| 释义 |
▪ I. row, n.1|rəʊ|
Forms: α. 1, 4–5 (6–9 north. and Sc.) raw (4 rau), 3–5 (6 Sc.) rawe. β. 4–7 rowe, 5– row, 5–6 roo, 7 roe.
[? OE. ráw (see sense 9 b), var. of rǽw rew n.1, which may be related to MDu. rīe (Du. rij), MHG. rîhe (G. reihe).]
I.
1. a. A number of persons or things set or arranged in a (straight) line. Freq. const. of.
When used without of, the context generally makes clear the composition of the ‘row’; examples like quot. 13.. are rare.
αa1225Leg. Kath. 1930 Þæt al þe hweoles beon þurh⁓spitet mid kenre pikes..rawe bi rawe. a1300Cursor M. 23043 Þe formast rau sal stan him nere, Als þaa þat er his dughti dere. 13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 105 Þe playn, þe plonttez, þe spyse, þe perez, & rawez & randez & rych reuerez. 1423Jas. I Kingis Q. cliv, On euery syde, a longe rawe Off treis saw I. 1483Cath. Angl. 301/1 Rawe, series. c1730Ramsay Fables, Ram & Buck 4 Leading his family in a raw. 1786Burns Toothache v, [Where] ranked plagues their numbers tell, In dreadfu' raw. 1800–in common Sc. and northern use.
βc1440Promp. Parv. 438/1 Rowe, or reenge, series, linea. 1526Tindale Mark vi. 40 They sate doune here a rowe and there a rowe, by houndredes and by fyfties. 1582N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. i. lxxi. 146 The Captaine.., returning to shoot the Saker againe, did carrie away another row of beams. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. (1637) 429 A new Church..supported with sundry rowes of marble pillars. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 213 He knew to rank his Elms in even Rows. 1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 347 One which hath four Rows of Grain on the Ear,..and the other two Rows. 1779Cowper Pine-apple & Bee, The pine-apples, in triple row, Were basking hot. 1810Crabbe Borough i. 292 The lads who tow Some enter'd hoy, to fix her in her row. 1848Lytton Harold xi. ii, Row by row, line by line, all the multitude shouted forth [etc.]. 1887Morris Odyssey xii. 91 Threefold rows of teeth.
(b) spec. A line in a chorus.
1849Thackeray Pendennis I. xiv. 125 Who's that gal in the second row, with blue ribbons, third from the stage. 1932D. L. Sayers Have his Carcase xxiii. 303 O.K. darling. ‘Aeroplane Girl’, first row, song and dance. 1967A. Wilson No Laughing Matter ii. 85 The thousands of silly boys who join the back row of the chorus every year.
b. A number of persons or things arranged in a circle. rare.
1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 402 Thus haue I runne about a round row of writers, and haue shewed wherein they are to be marked. 1617Moryson Itin. iii. 137 Some sixe miles from Salisbury is a place in the fields where huge stones are erected..standing in three rowes after the forme of a crowne. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. 129, I..surrounded myself with a Row of Stakes set upright in the Ground.
c. transf. A string or series of something.
c1510More Picus Wks. 13/1 Thy prayer..rather interrupted and broken,..then drawen on length with a continuall rowe and noumber of woordes. 1559in Strype Ann. Ref. (1824) I. App. xi. 36 Let them shew me their busshoppes; they are so far off, as to bringe a rowe in order unto St. Paul. 1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 106 By which kind of Mathematical parts..he does all his great feats in his whole row of Answers. a1691Boyle Wks. (1774) IV. 75 There can be no ingredient assigned..that may not be derived either immediately, or by a row of decompositions, from the universal matter.
2. a. An array or set of persons (or things) of a certain kind; a class or category. † the lower row, the populace. Now rare.
a1300K. Horn 1086 (R.), Horn..sette him doun wel lowe In the beggeres rowe. 1390Gower Conf. I. 225 That I mai stonde in thilke rowe Amonges hem that Saundres use. Ibid. II. 76 The lord nomore hath..Than hath the povereste of the rowe. 1483Caxton G. de la Tour k v b, To putte her self in the Rowe or companye of them that were re⁓nommed. 1581G. Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. i. (1586) 24 The error of the world, which estemeth them in the row of the tollerable. 1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 200 In the rowe of these potent princes inhabiting betweene Indus and Ganges dwelleth the King of Narsinga. 1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 128 To allow the use of lawful pastimes in the lower row upon that day. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. 13 Democritus..was of the Italick Row, or Pythagorick Succession. 1738tr. Guazzo's Art Conversation 71 Those whom you have now described, I think should stand in the Row of the Desirable and Commendable. 1787M. Cutler in Life, etc. (1888) I. 225 She has an only daughter,..who is, at least, approaching the old-maid's row. 1821W. Liddle Poems 31 If ye'd been o' the batch'lor row, It ne'er wad bred up sic a strow.
†b. Place, position, or rank. Obs.—1
a1310in Wright Lyric P. iv. 25 He byt us buen of hyse; Ant on ys ryht hond hente rowe.
†c. A company. Obs. rare.
c1450Lovelich Arth. & Merl. 1416 Mochel wers schal I sein aforn al this rowe! c1460Towneley Myst. xiii. 109 God looke ouer the raw, Full defly ye stand.
d. Mus. = tone-row s.v. tone n. 11. Also Comb., as row-note.
