. 333/2 Alaska metal tableware set in a fancy *presentation box. 1976Sunday Mail (Glasgow) 28 Nov. 31/4 The two bigger boxes have ribbons and bows on them. We know there is a demand for the presentation box. That's why they are dearer.
1935D. L. Sayers Gaudy Night i. 17 A *Presentation Clock was to be unveiled.
1803Scott Lett. (1932) I. 182 Be so good as to disperse the following *presentation copies with ‘From the Editor’, on each. 1819Lady Morgan Autobiog. (1859) 337 The others [books] were all presentation copies. 1837Lockhart Scott lxii. (1839) VII. 406 There are few living authors of whose works presentation copies are not to be found here.
1938[see cancellandum]. 1978A. Waugh Best Wine Last xxiv. 304 There were a great many presentation copies, signed by brother and sister writers.
1973*Presentation cup [see presentation bowl].
1843E. P. Belden Sk. Yale Coll. 131 A short time previous to ‘*Presentation Day’—the day when the Senior class leaves the Institution. [Note] At the middle of the third term..certificates are presented by the Faculty to the Corporation recommending those who have passed a satisfactory examination as worthy of degree. This gave rise to the term ‘Presentation Day’. 1866Newspr., Presentation Day at the University of London.
1978A–Z of BBC (ed. 2) 163/1 *Presentation Department is editorially responsible for supervising the transmission operation; for promoting programmes on the screen; for network identification..; for programme announcements and public service information,..; and for running the Television Duty Office.
1975Country Life 20 Feb. 428 Among the drawings there are those, aptly christened by Johannes Wilde ‘*presentation drawings’.
1896Girl's Own Paper 12 Dec. 161/1, I was borne off to the Court Dressmaker to choose the..*presentation dresses. 1938N. Marsh Death in White Tie viii. 83 He looked at the two photographs... One was of the Lady Mildred Potter in the presentation dress of her girlhood.
1895Westm. Gaz. 19 Feb. 5/2 *Presentation gown of white duchesse satin.
1976Shooting Times & Country Mag. 9–15 Dec. 11/1 (Advt.), Supplied in *presentation pack with supply of BB shot.
1867C. L. Eastlake in Queen 15 June 470/1 If the pieces of ‘*presentation plate’..were only entrusted to art-workmen of sound education, we might hope for something better than the everlasting palm trees, camels and equestrian groups.
1967N. Freeling Strike Out 40 Here on shelves was *presentation silver..for Rob was the best bicycle champion Holland had had.
1960B.B.C. Handbk. 40 It [sc. the Television Centre] will provide the service with..seven major production and two *presentation studios.
1974B.B.C. Handbk. 1975 264/2 The Television Centre houses separate *presentation suites incorporating network control rooms, and studios for announcements and weather forecasts.
1868Stephens Runic Mon. I. 296 It must have been a *presentation-sword.
1889Liddon in Pall Mall G. 22 Apr. 1/2 The death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus had a mystical side and aspect over and above their *presentation value as events in the world's history.
1931M. Allingham Police at Funeral iv. 51 *Presentation watch... The company gave him this watch.
presenˈtationism, the doctrine that in perception the mind has an immediate cognition of the object; presenˈtationalist, presenˈtationist, one who holds this doctrine, a believer in the immediate perception of sensible things (also attrib.).
a1842Sir W. Hamilton in Reid's Wks. (1846) 820/1 His doctrine of perception is..one of immediate cognition, under the form of real *presentationism. 1843Blackw. Mag. LIV. 657 If the reader wants a name to characterise this system, he may call it the system of Absolute or Thorough-going presentationism.
a1842Sir W. Hamilton in Reid's Wks. (1846) 816/1 The *presentationists or Intuitionists constitute the object of which we are conscious in perception, into a sole, absolute, or total object; in other words, reduce perception to an act of immediate or intuitive cognition. 1871Fraser Life Berkeley x. 390 He is virtually a representationist as well as a presentationist. 1907Athenæum 6 Apr. 407/1 Let him consider the whole ‘Presentationist’ controversy. |