| 释义 |
basic, a. (and n.1)|ˈbeɪsɪk|
[f. base n.1 + -ic.]
A. adj.
1. a. Of, pertaining to, or forming a base; fundamental, essential: spec. in Arch., and in Chem. Also applied spec. to an industry which plays a major role in the national economy.
1842W. Grove Corr. Phys. Forces 146 The amount of heat produced is determined by the basic ingredient. 1849Ruskin Sev. Lamps v. 141 Its capital resting..on its basic plinth. 1869Roscoe Elem. Chem. 67 Basic oxides or bases act upon acids to form salts. 1884Harper's Mag. Apr. 770/2 This is Miss Hill's basic principle. 1928Rep. Liberal Industr. Inquiry i. 12 The great basic exporting industries of Great Britain—coal, metallurgy and textiles—have been in a bad way. 1929Times 25 May 9/4 The industry [sc. shipbuilding]..still had the highest percentage of unemployment of any of the basic industries in the country. 1940R. Comm. on Distrib. Industr. Pop. (Cmd. 6153) iii. 28 The industries which, for the purposes of exchange, send their products to places outside the area in which they are situated, may be termed ‘basic’ industries.
b. That is or constitutes a standard minimum amount in a scale of remuneration or the like. Also ellipt. as n.
1922Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 392/1 When trade unions fix the length of the working day, they mean the basic work⁓day, with a higher rate of pay for overtime. 1923J. D. Hackett in Management Engineering May, Basic Eight-Hour Day, that period of time for which a specific wage rate is paid, beyond which a higher rate, generally ‘time and a half’, is paid. 1939Times 25 Oct. 5/2 The next issue of basic petrol ration books will be made for a period beginning November 23. 1940Ibid. 27 Feb. 5/6 At any time the unit of the basic petrol ration may be made smaller. 1948Observer 11 Apr., The right way to check abuses of E and S petrol would be to confine it strictly to essential needs, leaving basic to fulfil its supposed purpose of allowing all motorists some pleasure trips. 1949Ann. Reg. 1948 447 The ‘basic allowance’ of foreign currency for tourists outside the sterling area was restored. 1958A. Hackney Private Life viii. 78 There's a job in Stores and Packing. Hundred and eighty-nine shillings basic.
c. Gram. Of or belonging to the base or theme of a word. See base n.1 14.
1885A. S. Cook tr. Sievers' O.E. Gram. §86. 38 The development of the basic vowel into a diphthong.
d. Applied to a limited, ‘essential’ vocabulary in any language; spec. Basic English, a variety of the English language, comprising a select vocabulary of 850 words, invented by C. K. Ogden, of Cambridge, and intended for use as a medium of international communication; also ellipt. Basic.
1929C. K. Ogden in Psyche IX. iii. 4 It is the continuous approximation of East and West, as a result of the analytic character of Chinese and English..which makes this particular [Panoptic] form of English basic for the whole world. Many special captions or trade-marks for the system have been suggested, but Basic = British American Scientific International Commercial (English)—is for the time being as good as any. Ibid. 97 (title) Translation into Basic English. 1930C. K. Ogden (title) Basic English. 1931Routledge Autumn Books, Basic English is a system in which 850 English words do all the work of over 20,000, and so give to everyone a second or international language which will take as little of the learner's time as possible. 1933Discovery Sept. 280/1 Science itself..might go forward with greatly increased efficiency if the language barrier were removed by the adoption of Basic for Abstracts and Congresses. 1933H. G. Wells Shape of Things to Come v. §7. 419 It was more difficult to train English speakers to restrict themselves to the forms and words selected than to teach outsiders the whole of Basic. 1935N. & Q. CLXIX. 145/2 The Swedish Anglic and our own Basic English. 1944H. G. Wells '42 to '44 141 ‘Basic’ English, Russian or Italian is the minimum vocabulary necessary to talk understandably in any of these tongues. 1965New Statesman 2 July 20/2 The tale is told in a Basic American style to represent the rudimentary nature of his mind.
e. spec. in Philos. Applied to a statement, proposition, etc. (see quots.).
1933Proc. Arist. Soc. XXXIII. 80 The facts upon which all facts which are the immediate reference of a true proposition are based..may..be called basic facts. 1936Mind XLV. 273 A basic proposition is one which asserts that an object has a particular property or that a particular relation holds between two objects, e.g. ‘this is red’, ‘this is earlier than that’. 1937A. J. Ayer in Proc. Arist. Soc. XXXVII. 138 Propositions which need not wait upon other propositions for the determination of their truth or falsehood, but are such that they can be directly confronted with the given facts..I propose to call basic propositions. 1939Mind XLVIII. 485 (title) On the class of ‘basic’ sentences. 1959K. R. Popper Logic Sci. Discovery §7 p. 43 What I call a ‘basic statement’ or a ‘basic proposition’ is a statement which can serve as a premise in an empirical falsification; in brief, a statement of a singular fact. 1961Proc. Arist. Soc. LXI. 180 We must..treat some concepts as not requiring reduction to others; these I shall call basic concepts.
f. basic box, see basis box (basis III).
1914J. H. Jones Tinplate Industry 141 Orders are often given for the equivalent of a specific number of basic boxes, for example, 10,000 boxes of 20/14.
2. Having the base in excess.
a. Chem. (A salt) Having the amount of the base atomically greater than that of the acid, or exceeding in proportion that of the related neutral salt.
b. Min. (An igneous rock) Having little silica in proportion to the amount of lime, potash, magnesia, etc. present.