1936Musical Q. XXII. 14 The chief contribution towards the organization of the twelve-tone system is that peculiarly Schoenbergian concept—part abstract theory and part pure inspiration—the ‘row’: a semi⁓arbitrary arrangement of the twelve chromatic tones into a horizontal motival structure. Ibid. 31 Examples could be multiplied indefinitely, but,..most of them would boil down to some similar types of random distribution of the row-notes. 1958A. Jacobs New Dict. Mus. 390 This method works through the ‘note-row’ (or ‘series’), in which all the twelve notes are placed in a particular order as the basis of a work. No note is repeated within a row, which accordingly consists of twelve different notes and no others. 1965Listener 20 May 757/3 An important aspect of the work is the extraction from the note-series of innumerable motivic elements and of the great variety of ways in which the row is itself presented. 1971Times Lit. Suppl. 1 Oct. 1180/2 He [sc. Webern] was particularly partial to rows whose second half is a mirror inversion of the first.
†3.
a. A ray or beam. Obs. (Cf. day-rawe.)
a1225Juliana 21 Þe rawen rahten of luue þurh euch lið of his limes, & inwið bearnde of brune. 1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy i. 1199 Whan þat þe larke..Gan to salue the lusty rowes rede Of Phebus char. 15..Tayis Bank 26 The reid sone rais with rawis.
†b. A (written or printed) line. Obs.
c1384Chaucer H. Fame i. 448 He most rede many a Rowe On Virgile or on Claudian. a1400–50Alexander 2843 Quen he þis rawis had rede he rewfully wepid. 1598Bp. Hall Sat. iv. i. 6 Which who reads thrise,..And deep intendeth every doubtfull row, Scoring the margent.
†c. Chess. A file or rank. Obs.
a1500MS. Ashmole 344 fol. 10 b, Then fayne a drawght in the same rowe wt þi Roke.
†d. The letters of the alphabet. Cf. Christ- cross-row. Obs.
1570Foxe A. & M. (ed. 2) 175/1 This Charles builded so manie monasteries as there be letters in y⊇ row of A.B.C. 1611J. Davies (Heref.) Sco. Folly, To C'tess Pembroke Wks. (Grosart) II. 63/1 But I Am little i, the least of all the row.
4. a. A number of houses standing in a line; a street (esp. a narrow one) formed by two continuous lines of houses. (Cf. rew n.2)
Chiefly Sc. and north., being common in local names of particular streets in various towns (cf. next). Also Comb., as row house N. Amer., a terraced house; also (with hyphen) attrib.; hence row housing.
c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 1881 Of þat towne on þe este rawe A house bren. c1470Henry Wallace vii. 558 Haist þow fast... Behynd thaim cum, and in the Northast raw. 1531Test. Ebor. (Surtees) VI. 19 The third part of one Raw called Scherome Raw. 1564Extr. Burgh Rec. Edin. (1875) 185 The hie passege quhilk ledys fra the West Port to the Commoun Mwre throuch the raw and streit callit [blank]. 1663Providence Rec. (1894) V. 205 Being in the Towne of Providence afores[ai]d, and in the Rowe of the Towne. 1753W. Maitland Hist. Edin. i. vi. 97 The Brewery in the Candlemaker Row. 1807Crabbe Par. Reg. i. 169 This infected row we term our street. 1832W. Stephenson Gateshead Poems 50 When he got up to the raw, An open door and light he saw. 1900Guthrie Kitty Fagan 43 Passing down the row, her passage was like a procession. 1936H. Hagedorn Brookings i. 10 So the Brookings children moved to Baltimore..and went to live in a pleasant brick row-house with the canonical white stoop which Baltimoreans cherished. 1940Sun (Baltimore) 16 Feb. 24/1 Mr. Pagon, in proposing that the entire area be rezoned from a row-house status, pointed out that [etc.]. 1949Ibid. 29 Nov. 12/1 The Housing Authority's plans call for row housing. 1952Ibid. 11 Jan. 12/3 The narrowest row house will be 16 feet across the front..and there will be only seven to a group. 1957W. H. Whyte Organization Man xxiii. 305 A study of several new Philadelphia row-house neighborhoods. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 13 Feb. b2/4 There is no doubt that municipalities..would be agreeable to more realistic zoning in respect to smaller lots, row housing, etc. 1979Kingston (Ontario) Whig-Standard 29 Mar. 21/4 The township has called for ten feet of yard between the end of a line of row houses and the next building.
b. the Row, used ellipt. for Goldsmith's Row(?), Paternoster Row, and Rotten Row, in London. Also attrib.
1607Middleton Michaelmas Term iii. iv, Where grows this pleasant fruit? Says one citizen's wife in the Row. 1812Combe Picturesque xxiii, 'Tis not confined..To vulgar tradesmen in the Row. 1822Byron Let. to Moore 27 Aug., The shipwreck..‘took’, as they say in the Row. 1871J. M. Langford Let. 2 Dec. in Geo. Eliot Lett. (1956) V. 223 Some of the Row Houses whose subscription was partially delivered have been in for more. 1884Eng. Illustr. Mag. Oct. 25/2 There are bad riders in the Row.
c. In Yarmouth, one of a number of narrow lanes connecting the main streets.
1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe 19 Yarmouth. Her sumptuous porches and garnisht buildings.., the spanbroad rowse running betwixt. 1742Richardson De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. (ed. 3) I. 61 The Streets [of Yarmouth] are all exactly strait.., with Lanes or Alleys, which they call Rows, crossing them in strait Lines also. 1865Daily Telegr. 25 Aug., These ‘rows’ are simply alleys running from one main thoroughfare to another. They are almost inconceivably narrow.
d. In Chester, one of several raised and covered galleries running along the sides of the four main streets.
1610Holland Camden's Brit. (1637) 605 Galleries or walking places, they call them Rowes having shops on both sides. 1777Phil. Trans. LXVIII. 132 There is a form of building peculiar to Chester, called the Rows, which are covered galleries that make a complete communication between most of the principal streets. 1847Alb. Smith Chr. Tadpole Introd. (1879) 3 The wind came..brawling along the covered rows.
e. A line of cells in a prison; esp. in phr. death row, the part of a prison where condemned prisoners are kept. Chiefly U.S.
