| 释义 |
▪ I. role|rəʊl|
Also 7 rowle, roll, 8– rôle.
[Fr. rôle, in the same sense, properly the ‘roll’ containing an actor's part.]
1. a. The part or character which one has to play, undertakes, or assumes. Freq. fig., with reference to the part played by a person in society or life. Also spec., a part in a play, opera, film, or broadcast drama; = part n. 9. See also title-role s.v. title n. 11.
1606S. Gardiner Bk. Angling 102 The Euangelist from God hath receiued such a rowle, it being inioyned him, to prepare the way of the Lord. 1692L'Estrange Fables 281 The methods of Government and of humane Society must be preserved, where every man has his roll, and his station assigned him. 1790–1Burns Let. to C. Sharpe, I value the several actors in the great drama of life, simply as they act their parts... As you, Sir, go through your rôle with such distinguished merit [etc.]. 1824Byron Juan xvi. xcvi, Juan, when he cast a glance On Adeline while playing her grand rôle. 1858Holland Titcomb's Lett. iii. 105 She was really very pretty, and took up her rôle with spirit and acted it admirably. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. I. 195 In order to support the rôle which they unconsciously fall into when talking to Europeans. 1886,1900[see title-role s.v. title n. 11]. 1912M. B. Leavitt 50 Yrs. Theatr. Managem. xiv. 184 Jennie Winston, an Australian, was likewise famous as a male impersonator and was also a favorite in leading operatic rôles. 1937D. Frohman Encore xv. 199 In the course of his subsequent long career on the stage, he included in his repertoire more than a hundred and thirty difficult rôles. 1973R. Roud in P. Noble Favorite Movies x. 103 In Citizen Kane..Welles does indeed play a role in his film. 1980D. Garfield Player's Place iv. 157 Studio actors have been found wanting in the performance of ‘classical’ roles.
b. The typical or characteristic function performed by someone or something; freq. in phr. to play a role.
1875H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 535 As it is always employed in combination with other more active medicines..the rôle it plays is somewhat uncertain. 1895Parkes Health 35 The rôle of these microbes is to disintegrate..organic bodies into simpler elements. 1944J. S. Huxley On Living in Revolution 73 He [sc. Darwin] was aware that isolation might play a role in the production of new species. 1957E. Lehrman tr. N. A. Gorchakov's Theatre in Soviet Russia v. 108 Did the Communist Party have any ideas of its own about the role of the theater before the Revolution of October, 1917? 1963J. & E. Newson Patterns of Infant Care i. 21 One of the maternal grandmother's chief roles..is being steadily taken over by the doctor, the midwife and the health visitor. 1973A. R. Prest in Crick & Robson Taxation Policy ix. 129 A more recent study does seem to suggest a more positive role for these devices. 1981Newsweek 4 May 74/3 The so-called hypothalamic⁓pituitary axis is the master-control center for hormones throughout the body and also plays an important role in emotions.
2. Social Psychol. The behaviour that an individual feels it appropriate to assume in adapting to any form of social interaction; the behaviour considered appropriate to the interaction demanded by a particular kind of work or social position.
1913G. H. Mead in Jrnl. Philos. X. 377 This response to the social conduct of the self may be in the rôle of another—we present his arguments in imagination and do it with his intonations and gestures... In this way we play the rôles of all our group; indeed, it is only in so far as we do this that they become part of our social environment. 1936R. Linton Study of Man viii. 114 Every individual has a series of rôles deriving from the various patterns in which he participates and at the same time a rôle, general, which represents the sum total of these rôles. 1949R. K. Merton Social Theory iii. 110 A conception basic to sociology holds that individuals have multiple social roles and tend to organize their behavior in terms of the structurally defined expectations assigned to each role. 1950T. M. Newcomb Social Psychol. viii. 280 A position has no meaning without its accompanying role. 1961E. Goffman Encounters 85 In sociology there are few concepts more commonly used than ‘role’, few that are accorded more importance, and few that waver so much when looked at closely. 1967M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour iv. 73 By a ‘role’ is meant a pattern of behaviour which is shared by most occupants of a position, and which comes to be expected of them. The role usually includes a series of distinct relationships with people in other positions. 1977R. Holland Self & Social Context v. 82 There is no attempt to explore the possibility that psychologists' and sociologists' own roles may influence their definitions and uses of the concept of role.
