| 释义 |
▪ I. rook, n.1|rʊk|
Forms: α. 1 hrooc, hroc, roc, 3 rok, 3–6 roke, 5–7 rooke, 5– rook. β. Sc. (and north.) 5–6 ruke, 6 reuk, rwik, 6–7 ruik(e.
[OE. hróc, = MDu. roec, roek-, rouc, rouk- (Du. and Fris. roek), MLG. rôk, rook (LG. rok, roke, rauk, rauke), ON. hrókr (obs. Da. rog), OHG. hruoh (MHG. ruoch, G. ruch); cf. also MSw. roka, Sw. råka, Da. raage. The name may be of imitative origin.]
1. A black, raucous-voiced European and Asiatic bird (Corvus frugilegus), nesting in colonies; one of the commonest of the crow-tribe, and in the north of Britain usually called a crow.
The equation, in OE. and ME. glosses, with L. graculus (grallus), jackdaw, is probably inexact.
αc725Corpus Gloss. G. 154 Grallus, hrooc. c1000ælfric Saints' Lives I. 492 Ðær fluᵹ on sona to hrocas and hremmas. a1250Owl & Night. 1130 Golfinc, rok, ne crowe, ne dar þar neuer cumen i-hende. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 437/196 Blake foule huy seiȝe, Ase it crowene and rokes weren, fleon bi þe Eyr wel heiȝe. c1340Nominale (Skeat) 792 Roke, Rauen, and goldefynch. c1384Chaucer H. Fame ii. 1516 The halle was al ful y-wys Of hem..As ben on trees rokes nestes. c1400Laud Troy Bk. 17214 The Gregais wol not hir bodi grauen, But let hit ligge to roke & rauen. 1486Bk. St. Albans d ij, That hawke that will slee a Roke or a Crow or a Reuyn. a1529Skelton P. Sparowe 462 The roke, with the ospraye That putteth fysshes to a fraye. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. v. ii. 915 When Turtles tread, and Rookes and Dawes. 1601Holland Pliny x. xii. I. 276 The Crowes and Rookes have a cast by themselves. 1663Butler Hud. i. i. 76 He'd prove..a Goose a Justice, And Rooks Committee-men, and Trustees. 1726–46Thomson Winter 141 A blackening train Of clamorous rooks thick urge their weary flight. 1768Pennant Brit. Zool. I. 168 Rooks are sociable birds, living in vast flocks: crows go only in pairs. 1802Montagu Ornith. Dict. s.v., The Rook is partial to cultivated parts, as well as to the habitation of man. 1841Penny Cycl. XX. 148/2 Grain, and insects especially, form the food of the Rook. 1870Morris Earthly Par. I. ii. 529 From hill to hill the wandering rook did sail, Lazily croaking.
βc1400Mandeville (Roxb.) viii. 31 Þer commes rukes and crakes and oþer fewles. 1424Sc. Acts Jas. I (1814) II. 6 Rukes bigande in kirk ȝardis, orchardis or treis dois gret skaithe apone cornis. c1450Holland Howlat 794 Sa come the Ruke with a rerd and a rane roch. 1500–20Dunbar Poems xxxiii. 117 Had he reveild bene to the rwikis, Thay had him revin all with thair clwikis. 1570Satir. Poems Reform. xv. 53 Ȝe gleds and howlets, rauins and rukis.
2. a. Applied to persons as an abusive or disparaging term.
1508Dunbar Flyting 57 Revin, raggit ruke, and full of rebaldrie. 1593Tell-Troth's N.Y. Gift (Shaks. Soc.) 13 Callinge his wittes together (of which he had no small neede, being mated with two such rookes). Note. They are rookes for their troubling tongs. 1603Dekker Wonderfull Year Wks. (Grosart) I. 89 So many Rookes, catchpolls of poesy, That feed vpon the fallings of hye wit. a1661Fuller Worthies, Worcestershire iii. (1662) 168 In plain English, this Scotish Demster is an arrant rook, depluming England, Ireland and Wales, of famous Writers, meerly to feather his own Country therewith. 1721Ramsay Ode to the Ph― xii, Ye'll worry me, you greedy rook. 1784Burns Rob Mossgiel 4 Such witching books are baited hooks, For rakish rooks like Rob Mossgiel.
b. A cheat, swindler, or sharper, spec. in gaming.