1950in M. McLuhan Mech. Bride (1967) 4/2 The doomed men..were filmed in death row yesterday afternoon. 1968Listener 15 Feb. 210/2 Until he arrived, the ten prisoners in death row never left their cells, not even for exercise. 1971Black Scholar Apr.–May 19/1 He is now waiting on Death Row in the Ohio Penitentiary. 1973Philadelphia Inquirer 7 Oct. (Today Suppl.) 26/3 After all that time, you'd think we would all be exhilarated to be off the row. But everyone of us wanted, on some level, to go back. We didn't want to face the responsibilities of being out and having to fend for ourselves. 1973Publishers Weekly 27 Aug. 231/2 Sentenced to death, he cut off his penis and has spent 23 years in a cage on a row reserved for lunatics. 1980Sci. Amer. Apr. 63/3 Texas, which already has such a capital-punishment law on the books, currently ranks second in the nation, with 119 on death row.
5. a. A line of seats in a theatre, etc.
1710Steele Tatler No. 130 ⁋12 They shall have a Place kept for them in the first Row of the Middle Gallery. 1758Johnson Idler No. 18 ⁋6 She [was]..among those that sat in the first row. 1792Boswell Johnson (Oxf. ed.) II. 573 An appearance so improper in the front row of a front box. 1888Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 223/1 The chief priestesses..occupied marble thrones in the προεδρία or front row.
b. U.S. A story or flat in a building.
1873‘Susan Coolidge’ What Katy Did iii, ‘Which row are you going to have a room in?’ she went on.
6. a. A line of plants in a field or garden. Also Comb., as row boss U.S. (see quot. 1937); row crop (see quot. 1930).
1733Tull Horse-hoeing Husb. (Dubl.) 127 Servants are apt to Hoe too far from the Rows. 1786Abercrombie Gard. Assist. 328 Dig the ground between the plants, raising the earth ridge-ways along the rows on both sides. 1855E. S. Delamer Kitchen Garden (1861) 41 Set another row parallel to, and a foot apart from, the former; and then a couple more rows, which will complete the bed.
attrib.1778W. H. Marshall Minutes Agric., Digest 63 A comparative view of the Row and Random Cultures. 1805R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 466 Others accustomed to the row system. 1832Planting 23 in Husb. III. (L.U.K.), For these crops..the row and ridge system of culture should be adopted. 1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl., Row Marker, an implement for marking out ground for planting in rows. 1930Amer. Speech VI. 11 Irrigation farmers call beets, potatoes, and beans rowcrops in distinction from alfalfa and the grains, the flood crops, for in the former case the water is directed down rows instead of being allowed to flow over the whole field. 1937Sun Mag. (Baltimore) 11 July 9/3 ‘The young ones aren't as good as their parents,’ said the row boss. Ibid., The term ‘row boss’ comes..from his being in charge of the pickers when they are working along the rows of vegetables. 1943J. S. Huxley TVA 45 Indian corn and other row crops. Ibid. 58 Row crops are confined to the more level spots. 1950Engineering 5 May 505/3 Light, medium and heavy tractors were all represented, and each group was subdivided into rowcrop and general-purpose tractors. 1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 1 Mar. 125/1 We pioneered pneumatic tyred row-crop wheels. 1971Arable Farmer Feb. 29/1 Wheel tractors on the farm being used solely for haulage and row-crop work. 1977New Yorker 29 Aug. 48/1 So much for row-boss supervision, so much for harvest labor, so much for trucking, so much for tractor overhead, so much for fertilizer and pesticides.
b. orig. U.S. to have a hard (long, etc.) row to hoe, to have a difficult task to perform.
1835D. Crockett Tour Down East 69, I never opposed Andrew Jackson for the sake of popularity. I knew it was a hard row to hoe. 1848Lowell Biglow P. Ser. i. Wks. (1884) 213 You've a darned long row to hoe. 1892Gunter Miss Dividends ix, I am afraid Harry Lawrence has a hard row to hoe. 1912J. Masefield Widow in Bye St. iv. 56 Bessie, the gipsy, got with child by Ern... ‘I hear the gipsy has a row to hoe.’ 1955Times 2 Aug. 4/6 The lecturer then set himself a hard row to hoe; the scholarly correction of everything his audience may have been taught at school about King John, Runnymede, and Magna Carta. 1961B. Fergusson Watery Maze v. 119 Mountbatten had therefore no easy row to hoe; but he had a definite course to steer: the invasion of France. 1969Listener 26 June 894/2, I recognise full well that there are many people who always find life a pretty difficult row to hoe and our society must be a compassionate society. 1976New Yorker 26 Apr. 62/3 Women have a God-damned hard row to hoe.
c. U.S. to hoe one's own row, to do one's own work; to mind one's own business.
1871in De Vere Americanisms 608 Now that I have hoed my own row.., they deluge me with congratulations.
7. a. (See quot.)
1807Sewell in Young Agric. Essex II. 60, 24 of the bunches [of teazle] are fixed on a small stick, and called a row, 240 of which make a load in bulk.
b. A hedgerow. Also U.S. a wall.
a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Row, a hedge. 1883Cent. Mag. Sept. 686 A pair of brown-thrashers..were flitting from bush to bush along an old stone row in a remote field.