3. An expression, usu. in the form of a symbol or series of symbols, of the function or signification of a term appearing in an index or thesaurus, used esp. as a means of indicating its possible relevance to other terms with which it may be associated. Usu. attrib., as role indicator, role operator.
1961Amer. Documentation XII. 98 (heading) Notes on the use of roles and links in coordinate indexing. 1963Aslib Proc. XV. 297 With ‘roles’ each keyword is classified by function. 1970A. Chandor et al. Dict. Computers 332 Role indicator, a code associated with a keyword to identify it as a noun, verb, or adjective, etc. 1976Program X. 18 Prevulcanization is stripped to prevulcanis (a) to prevulcan (a) to vulcan (da): the letters within parentheses indicate the role indicator. 1977A. C. Foskett Subject Approach to Information (ed. 3) vi. 81 One of the rules used by Coates is that when we have a thing defined by the material of which it is made, the thing precedes the material, which is introduced by the role operator. 1979J. E. Rowley Mechanised In-House Information Syst. i. 46 Roles or role indicators are appended to an index term at the indexing stage to indicate the use of the term in that context.
4. attrib. and Comb. (sense 2), as role absorption, role-assumption, role-creating, role-differentiation, role-expectation, role-structure, role-structuring, role theory, role theorist; role-assuming, role-determined, role-determining adjs.; role conflict, the difficulties encountered when one role makes conflicting demands on an individual or when an individual has several roles whose demands are conflicting; role distance, detachment from one's role; also (with hyphen) as v.; role model, someone who, in the performance of a role, is taken as a model by others; role-play, the performance of a role, esp. the deliberate rehearsal or acting of a particular role, freq. used as a technique in training or psychotherapy; so role-play v. intr. and trans., role-player, role-playing vbl. n.; role relation, relationship (see quot. 1957); role reversal, the assumption of a role which is the reverse of that normally performed; role-set (see quot. 1957); role-taking, the imaginary assumption, leading to understanding, of another's role; hence (as back-formation) role-take v. intr.
1937J. L. Moreno in Sociometry I. 51 The weaker the *role absorption by the ego, the more often can the ego soliloquize.
1932Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. XXXVII. 378 Our habitual self, or character, is, however, a natural precipitate of this *rôle-assuming vocation.
Ibid., The technique here involved is that of ‘*rôle-assumption’.
1957Brit. Jrnl. Sociol. VIII. 108 Theories of the middle range.., for example, of reference groups and social mobility, of communication, *role-conflict and the formation of social norms. 1964M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. xiv. 169 People are often exposed to role-conflicts, usually between the demands of different roles, such as how much time to devote to the job or family, sometimes to complexities in the position, as in the case of the military chaplain. 1977M. Edelman Polit. Lang. iv. 75 The professional and the public official whose function it is to ‘help’ the inadequate,..is..eager to play his or her role, equipped with a built-in reason to discount or reinterpret qualms, role conflicts, and disturbing facts.
1943*Role-creating [see role-playing].
1956C. W. Mills Power Elite i. 25 Some elite men are..typically *role-determined, but others are at times role-determining. 1968B. Mayo Moral Agent in R. Inst. Philos. Lect. I. iii. 63 This cannot possibly be the sense of ‘personal’ which is contrasted with ‘role determined’, for his actions certainly are decided by..his role.
1967C. Margerison in Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Managem. Technol. 18 The owner-managers of the nineteenth century were largely *role-determining actors—they were able to control their factories and affairs very much in the manner that they wished.