1577Nottingham Rec. IV. 173 For against thys Fayre evere noughte rooke wyll come. 1662W. Gurnall Chr. in Arm. iv. §2 (1669) 77/1 They meet with many Rooks and Cheaters in their dealing. 1693Humours Town 25 To shake away an Estate to known Rooks that live by the Dice, is an unaccountable piece of folly. 1705Wycherley Let. to Pope 7 April, So I am (like and old Rook, who is ruined by Gaming) forced to live on the good Fortune of the pushing young Men. 1767Colman Prose Sev. Occas. (1787) II. 82 They need not be guilty of burglary, turn Rooks and Sharpers, commit fraudulent bankruptcies [etc.]. 1824Hist. Gaming 50 We scarcely know whether yet to class him with the rooks or the pigeons. 1889Spectator 18 May, To punish the rooks by positive fines and the pigeons by the public exposure of their folly.
appos.1678Oldham Let. fr. Country Wks. (1854) 74 Poets are cullies, whom rook fame draws in.
†c. A gull, a simpleton. Obs.
1598B. Jonson Every Man in Hum. i. v, Hang him, rooke, he! why, he has no more iudgement then a malt⁓horse. 1601― Poetaster i. ii, What? shall I haue my sonne a stager now? an enghle for players? a gull? a rooke? 1611Chapman May Day iii. ii, An arrant Rooke by this light; a capable cheating stocke; a man may carry him vp and downe by the eares like a pipkin. 1637Bastwick Litany i. 7 Such men as study by all means to serve God..are by these varlets called rooks.
d. slang. A ‘black-coat’. Cf. rookship.
1859Slang Dict. 82 Rook, a clergyman.
3. Cant. and dial. (See quots.)
1796Grose's Dict. Vulgar T. (ed. 3), Rook,..the cant name for a crow used in house-breaking. 1812J. H. Vaux Flash Dict., Rook, a small iron crow. 1879G. F. Jackson Shropsh. Word-bk. 355 Rook, the iron key used for winding up a kitchen-grate when it is too wide.
4. a. attrib. and Comb., as rook-babble, rook-catcher, rook-net, rook-roost, rook-scarer; rook-crowded, rook-delighting, rook-haunted, rook-like, rook-racked, rook-routed, rook-tenanted adjs.; rook-scaring, rook-shooting vbl. ns.
1948C. Day Lewis Poems 1943–47 21 The rook-babble of bathers.
1637Bastwick Litany i. 8 The Church-wardens through the Kingdome are the Prelats rook-catchers.
1964Listener 24 Dec. 1009/2 Goal-posts, a public-house, a rook-crowded birch.
1914W. B. Yeats Responsibilities 37 Suddenly I saw the cold and rook-delighting Heaven.
1872Morris in Mackail Life (1899) I. 280, I am writing among the grey gables and rook-haunted trees.
1870Dickens E. Drood ii, Divers venerable persons of rook-like aspect.
1573–4Saffron-Walden Accs. (MS.), For a rokenet, 8s.
1879G. M. Hopkins Poems (1967) 79 Lark-charmèd, rook-racked, river-rounded. 1937J. W. Day Sporting Adventure 88 The great rook-roosts of winter, the annual nightly gatherings of thousands of these birds, are breaking up.
1923Blunden To Nature 46 In the rook-routed vale.
1910N.E.D., Rook-starver,..a rook-scarer. 1946J. W. Day Harvest Adventure xvi. 266 A rat-catcher is a Pest Control Officer and a rook-scarer a Corvine Operator!
1895‘Rosemary’ Under Chilterns i. 20 The poor child ain't fit for sech work as that there rewk-scarin' this weather. 1910in N.E.D. s.v. rook-starving. 1969 G. E. Evans Farm & Village v. 55 Some called it bird-keeping or bird-tending—keeping the birds off the newly sown land—while others referred to it simply as rook-scaring.
1837Dickens Pickw. vii, Your friend and I..are going out rook-shooting before breakfast.
1874L. Carr J. Gwynne I. i. 1 A cluster of old elms, rook-tenanted.
b. Special combs., as rook-bolter (see quot.); rook-boy, one employed in scaring rooks from corn; rook-drive, an expedition to shoot rooks; rook-grove, a clump of trees containing a rookery; rook-hawk, (a) a hawk trained to fly at rooks; (b) the hobby; rook-hawking, the sport of flying hawks at rooks; rook-pie, a pie made with (young) rooks; rook-rattle, a rattle used in scaring rooks; rook rifle, a rifle of small bore for shooting rooks; rook-starver, dial., a rook-scarer; rook-starving, dial., rook-scaring; rook-worm, a worm eaten by rooks; esp. the larva of the cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha.
