| 释义 |
protoplasm Biol.|ˈprəʊtəʊplæz(ə)m|
[ad. Ger. prōtoplasma (H. von Mohl, 1846), f. Gr. πρωτο- proto- + πλάσµα moulded thing, figure, form. (Prōtoplasma was used in late L. by Venantius Fortunatus a 600, in sense of ‘first created thing, protoplast’, and was prob. used in Chr. Greek.) Before von Mohl coined the word in this sense it had been used (also in Ger.) with a slightly different meaning by J. E. Purkinje (Uebersicht der Arbeiten und Veränderungen der schlesischen Ges. für vaterländische Kultur 1839 82).]
a. A viscid, semifluid, semitransparent, colourless or whitish substance, consisting of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen (often with a small amount of some other elements) in extremely complex and unstable combination, and manifesting what are known as vital properties, i.e. irritability, contractility, spontaneous movement, assimilation, and reproduction; constituting ‘the physical basis of life’ (Huxley) in all plants and animals, and forming the essential substance of the cells (see cell n.1 12) out of which their bodies are built up. Also called bioplasm, cytoplasm, and (in animals) formerly sarcode.
[1846Von Mohl Saftbewegungen im Inneren der Zellen in Botan. Zeitung 73 tr. Henfrey (1852) 37 The remainder of the cell is more or less densely filled with an opake, viscid fluid, of a white colour, having granules intermingled in it, which fluid I call protoplasm.] 1848Lindley Intod. Bot. (ed. 4) I. 10 The first layer of matter is invariably soft and azotised, and now bears the well-contrived name of protoplasm, proposed by Professor Mohl. 1854Emerson Lett. & Soc. Aims, Poet. & Imag. Wks. (Bohn) III. 141 Indicating the way upward from the invisible protoplasm to the highest organisms. 1866[see cell n.1 12]. 1868Huxley in Fortn. Rev. 1 Feb. (1869) 129, I have translated the term Protoplasm which is the scientific name of the substance..by the words ‘ physical basis of life’. 1875Bennett & Dyer Sachs' Bot. 3 Since..no further process of development can take place in the cells which no longer contain protoplasm, it may be concluded that the latter is the proximate cause of growth. 1903Myers Human Personality I. 117 In the protoplasm or primary basis of all organic life there must have been an inherent adaptability to the manifestation of all faculties which organic life has in fact manifested.
fig.1894H. Drummond Ascent Man 189 These [primeval times] were the days of the protoplasm of speech. 1906D. S. Cairns Chr. Mod. World iii. 150 Here is the true protoplasm of Christianity out of which..all the theologies and all the ritual..have sprung.
b. Comb. as protoplasm-mass, protoplasm-sac, etc.
1875Bennett & Dyer Sachs' Bot. 2 The cavity enclosed by the protoplasm-sac is filled with a watery fluid, the Cell⁓sap. 1882Vines Sachs' Bot. 7 The formation of a new cell always commences with the re-arrangement of a protoplasm-mass round a new centre. 1895in Daily News 3 Oct. 2/2 The protoplasm-containing cells of his brain. |