8. In knitting, one line of stitches.
1800M. Edgeworth Parent's Assistant (ed. 3) II. 79 Her mother's unfinished knitting lay upon a table near the bed, and Susan sat down in her wicker arm chair and went on with the row, in the middle of which her hand stopped the preceding evening. 1872Geo. Eliot Middlem. II. iii. xxvi. 69 Mrs Taft who was always counting stitches and gathered her information in misleading fragments caught between the rows of her knitting. 1909W. J. Locke Septimus i. 4 She counted the rows of her knitting. 1932[see knit n. 1 a]. 1970M. Hamilton-Hunt Knitting Dict. 19 Cast on in usual way, work a few rows of st st, the depth of the hem required.
II. In prepositional phrases. (See also arow.)
†9. on row:
a. In a line. Obs.
αc1330Arth. & Merl. 5408 Her names to tellen ȝou in sawe Hou þai wenten al on rawe. First wenten þre wiþ gret honour [etc.]. 1375Barbour Bruce xi. 431 Thai stude than rangit all on raw, Reddy for till byde battale. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xxii. 102 He mase þam to sitt on rawe and delez þam þis relefe. c1470Henry Wallace iv. 430 In a dern woode he stellit thame on raw. 1513Douglas æneis vii. xi. 91 He drivis furth the stampand hors on raw Vnto the ȝok. 1530Lyndesay Test. Papyngo 643 Sum tyme in the I led ane lustye lyfe, The fallow deir, to see thame raik on rawe.
βc1320Sir Tristr. 779 Lat mo men wiþ þe ride On rowe. c1330Amis & Amil. 1900 When thai were semly set on rowe.
†b. In order, in succession. Obs.[A doubtful example occurs in Saxon Leechd. II. 238 Sele þonne drincan on sume rawe (? read sume on rawe) niᵹon daᵹon.] αa1300Cursor M. 221 Þis are the maters redde on raw, Þat I thynk in þis bok to draw. Ibid. 5460 Quen he endid had his sau His suns blessed he on rau. a1400Sir Perc. 1193 Thus he dalt thame on rawe Tille the daye gunne dawe. 1483Cath. Angl. 301/1 On Rawe, gradatim, ordinatim, seriatim. 1513Douglas æneis v. iii. 56 By cuttis than per ordour, all on raw, Thair place thai chesit.
βc1320Sir Tristr. 504 Þe rauen he ȝaue his ȝiftes..On rowe. a1450Myrc 123 And say the wordes alle on rowe, As a-non I wole ȝow schowe. c1470Hardyng Chron. ccxxxii. ii. 3 The Frenche assembled..And gate the lande ay by and by on rowe. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xxvii. (Percy Soc.) 132 Full wofull was my herte, Whan all on rowe they toke me by the hande.
†10. by row, in order, one after another. Obs.
c1330Arth. & Merl. 8632 (Kölbing), Þer he was of Arthour biknawe & of his feren al bi rawe. c1374Chaucer Troylus ii. 970 Right as floures..spreden in hire kynde cours by rowe. 1442Cursor M. 9712 (Bedford), To haue Recorde no dome owe, Or we assent all be Rowe. c1460How the Goode Wif 158 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 191 Take a smerte rodde, and bete hem alle by rowe. 1533More Debell. Salem Wks. 1031/1 Thus haue I..now replied to euery chapyter of hys booke by row. c1555Harpsfield Divorce Hen. VIII (Camden) 78 Consider all these parts of the decalogue by rowe as diligently..as you may.
†11. in row, in line, in order. Obs.
c1460Vrbanitatis 37 in Babees Bk. (1868) 14 Do hem no Reuerens, but sette alle in Rowe. 1542Udall Erasm. Apoph. Pref. **ij, The ordre of regions and kyngdomes as thei stand in rowe. c1650in Percy's Folio MS., Ball. & Rom. I. 277 To whom there did succeed in row 8 heyres of his successiuelye.
†12. on a row:
a. = 9 a. Obs.
α13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 545 Set hem alle vpon a rawe, & gyf vchon in-lyche a peny. c1400Laud Troy Bk. 2925 Thei sayled alle on a rawe, Til thei were come ther thei were knawe. c1440Alph. Tales 292 Hym þoght þat he saw in a vision a grete multitude of virgyns goyng on a raw by hym. a1500Gest of Robin Hood 1222, I wolde not that..For all the golde in mery Englonde, Though it now lay on a rawe.
βa1310in Wright Lyric P. ix. 35 Hire gurdel of bete gold is al..; Al whith rubies on a rowe. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1683 Coryneus..busched þem on a rowe. 1430–40Lydg. Bochas ix. xxxi. (MS. Bodl. 263) fol. 433 That thei sholde be pleyn confessioun Requere mercy knelyng on a rowe. a1500Gest of Robin Hood 237 And nowe they renne away fro me, As bestis on a rowe. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 22 b, Thei frapped together .xxiiij. greate Hulkes..and set them on a rowe. 1621T. Williamson tr. Goulart's Wise Vieillard 90 Their vertuous children..About their table all on a rowe. 1682Dryden Dk. Guise v. ii, Five Hundred Popular Figures on a Row.
†b. In order or succession; one after another; all together. Obs.
c1400Sowdone Bab. 390 That he myght the Romaynes kille, Playnly on a rowe. c1450Lovelich Merlin v. 1474 (Kölbing), For thinges, that ben past, I knowe, And thinges, that ben comeng vppon a rowe. c1552in Strype Cranmer (1694) II. 137 The child that is yet unborn Shal them curse al on a rowe. 1597Beard Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 202 They slew their lawfull King, and set vp three other on a row. 1610Willet Daniel 446 All the Popes vassals..so haue beene of late the kings of France on a rowe.