1840Spurdens E. Anglian Wds., Quarrel, a kind of bird-bolt,..now only used by *rook-bolters for beating down rooks' nests.
1885Census Instruct. Index, *Rook Boy.
1969R. Blythe Akenfield 20 ‘Did you kill men, Davie?’ ‘I got several’—the same answer to a question on how he did on a *rook-drive.
a1682Sir T. Browne Norf. Birds Wks. (Bohn) III. 321 By reason of the great quantity of corn-fields and *rook groves.
1855Salvin & Brodrick Falconry 63 One of William Barr's best *rook Hawks in 1852 was an eyess Tiercel. 1887A. C. Smith Birds of Wiltshire 72 The Hobby... I am told that its provincial name in Wiltshire is the ‘Rook Hawk’.
1855Salvin & Brodrick Falconry 63 We now come to a somewhat similar sport, viz. *Rook hawking.
1769Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 157 A *Rook Pye. Skin and draw six young rooks. 1837Dickens Pickw. vii, Indistinct visions of rook-pie floated through his imagination.
1892‘Q.’ I saw three Ships 163 Scattered among these were ox-bells, *rook-rattles, a fog-horn or two.
1859Stonehenge Shot-Gun 104 In *rook rifle-shooting at birds just fledged. 1900E. Glyn Visits of Elizabeth 50 She amused herself..by shooting at rabbits..with a rook rifle. 1907[see ejector 2]. 1921‘K. Mansfield’ Let. 3 Feb. (1977) 215 My grandpa said a man could travel all over the world with a clean pair of socks and a rook rifle. 1972Shooting Times & Country Mag. 4 Mar. 11/1 Somehow we got hold of a .300 rook rifle cartridge. 1976Ibid. 16–22 Dec. 46/4 (Advt.), Holland and Holland .410 converted rook rifle, {pstlg}70.
1895Burroughs White's Selborne I. 143 A ‘*rook-starver’.
1766Compl. Farmer s.v. Red-worm 6 K 3/1 It is called a grub, by others the large maggot, and the *rook worm, because the rooks eat it. 1841Penny Cycl. XX. 148/2 The larvæ of the cock-chaffer (Melolontha vulgaris)..are called Rook-worms in many places.
1959E. F. Linssen Beetles Brit. Isles II. 124 The larvae of the Cockchafer—sometimes called by farmers White Grubs or Rookworms—are exceedingly destructive. 1973J. M. Chinery Field Guide Insects Brit. & N. Europe 303 It is said that rooks are particularly fond of both adult and larval cockchafers and the larvae are often called rookworms.
▪ II. rook, n.2 Chess.|rʊk|
Forms: 4–5 rok, 5–6 roke (5 roche), 6–7 rock; 5– rook (7 -ke).
[a. OF. roc(k, rok, ro(c)q, = Sp. and Pg. roque, It. rocco, med.L. rocus, rochus, also MLG. roch (G. roch, roche), ON. hrókr (Icel. hrókur), MSw. rokk, obs. Da. rok, rocke. The ultimate source is Pers. rukh, the original sense of which is doubtful.]
One of four pieces which at the beginning of the game are set in the corner squares, and have the power of moving in a right line forwards, backwards, or laterally over any number of unoccupied squares; a castle. Also in fig. contexts.
13..Guy Warw. (1883) 426 Wiþ a roke he brac his heued þan. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 11397 Somme..Drowe forthe meyne for þe cheker Wyþ draughtes queinte of knight & rok. c1407Lydg. Reson & Sens. 6717 Hyr Rokys at eche corner oon Wer makyd of a ryche stoon. c1450Treat. Chess (MS. Ashm. 344), Draw thy knyght in a ande say chek, Sythen thy Roke in b and say chek. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xxii. 478 Yonnet..played wyth his roke that he sholde not be mated. 1562J. Rowbotham Playe of Cheasts A iv b, The Rooke is made lykest to the Kinge and the Queene, but that he is not so long. 1591Florio 2nd Frutes 75, I had beene taken napping, if I had plaid that rooke. 1622Fletcher Span. Cur. iii. iv, Now play your best Sir, though I lose this Rook here, Yet I get libertie. 1656Beale Chesse-play 2 In the corner of the field the Rooke, Rock, or Duke, who is sometimes fashioned with a round head, sometimes like a Castle. 1735Bertin Chess 56 The bishop gives a check in his queen's rook's fourth square. 1812Crabbe Tales xi. 363 Nor good nor evil can you beings name, Who are but rooks and castles in the game. 1870Hardy & Ware Mod. Hoyle, Chess 39 The Rook..may pass along the entire length of the board at one move.