1854Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc. Chem. 400 The class of subsalts is now generally termed basic salts, because the base predominates. 1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 319 Neutral or basic phosphates of the alkalies. 1877Green Phys. Geol. ii. §5. 47 The Poorly Silicated or Basic rocks.
c. Applied to an improved ‘Bessemer’ process of steel-manufacture, in which phosphorus is eliminated from the pig-iron by the use of non-silicious materials (e.g. limestone, dolomite, magnesia) for the lining of the converters, and for introduction in the course of the ‘blow’; hence also applied to the steel thus produced, etc. basic refractory, a refractory material with a high content of basic oxides.
1880Roberts Introd. Lect. Metallurgy 20 The practical application of basic linings in the Bessemer converter. 1883Birmghm. Weekly Post 18 Aug. 8/2 Basic steel and ingot iron, made from phosphoric pig. 1917R. Moldenke Princ. Iron Founding viii. 277 The iron foundry has so far had but little to do with basic refractories. 1944Gregory & Simons Steel Manuf. (ed. 3) xxi. 164 For this reason silica bricks cannot be used, and therefore magnesite, dolomite or other basic refractories have to be employed.
d. basic slag, slag from the basic or Bessemer process of steel manufacture, used as a fertilizer when finely ground.
1888Chambers's Jrnl. 28 July 478/2 The value of basic slag as a manure. 1920Conquest Aug. 487/2 Owing to the cattle grazing..phosphates and lime are withdrawn from the soil, but a dressing of basic slag..replaces this loss.
e. basic dye, a dye consisting of salts of bases containing aromatic amino- and substituted amino-groups.
1891[see mordant n. 3 c]. 1905Cain & Thorpe Synth. Dyestuffs & Intermed. Prod. vii. 35 Wool takes up the basic dyes in a very uniform manner without the aid of any addition to the dye bath. 1952J. R. Baker in G. H. Bourne Cytol. & Cell Physiol. (ed. 2) i. 2 When no further structure can be discovered in unstained cells, the effect of dyes of small toxicity should be tried. Many basic dyes are suitable.
See also monobasic, bibasic, tribasic.
B. n. Usu. pl.
a. The essential or elementary aspects of a situation, subject, etc.; fundamentals; primary requirements.
1934E. McD. Gale (title) Basics of the Chinese Civilization; a Topical Survey in Outline. 1961Newsweek 14 Aug. 45/2 The appeal of Mantle and Maris in 1961 comes down to one basic: the home run. 1965Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Nov. 1062/3 Let us refer to basics again—to dialogue. 1969Engineer 19 June 32 The computer is not a monster but a powerful ally. B. K. Cooper reviews the basics and explains the principal uses of this misunderstood machine. 1971Hi-Fi Sound Feb. 25 A transcription unit with much more than ‘the basics’ for enthusiasts who don't require extreme sophistication of design. 1984Times 25 July 5/2 People in northern Niger are going short of food and other basics. 1985M. Gee Light Years lii. 340 Basics for Christmas, dammit. Turkey? Chickens?
b. back to (the) basics: a catch-phrase applied (freq. attrib.) to a movement or enthusiasm for a return to the fundamental principles in education, etc., or to policies reflecting this. orig. U.S.
1975N.Y. Times 9 Mar. 1 The style and tone of the churches have undergone a major adustment.., gradually turning toward a ‘back-to-basics’ approach. 1977National Observer (U.S.) 8 Jan. 3/1 The current ‘back to basics’ movement, the campaign to give the highest priority to the teaching of the fundamentals of reading, writing, and arithmetic. 1978Today's Educ. Feb.–Mar. 34/1 No matter how it is described, this back-to-the-basics issue is attracting more and more legislative and public interest. 1983Times 23 July 13/1 Brown Shipley is launching a back-to-basics savings plan linked to term life assurance. 1985Toronto Life Sept. 15/1 The public areas show a back-to-basics thinking.
▸ Providing or having few or no amenities, accessories, functions, etc., beyond the ordinary or essential; of or designating the lowest standard acceptable or available; rudimentary.
1932M. R. Davie Probl. of City Life vii. 135 Each guest's sleeping room is equipped with a rug, chair, and locker, besides the bed. In addition to this basic accommodation, the guest has the use of large reading and writing rooms. 1953Life 10 Aug. 74/3 It is important to buy panels that meet basic standards of quality. 1970J. Earl Tuners & Amplifiers 7 Such equipment is already rising above the basic ‘domestic quality’ and entering into the hi-fi fringes. 1978Dumfries Courier 20 Oct. 11/1 The newcomers range from fairly basic family saloons to the exotic Mazda RX7 and BMW's M1 sports racer. 2000S. Fallon & M. Rothschild World Food: France 135 Pastries and other sweets in the north can be pretty basic.
▸ basic pay n. orig. U.S. the standard rate of pay received by an employee before any additional payments such as overtime or bonuses have been included; cf. base pay n. at base n.2 Additions, A. 1b.
1916Washington Post 24 Jan. 2/5 The higher wage demands to be made by the leaders of the brotherhoods provide that the *basic pay [per] day..shall be changed to 100 miles or eight hours, with pay for overtime at one and a half times the new higher rate. 1969National Herald (New Delhi) 29 July 8/6 All employees whose basic pay and dearness pay do not total more than Rs. 620 will become eligible for overtime allowance. 1999Independent 18 Aug. i. 10/7 Working these sort of hours, for a basic pay of {pstlg}16,710, would be enough of an irritation for junior hospital doctors. |