13. in a row, so as to form, or be in, a line. Also transf. of occurrences: in succession, consecutively. colloq.
c1369Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 975 She wolde have be..A cheef mirour of al the feste Thogh they had stonden in a rowe. 1557Recorde Whetst. H ij, Men call a line of Brickes..when many bee laied in a rowe. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 252 They..chime their sounding Hammers in a Row. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. (Globe) 385 When the poor Women saw themselves set in a Row thus. 1843Penny Cycl. XXVII. 237/2 [The shores] north of the island are beset with almost innumerable islets, which lie along it in a row. 1855Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 251 Near the sea..are three houses in a row. a1961in Webster s.v.4 row, Won the state tourney for four years in a row. 1969‘E. Lathen’ When in Greece xiii. 139 Acute gastric distress..kept him awake..for a second night in a row. 1979M. Babson So soon done For i. 10, I burnt the clothes he'd been wearing yesterday, and I shampooed his hair three times in a row.
14.
†a. by rows or on rows, = 9 b, 10. Obs.
c1440York Myst. xx. 50 Maistirs, takes to me intente, And rede youre resouns right on rawes. c1460Towneley Myst. xviii. 60 In som mynde it may the bryng To here oure sawes red by rawes.
b. in (or † on) rows, in lines.
c1450Holland Howlat 244 Quhen thai war rangit on rawis. 1508Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen 35 Ane marbre tabile..With ryale cowpis apon rawys. 1694Acc. Sev. Late Voy. ii. (1711) 126 Round about this Star are small black Spots, in rows. 1706London & Wise Retir'd Gard. I. 332 Planted in Rows at Five Inches Distance from each other. a1822Shelley Faust ii. 254 An hundred bonfires burn in rows.
15. Special Combs.: row matrix Math., a matrix consisting of a single row of elements; row vector Math., a vector represented by a row matrix.
1941Birkhoff & MacLane Survey Mod. Algebra viii. 203 The coordinates of a vector ξ relative to a given basis in an n-space V form a one-rowed array X = (x1,{ddd},x n{caret} ), X a ‘row matrix’. This may be considered as a vector in V n{caret} (F) or as a 1 × n ‘row matrix’. 1954Beaumont & Ball Introd. Mod. Algebra & Matrix Theory i. 23 Any m by n matrix..may be thought of as an m by 1 column matrix with elements which are 1 by n row matrices.
1928H. W. Turnbull Theory of Determinants iii. 36 There are two distinct types of vector, the row vector, and the column vector. 1978Nature 13 Apr. 605/2 A row vector..may be derived which has elements representing the magnitude of growth response to each climatic variable.
▪ II. row, n.2|raʊ|
[A slang or colloquial word, of obscure origin, in common use from c 1800. Noted by Todd (1818) as ‘a very low expression’.]
1. a. A violent disturbance or commotion; a noisy dispute or quarrel. Freq. in phr. to make, or kick up, a row.
1746S. Barry Let. 6 June in D. Garrick Private Corr. (1831) I. 41 This occasioned a pleasant scene, for immediately, a terrible ‘Row’ ensued, between the few who paid ready money, and those who brought in his benefit⁓tickets. 1753J. Poulter Discoveries (ed. 2) 13 He would prick again for thirty [Guineas]; we were afraid he would make too big a Row when he lost that, that is, a great Noise. 1787in A. C. Bower Diaries & Corr. (1903) 76 The man makes a row and sayes he cannot get others without money. 1789Loiterer No. 12. 12, I shall..now and then kick up a row in the street. 1806T. S. Surr Winter in Lond. III. 203 It was reserved for the present winter..to introduce in the pit of the opera a row, in the lowest sense of that vulgar word. 1820Byron Juan iv. xcix, As boys love rows, my boyhood liked a squabble. 1857Holland Bay Path xii, She was not prepared for so terrific a row as he said had taken place. 1885Anstey Tinted Venus 25 You can do no good to yourself or any one else by making a row. 1955Times 11 May 14/3 The Barons Court contest gains piquancy from a big local row which both sides expect to favour the Conservatives.
Comb.c1840Mitford Lett. & Rem. (1891) 130 It was a case like that of the row-loving Irishman.
b. In phr. what's the row? What is all the noise about? What is the matter? What is doing?
1837Dickens Pickw. ii, What's the row, Sam? 1838― O. Twist viii, Hullo, my covey! What's the row? 1849Thoreau Week Concord Riv. Friday 357 Come to see the sport and have a hand in what is going,—to know ‘what's the row’, if there is any.
2. Noise, din, clamour.
1845Ford Handbk. Spain i. 23 The varied and never-ceasing din.., the dust, the row, which Spaniards, men as well as beasts, kick up. 1863Kingsley Water Bab. (1874) 34 Never was there heard..such a noise, row, hubbub, babel, shindy, hullabaloo. 1864Hemyng Eton School Days ii, Chudleigh was going to speak.., when Chorley cried, ‘Hold your row, will you?’
▪ III. row, n.3|rəʊ|
[f. row v.1]
A spell of rowing; a journey on the water in a rowing-boat.[Hexham (1647) gives rowe in the sense of ‘oar’: there appears to be no other evidence for this.] 1832F. Trollope Dom. Manners Amer. (ed. 2) I. xvi. 249 A row upon the Ohio was another of our favourite amusements. 1847in Webster. 1864L. S. Costello Tour Venice 310 Re-entering the gondola [we] resumed our row. 1873Helps Anim. & Mast. i. (1875) 3 He asked me to go out for a row with him.
▪ IV. † row, n.4 Obs. rare.
[OE. rów, = ON. ró: see ro n.]
Rest.
a1000Guthlac 184 Ðonne hy of waþum werᵹe cwoman,..rowe ᵹefeᵹon. a1450Myrc 447 In goddes body I be-leue nowe A-monge hys seyntes to ȝeue me rowe.