▪ III. rook, n.3 Sc. and north. dial.
[Var. of roke or rouk: the difference in the vowel is unusual.]
Mist, fog.
c1700Kennett in MS. Lansd. 1033 fol. 327 b, A Rook, a steam or vapour. 1786Har'st Rig (1794) 27 Mair scouthry like it still does look, At length comes on in mochy rook. 1825in Brockett. 1894Heslop Northumb. Gloss. 584 Yonder's a rook on the law.
▪ IV. rook, n.4|rʊk|
U.S. shortening of rookie.
1905Bluejacket Mar. 190/1 The sailors there said we were ‘rooks’. 1927Amer. Speech II. 278/1 Rook,..novice. 1935Our Army (U.S.) June 12 A life-long profession from club-footed ‘Rook’ to Top Soak. 1941G. Kersh They die with their Boots Clean ii. 85 This here Spencer drops weight{ddd}millions of stones that rook lost. 1942Yank 23 Sept. 17 In the horse cavalry, recruits do not complain as loudly about kitchen police as do the rooks in other branches.
▪ V. rook
dial., a heap: see ruck n.
▪ VI. rook
obs. form of rock n.1
▪ VII. rook, v.1|rʊk|
[f. rook n.1 2 b.]
1. trans. To cheat; to defraud by cheating, esp. in gaming; to clean of money by fraud, extortion, or other means; to charge extortionately.
Chiefly in slang or colloquial use.
c1590[? Lodge] Sir T. More i. ii, Let them gull me, widgeon me, rook me, fopp me. 1598B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. iii. i, If he should prooue, Rimarum plenus, then s'blood I were Rookt. 1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. xviii. 261 How easily doth a brother rooke a brother, I mean the craftie brother the weaker? 1673[R. Leigh] Transp. Reh. 87 This may be a fair warning..to take heed he be not rookt by such polititians. 1691Wood Ath. Oxon. II. 302 The unsanctified crew of Gamesters..rook'd him sometimes of all he could wrap or get. 1710Palmer Prov. 209 Drawn in by guinea-droppers, and rook'd of forty guineas and a watch. 1780H. Walpole Let. to Earl Harcourt 10 June, Whether terrified.., or to rooke new legions..of Infernals, the Gordon is fled. 1822Scott Nigel xxi, It was this same Glenvarloch that rooked me, at the ordinary, of every penny I had. 1862M. Napier Life Visct. Dundee II. 321 The Decreet of the Mint by which they had been so terribly rooked. 1897Anstey Trav. Comp. ii, Not such a bad dinner! Expect they'll rook us a lot for it, though. 1938Sun (Baltimore) 11 Oct. 24/2 There have been numerous complaints that the growers have been ‘rooked’. 1969Listener 10 Apr. 482/3 Because we had been rooked at the door, none of us ever thought of boycotting the desk where another seated veteran..was selling post-cards. 1977Capital Times (Madison, Wisconsin) 27 Jan. 10/3 The Federal Trade Commission thinks that a lot of people have been rooked by these buying clubs.
†2. To take by cheating, or by fraudulent means.
1648Symmons Vind. Chas. I, 161 How they rooked to themselves all the Plate and Money. 1653Milton Hirelings Wks. 1851 V. 361 The Title of Gehazi..to those things which by abusing his Master's name he rook'd from Naaman. 1695Cotton Martial i. lxvi. 59 Dost hope..For ten vile pence eternal glory rook?
†3. intr. To practise cheating. Obs.
1668Dryden Even. Love iii. i, In the gaming-house, where I found most of the town-wits; the prose-wits playing, and the verse-wits rooking. 1676Shadwell Libertine ii, You women always rook in love, you'll never play upon the square with us. 1693Locke Educ. §70 Learning to wrangle at Trap, or rook at Span-farthing.
†4. (Meaning uncertain.) Obs.
1632Shirley Hyde Park iii. i, Ile rooke for once, my Lord, Ile hold you twenty more... Done with you too.
▪ VIII. rook, v.2
[f. rook n.2]
‘To castle at chess’ (Ogilvie, 1850).
▪ IX. † rook, v.3 Obs.
(Exact meaning not clear.)
1616in W. H. Wheeler Hist. Fens (1897) App. iv. 11 The Welland to be roaded, rooked, hooked, haffed, scowered, and cleansed.
▪ X. rook
to crouch, cower: see ruck v. |