1955P. E. Slater in A. P. Hare et al. Small Groups 499 What is the relationship of personality factors to *role differentiation? Are there factors which predispose an individual to assume a particular role? 1972M. Argyle Social Psychol. of Work viii. 180 Role-differentiation appears in small social groups, as division of labour appeared in the earliest human communities.
1961E. Goffman Encounters 93 This ‘effectively’ expressed pointed separateness between the individual and his putative role I shall call *role distance... The individual is actually denying not the role but the virtual self that is implied in the role. 1972M. L. Samuels Linguistic Evol. (1975) vii. 146 R. B. Le Page suggests to me that in England there would be good reasons for the aristocracy of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries to adopt affected forms of speech as a means of ‘role-distancing’ from the lower classes, from whom they had hitherto been differentiated by speaking French. 1978A. Ryan in Hookway & Pettit Action & Interpretation 68 The question whether the crucial element in the dramaturgical picture is that cluster of insights which goes under the general heading of ‘role distance’. 1979Internat. Jrnl. Sociol. of Law VII. 289 Not that the average performer seems conscious of any evidence on his part of role-distance; on the contrary, such ritual commitment furnishes the core of his identity.
1951Parsons & Shils Toward Gen. Theory of Action iv. 190 *Role-expectations are patterns of evaluation. 1969in Halpert & Story Christmas Mumming in Newfoundland 142 Cat Harbour..is normally characterized by rather rigid and formal role expectations.
1957W. Thielens in R. K. Merton Student-Physician ii. 138 By the time students enter law or medical school, those whose decisions were made earliest are most likely to have a *role model. 1977N.Y. Times Mag. 26 June 10/2 If the teacher was a ‘role model’, parents were obviously unaware of it.
1961R. J. Corsini et al. Roleplaying in Business & Industry i. 9 If they stopped now and then and discussed, evaluated, and practiced alternative ways of reacting, they *roleplayed. 1964M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. x. 133 Students role-play some of the situations they will meet on the job. 1970Peace News 2 Oct. 3/4 During a strategy game, a situation may arise which is so interesting that the group may want to roleplay it. When the roleplay is over, people can return to the strategy game. 1979Lore & Lang. Jan. 4 Dylan (5:3) is taking part in a ‘spiderman’ role-play, and another participant tries to drag him away.
1943J. L. Moreno in Sociometry VI. 438 *Role-player is a literary translation of the German word ‘Rollenspieler’ which I have used. 1978Dædalus Summer 137 He [sc. the bourgeois] is the man who, when dealing with others, thinks only of himself, and, in his understanding of himself, thinks only of others. He is a role-player. 1980Times Lit. Suppl. 31 Oct. 1221/3 The hero of Anne Tyler's new novel, Morgan Gower, is an inveterate role-player.
1943J. L. Moreno in Sociometry VI. 438 It may be useful to differentiate between role-taking..—*role-playing—which permits the individual some degree of freedom—and role-creating. 1951Amer. Sociol. Rev. XVI. 181/2 In role-playing one does not pretend anything. A policeman arresting a person is..performing or playing a role expected of one holding the position of public protector. 1960W. H. Whyte Organization Man v. 56 The role of slugger—not just a role-playing role, either—was assigned in advance. 1980Times Lit. Suppl. 23 May 575/5 Role-playing is perhaps the true subject of the modern novel.
1940Sociometry III. 20 The pattern of *rôle relations around an individual as their focus, is called his cultural atom.
1950T. M. Newcomb Social Psychol. xiii. 453 These four kinds of *role relationships call for quite different sets of activities on his part. 1957E. Bott Family & Social Network i. 3 A role-relationship is defined as those aspects of a relationship that consist of reciprocal role expectations of each person concerning the other. 1977R. Holland Self & Social Context v. 97 The person with a strong ego can integrate experience of his past role-relationships and put it to the use of role-performance.