▪ V. row, n.5|raʊ|
[See row a.1]
†1. Roughness. Obs. rare.
a1225Ancr. R. 184 He is þi uile, & uileð awei al þi rust & al þi ruwe of þine sunnen. 1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 215 Þou has frendis inowe.., If þou turne to þe rowe, þei salle drede þe chance.
2. Cornish mining. ‘Coarse, undressed tin ore; refuse from the stamping mills.’
1860Eng. & For. Mining Gloss. (ed. 2) 21 Row, large stones, rough. a1863J. T. Tregellas Cornish Tales (1868) 94 Go athurt the floors ovver to a laarge pile of Row. 1875J. H. Collins Met. Mining 111 Material of a mixed nature, called ‘dredge’, or ‘roughs’, or ‘rows’.
▪ VI. † row, n.6 Sc. Obs. rare.
In 6 roow.
[a. F. roue:—L. rota.]
A wheel.
1582–8Hist. & Life Jas. VI (1804) 154 To be publickly punisht, brokin upoun the roow, and thus pynit to the death.
▪ VII. row, n.7
Also 6 rowe.
[Cf. row v.8]
A rove of wool or cotton.
1673Wedderburn Voc. (Jam.), Filum, a thread. Naeta, a rowe. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 385 The portions thus rolled are called rows, rolls, or rowans. Ibid. 391 The rows or rowans are taken to a roving-billy.
▪ VIII. row
obs. form of roe n.
▪ IX. row, a.1 Obs. exc. dial. or arch.|raʊ|
Forms: α. 1–3 ruw- (1 ru-), 3 ru. β. 1 row-, 3–5 rowe (4 rouwe), 4– row.
[An inflectional variant of rough a.: cf. MDu. and MLG. ruw-, ru (Du. ruw). See also row n.5]
1. Rough, in various senses. (Common from c 1300 to 1450.)
α931in Birch Cartul. Sax. II. 364 To ðære ruwan hecgan. 944Ibid. 557 On ðone ruwan hlync. c1000in Cockayne Narrat. (1861) 22 Wæron hie swa ruwe and swa ᵹehære swa wildeor. c1000ælfric Genesis xxvii. 23 Þa ruwan handa wæron swilce þæs yldran broður. c1225Ancr. R. 120 Þet ruwe vel abute þe heorte. c1250Gen. & Ex. 1544 Ysaac wende it were esau, for he grapte him and fond him ru.
β944in Birch Cartul. Sax. II. 557 Andlang þæs rowan linces. a1300Owl & Night. 1013 Hi goþ bytuht myd rowe felle. c1350Ipomadon 6147 Hys hed ys row wyth feltred here. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. x. 120 Þe rose..Out of a ragged roote, and of rouwe breres springeþ. c1400Beryn 520 He axid his staff spitouslich with wordis sharp & rowe. c1440J. Capgrave Life St. Kath. i. 942 Cande þe rych, whech hath a see ful rowe. a1529Skelton Agst. Garnesche iii. 124 Thow a Sarsens hed ye bere, Row and full of lowsy here. 1746–in south-western dial. use (see E.D.D.).
2. In special collocations, as row cheer († ), row dashle, row dog, row hound, row smith († ): (see quots.).
1403–4in Bickley Little Red Bk. Bristol II. 183 No Smyth yclepid a Rowsmyth of the towne of Bristow. c1440Promp. Parv. 437/2 Rowchere, acrimonia. 1848Zoologist VI. 1973 Small Spotted Dog, Scyllium canicula. Frequently called ‘rough’ or ‘row-hound’. 1891R. P. Chope Hartland Gloss. s.v. Dashle, The milk-thistle is called Milky-dashle, and the Scotch thistle Row-dashle. Ibid., Row-dogs.., Rough men (Clovelly).
3. Comb., as row-foot(ed) = rough-footed). Now arch.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xii. vi. (Tollem. MS.), Rowe-fotid dowues bredeþ euery monþe. 1564–78W. Bullein Dial. agst. Pest (1888) 6, I had better bee hangad in a withie or in a cowtaile, than be a rowfooted Scot. a1802Kinmont Willie xxv. in Scott Border Min. (1869) 269 ‘Why trespass ye on the English side? Row-footed outlaws, stand!’ quo' he. 1896Kipling Seven Seas 118 What care I for your row-foot earls?
▪ X. row, a.2 Now north. dial.|raʊ|
Forms: 1 hreow, 5–6 rowe, 5–7, 9 dial. row, 9 dial. rou.
[OE. hréow, app. an ablaut-variant of hréaw raw a.]
Raw, uncooked, untanned, etc. Also row-eyed, row-nosed adjs.
c1000ælfric Exod. xii. 9 Ne eton ᵹe of þam nan þing hreowes. 1483Cath. Angl. 312/1 Rowe, crudus, incoctus. Ibid., To be Rowe, crudere. 1489Caxton Faytes of A. ii. xxxv. 152 Ayenst brenninge yron may haue no defence row leder nor also lamynes of yron. 1551Turner Herbal i. (1568) B v, Garlyke..swageth the olde coughe, taken row or soden. 1562Ibid. ii. 72 The rowe iuice..dronken softeneth the belly. 1686Lond. Gaz. No. 2156/4 A white cropt Gelding with a whisk Tail, Row-nosed and Row-eyed. 1829Brockett N.C. Gloss. (ed. 2), Rou, cold, bleak and damp; especially as applied to a place, or to the weather. 1894Heslop Northumb. Gloss., Ro, roa, row, raw, as meat that is under-cooked.
▪ XI. † row, adv. Obs.
Also 4–5 rowe.
