| 释义 |
▪ I. Richardson1|ˈrɪtʃədsən|
The name of Sir John Richardson (1787–1865), Scottish naturalist and explorer, used attrib. or in the possessive in the names of birds or other animals first collected by him or named in his honour, as Richardson('s) (ground) squirrel, a spermophile, Citellus richardsoni, found in central North America; cf. picket-pin gopher s.v. picket n.1 7; Richardson('s) grouse, the North American spruce grouse, Canachites canadensis: Richardson's jager = Richardson's skua; Richardson's owl, the Arctic owl, ægolius funerea richardsoni; Richardson's skua, the Arctic skua, Stercorarius parasiticus.
1831W. Swainson in R. Jameson Wilson & Bonaparte's Amer. Ornithol. IV. 334 The next species in size and importance is Richardson's grouse (Tetrao Richardsonii), so named in honour of Dr. Richardson, the distinguished traveller. Ibid. 354 Richardson's jager, whole plumage, brown. 1835L. Jenyns Man. Brit. Vertebr. Animals 282 Richardson's Skua. 1856J. Cassin Illustr. Birds Amer. 185 Richardson's Owl... The largest of this genus. 1868Amer. Naturalist II. 529 Richardson's squirrel. 1896R. Ridgway Man. N. Amer. Birds (ed. 2) 260 Northern North America; south, in winter, to northern border of United States..Richardson's Owl. 1897R. B. Sharpe in A. H. Miles Conc. Knowl. Nat. Hist. 264 Richardson's skua..nests in the Orkneys and Shetland Isles, as well as in some of the Hebrides and on the north-west of Scotland. 1901Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 30 Oct. 1/6 The Richardson grouse, or fool hen, a smaller species..abound everywhere at lower levels. 1927Daily Express 30 Nov. 9/5 At Regent's Park..a ‘Richardson's Owl’. 1940E. T. Seton Trail of Artist-Naturalist 189 The Richardson or yellow ground squirrel..nests in colonies like those of the prairie dog. 1947R. T. Peterson Field Guide to Birds (ed. 2) 137 The facial discs of Richardson's Owl are framed with black. 1963D. A. Bannerman Birds Brit. Isles XII. 17 As a summer visitor to nest in the British Isles, Richardson's skua is much more numerous and more widely spread than the very local great skua.
▪ II. Richardson2 Electronics.|ˈrɪtʃədsən|
[Name of Sir Owen W. Richardson (1879–1959), English physicist.]
Richardson('s) equation: an equation giving the maximum current density of electrons emitted by a hot metal surface in terms of its temperature and work function. Also called Richardson–Dushman equation [Saul Dushman (1883–1954), U.S. physicist].
1925[see outgassing vbl. n.]. 1939H. J. Reich Theory & Appl. Electron Tubes ii. 17 Richardson's equation holds only for the saturation current. 1950P. G. Andres Surv. Mod. Electronics ii. 41 At the turn of the century O. W. Richardson, using the analogy of evaporation at the surface of a liquid, developed an equation for electron emission. Later S. Dushman modified Richardson's equation. 1958Chambers's Techn. Dict. 1010/1 Richardson–Dushmann equation. 1967Condon & Odishaw Handbk. Physics (ed. 2) viii. vi. 77/1 (heading) Statistical derivation of the Richardson equation. 1975D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. i. 32 If the electrons are removed from the emitting surface as rapidly as they are released, the emission is temperature-limited and the density of current of emitted electrons obeys the Richardson–Dushman equation J = (1 - R)A0T2ε-ϕ/kT. Ibid. xxvii. 12 If Vc e,..the saturation current density js is as given by Richardson's equation.
▪ III. Richardson3 Physics.|ˈrɪtʃədsən|
The name of Lewis Fry Richardson (1881–1953), English physicist, used attrib. and in the possessive to designate quantities and concepts discovered by him, as Richardson('s) criterion, a criterion, depending on the value of the Richardson number, used to determine whether flow in a stratified fluid will be turbulent or laminar; Richardson('s) number, a dimensionless number given, essentially, by the ratio of the fluid density gradient to the square of the velocity gradient.
1934D. Brunt Physical & Dynamic Meteorol. xiii. 255 Richardson's criterion agrees with that given by Prandtl except for a factor ½. 1948Jrnl. Marine Res. VII. 280 One type of nondimensional number, the Richardson number..r = gE/(V′)2. 1956Nature 3 Mar. 435/2 A regime of effectively free convection of heat begins to operate in the surface layers of the atmosphere at a negative Richardson number as low as 0·02 or 0·03. Ibid., This transforms the Rayleigh criterion into a Richardson criterion. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. v. 255 Richardson's number. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 19 If, as is usually the case in the ocean, the density of the water increases with depth, stability effects will tend to reduce the intensity of the turbulence... The stability effect is usually considered in terms of the Richardson number. 1974Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VIII. 570/1 The Richardson number, or one of several variants, is of practical importance in weather forecasting and in investigating density and turbidity currents in oceans, lakes, and reservoirs. |