1951Occupational Psychol. XXV. 65 The method of *role-reversal is designed to change the cognitive structure of disputants so that their social perception changes from divergence to convergence. 1967M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour x. 188 Role-reversal: here a trainee takes the reverse of the role he would take in real life, e.g. a foreman takes the role of a shop-steward. 1975W. A. Haviland Cultural Anthropol. xiii. 319/2 During the installation rites of a chief among the Ndembu.., a different type of role reversal is manifest; the chief must sit in silent humility while he is reviled..by anyone who feels so inclined.
1957R. K. Merton in Brit. Jrnl. Sociol. VIII. 110 Unlike Linton, I begin with the premise that each social status involves not a single associated role, but an array of roles. This basic feature of social structure can be registered by the..term, role-set... By *role-set I mean that complement of role-relationships in which persons are involved by virtue of occupying a particular social status. 1968P. K. Bock in J. A. Fishman Readings Sociol. of Lang. 215 Radically different behavioral expectations are attached to the role of ‘teacher’ in connection with various members of the corresponding role-set. 1977Warren & Ponse in Douglas & Johnson Existential Sociol. x. 274 Instead, they have been concerned with social roles, role sets, and so on.
1940Sociometry III. 21 This often produces a typical conflict in the *rôle-structures of two marriage partners. 1978A. Ryan in Hookway & Pettit Action & Interpretation 67 The sociologist may, perhaps, rest content with giving a structural description of a society's role structure.
1967D. Cooper Psychiatry & Antipsychiatry v. 84 There seemed an obvious need for a separate unit with less ritual and less rigid *role-structuring.
1972Jrnl. Social Psychol. Dec. 247 The ability to *role-take accurately, or empathize, is the ability to see, feel, respond, and understand as if one were the other person.
1934G. H. Mead Mind, Self & Society iv. 254 The immediate effect of such *rôle-taking lies in the control which the individual is able to exercise over his own response. 1951Amer. Sociol. Rev. XVI. 180/2 The term role-taking meant, for Mead, a strictly mental or cognitive or empathic activity, not overt behavior or conduct. 1964M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. x. 136 It [sc. indoctrination induced by Chinese ‘thought reform’] can perhaps best be described as a piece of ego-involved role-taking, produced by extreme coercion, together with the temporary adoption of a new frame of reference. 1972Jrnl. Sociol Psychol. Dec. 247 Role taking refers to the imaginative reconstruction by ego of alter's role.
1954G. Lindzey Handbk. Social Psychol. I. 238/1 More than any other single group, the *role theorists have developed and used the conception of the self as an intervening variable. 1977R. Holland Self & Social Context v. 91 Up to this point I have dealt with the structural role theorists represented in Coser and Rosenberg's book of readings.
1954G. Lindzey Handbk. Social Psychol. I. 238/1 The trend in role theory is in the study of the interactions of self and role as coordinates and not as parallels. 1972W. C. Coe Challenges of Personal Adjustment viii. 215 Role theory bridges the gap between the constructs of sociology and of psychology.
Hence role v. trans., to provide (a term) with a role indicator; ˈroling vbl. n.
1976Program X. 14 (heading) A minicomputer retrieval system with automatic root finding and roling facilities. Ibid. 24 The presence of the connective merely ensures that the first word in the multi-word phrase is roled and stored.
▸ role strain n. Social Psychol. stress experienced by a person as a result of being required to meet a number of differing or incompatible expectations within a single social or professional role.
1958Amer. Sociol. Rev. 23 460 His concern with the psychology of *role strain occasionally leads him to stereotyped writing about ‘the’ worker's role and an emphasis on fatigue, frustration, and impoverished social relations. 1977R. Holland Self & Social Context v. 178 Courses which depend on departmental co-operation and finance are particularly conducive to role-strain. 2002Managem. Today (Nexis) 14 Mar. 20 Role strain is also observed in the workplace—if a job description isn't clearly spelled out, you can find yourself playing boss and employee at the same time.
▪ II. role
obs. variant of roll n.1 and v.; obs. Sc. var. row v. |