[f. row a.1]
Roughly; angrily, fiercely. Chiefly in phr. to look row.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 590 King lotrin..dude al is wille, vor he lokede so rowe. 13..Coer de L. 4661 Kyng Richard..on hym gan to look rowe. c1386Chaucer Can. Yeom. T. 861, I haue yow toold ynowe To reyse a feend al looke he neuer so rowe. c1440Eng. Conq. Irel. 89 The kynge henry..was a man..row [v.r. roghly] lokynge, and rede in wreth. c1450Merlin xi. 168 He was grete and longe, and blakke and rowe rympled. a1500Chaucer's Dream in C.'s Wks. (1598) 358/1 His heavy brow He shewed the Queene, & looked row.
▪ XII. row, v.1|rəʊ|
Forms: 1 rowan, 3 rowen, rouwen, roȝen, reowe, 3–6 rowe (4 rowwe), 4– row, 6 roa; Sc. 5 rou-, roy, 6 roll. Also pa. tense 1 reow, 3 rue, 3–4 rewe; pl. 1 reowon, -un, hrowun, hræuun, reon, 2 reowan; pa. pple. 6 rowen.
[OE. rówan, = OFris. *rôia (WFris. roeije, EFris. rôi, roie, NFris. rui, rö), MDu. royen, roeyen (Du. roeijen), MLG. and LG. rôjen, rojen, MHG. rüejen, ON. and Icel. róa (Norw. roa, ro, Sw. and Da. ro). The root rō- is also the base of OE. róðor rudder, and various forms of it appear in the related languages, as OIr. ráme (Ir. rámh), L. rēmus, Gr. ἐρετµόν oar, ἐρέτης rower.]
I.
1. a. intr. Of persons: To use oars, sweeps, or similar means, for the purpose of propelling a boat or other vessel.
c950Lindisf. Gosp. Luke viii. 23 Hrowundum..ðæm (vel miððy ᵹehrowun) [he] slepde [c 1000 Þa hiᵹ reowun, þa slep he]. c1000ælfric Colloq. in Wr.-Wülcker 96 Ic astiᵹe min scyp..and rowe ofer sælice dælas. a1122O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1046, His sciperes..wurpon hine on þone bat..& reowan to scipe. c1205Lay. 7813 Nu þohte Julius Cezar..rouwen swa longe, þat he come to Londen. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 139 Heo roweden forth al þane dai. c1320Sir Tristr. 1656 So rewe þe kniȝtes trewe; Tristrem, so rewe he. 13..E.E. Allit P. C. 216 Þay ruyt hym to rowwe & letten þe rynk one. c1400Destr. Troy 4521 Þus went þay to water,..Sesit vp þere sailes, & in sound Rowet. c1477Caxton Jason 38 They made redy their oores and rowed by the force of their armes. 1553Eden Treat. New Ind. (Arb.) 39 They were enforsed to gather vppe theyr sayles, and to rowe only with the maste. 1578T. N. tr. Conq. W. India 38 Having rowen little more then halfe a league, they espied a greate Towne. 1582Stanyhurst æneis iii. (Arb.) 76 Oure sayls are strucken, we roa furth with speedines hastye. 1617Moryson Itin. i. 3 All Passengers without difference of condition must help to rowe. 1700Dryden Ceyx & Alc. 92 The sailors ship their oars, and cease to row. 1706E. Ward Wooden World Diss. (1708) 57 They pray as they row, backwards. 1810Crabbe Borough xxii. 325 To row away with all my strength I try'd. 1865J. Thomson Sunday up River v. i, Boating on our river. I to row and you to steer.
transf.1655Marquis of Worcester Cent. Inv. §15 The course..according to which the Oars shall row.
b. fig. or in fig. context. (See also 2.)
c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 411 We shulden be pilgryms heere & rowe wisely in þis boot to heuene. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xi. 52 To repenten and ryse, and rowen out of synne, To contricion. c1586C'tess Pembroke Ps. cvii. xi, To wisshed port with joy they row. 1630J. Taylor (Water-P.) Cast over Water Wks. ii. 161 To their iournies end all Creatures rowes. 1663Butler Hud. i. i. 874 Whatsoe're we perpetrate We do but row, we are steer'd by Fate. 1728Earl of Ailesbury Mem. (1890) 650 Certain it was that in her Court there were persons that looked one way and rowed another. 1736Ainsworth Eng.-Lat. Dict., To row one's own course, or do as one pleaseth.
c. to row dry, to perform merely the action of rowing either in pretence or as an exercise; also, to row without splashing, or (jocularly) without getting wet. Also fig.
1833Marryat P. Simple xxviii, ‘He's rowing dry, your honour—only making bilave.’ ‘Do you call this rowing dry?’ cried another, as a sea swept over the boat. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 583 Row Dry, the order to those who row, not to splash water into the boat.
d. rowed of all! (See quot. 1867.)
1836Marryat Midsh. Easy ii, ‘In bow—rowed of all.’ The boat was laid alongside. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 583 Rowed of all, the orders for the rowers to cease, and toss their oars into the boat simultaneously, in naval style.
e. With complement denoting the place of the rower in the boat.
1856Stonehenge Brit. Rural Sports 476/2 A companion who will not mind a few splashes..should be put in to ‘row stroke’. 1883C. Reade in Harper's Mag. Dec. 131/2 [He] rowed six in the college boat. 1889J. K. Jerome Three Men in Boat vii, I gave it up at last; I said I'd row bow.
f. to row over, to go over the course without a competitor, thus winning a race or heat.
1888Woodgate Boating (Badm.) 243 Winners of the Wing-field Sculls: 1834. A. A. Julius rowed over.
2. a. to row against the flood, stream, wind and tide, etc. Freq. in fig. use, to undertake a difficult or arduous task; to work in adverse circumstances or in the face of opposition.
a1250Prov. Alfred 145 in O.E. Misc. 110 Strong hit is to reowe ayeyn þe see þat floweþ. 1311Pol. Songs (Camden) 254 Whoso roweth aȝein the flod, Off sorwe he shal drinke. 1390Gower Conf. II. 61 Betre is to wayte upon the tyde Than rowe ayein the stremes stronge. 1470–85Malory Arthur x. xxviii. 458 They must be foughten with alle, or els we rowe ageynst the streme. c1485Digby Myst. iv. 491 Ya, I wyll no more row ageyn the Flode, I wyll sett my soule on a mery pynne. 1677A. Horneck Gt. Law Consideration v. (1704) 373 He that can row against the stream, may with great facility row with it. 1679Petty in Ld. E. Fitzmaurice Life (1895) 244, I have been travailing in dark dirty crooked ways, and have been rowing against wind and tide. 1822Scott Nigel Introd. Ep., No one shall find me rowing against the stream... I write for general amusement. 1855Kingsley Westw. Ho! iv, I am not going to be fool enough to row against wind and tide too.
†b. to row past one's reach, to attempt more than one can do. Obs.
1557Tottel's Misc. (Arb.) 129, I rowe not so farre past my reache. 1575Gascoigne Hearbes, Weedes, etc. Wks. (1587) 131 Hold wyth the head, and row not past thy reach. Ibid. 150 Thus can I..adventure for to teach The falcon fly, and yet forwarne she row not past her reach.
c. to row in the same or in one boat (see quots.). Also to row in, to conspire. slang.
1796Grose's Dict. Vulg. T. (ed. 3), To row in the same boat, to be embarked in the same scheme. 1801G. Hanger Life II. 347 This society (pardon the vulgarity of the expression!) all rowed in one boat, passing bills from one to the other. 1812J. H. Vaux Flash Dict., Row in the boat, to go snacks or have a share in the benefit arising from any transaction to which you are privy. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 583 To Row in the same Boat, to be of similar principles. 1897Daily Tel. 12 Feb. 5/7 It's very likely the sellers and the general public concerned in auction sales are anything but satisfied with the results of sales by auction where a ‘knock-out’ is arranged, and especially where the auctioneer ‘rows in’ with the crew. 1909J. R. Ware Passing Eng. 211/2 Row in,..unfair conspiracy. From Thames life through centuries. A man ‘rowed in’ in a river robbery, or even a murder. 1934P. Allingham Cheapjack xvi. 202, I think these boys had better row in with us... We may as well stick together. 1970G. F. Newman Sir, You Bastard vii. 194 What if they try to row in? 1977P. Moyes To kill Coconut vii. 99 ‘Rowing in’ is slang for implicating somebody in a crime.
3. a. Of a boat or other vessel: To move along the surface of water by means of oars.
c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xvii. (Martha) 33 As fysche wald he dwel in þe flud, & our-tyrwit batis, þat rowyt þare. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xiii. xii. (Bodl. MS.), [In the Dead Sea] maye no schip rowe noþer sayle. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lxxxviii. 29 Where many a barge doth saile, and row with are. 1590Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons 12 All the long boates..do rowe with all furie towards the land. 1750T. R. Blanckley Nav. Expos. 14 Barge—Rows with twelve Oars. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §226 We therefore agreed that the light yawl should row the headmost... Each boat rowed with four oars. 1794Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xvi, Montoni's gondola rowed out upon the sea.
b. to row guard, row the rounds, of a guard-boat: to go the rounds amongst warships in harbour.
1758Ann. Reg. i. 81/1 The boats from every ship in commission..attended, and rowed guard round the Royal Anne. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine, Guard-boat, a boat appointed to row the rounds amongst the ships of war which are laid up in any harbour. 1799Naval Chron. I. 258 The Terrible's cutter in Rowing Guard got among the breakers.
c. trans. To be fitted or rowed with, to carry (so many oars).
1769Falconer Dict. Marine s.v. Boat, Pinnaces..are somewhat smaller, and never row more than eight oars. 1799Nelson in Nicolas Disp. (1845) I. 11 The Spanish barge rowed twenty-six oars, besides Officers, thirty in the whole. 1806A. Duncan Life Nelson 178 In a small boat rowing six oars. 1854H. Miller Sch. & Schm. (1855) 508, I purchased..a light little yawl..that rowed four oars.
4. Of waterfowl, fish, etc.: To swim, paddle.
Similarly used of persons in Beowulf 512, 539.
1631Widdowes Nat. Philos. 65 Geese, Duckes, Swannes, have whole feete to rowe in the water. 1694Acc. Sev. Late Voy. ii. (1694) 119 When they [i.e. starfish] swim in the Water they hold their Legs together, and so they row along. 1728–46Thomson Spring 777 In the pond The finely-checker'd duck before her train Rows garrulous. 1827Hood Mids. Fairies iv, Others [sc. fish] with fresh hues row'd forth to win My changeable regard. 1885–94R. Bridges Eros & Psyche Sept. 6 Down he dived, And rowing with his glistening wings arrived At Aphrodite's bower.
II.
5. a. trans. To propel (a boat or other vessel) by means of oars. (See also quot. 1788.)
c1340Nominale (Skeat) 316 Homme neef de veroun nage, [Man] Schippe with ore rowith. 1390Gower Conf. I. 223 The barge Envie stiereth..Wher Falssemblant with Ore on honde It roweth. 1466Mann. & Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 211 To the men of the Kervelle for rowenge the bote to Manytre. a1513Fabyan Chron. (1516) ii. 205 Rowe the bote Norman, rowe to thy lemman. 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. vi. 10 In this wide Inland sea,..my wandring ship I row. 1728Chambers Cycl., Oar,..an Instrument whereby a Boat, Barge, Galley, &c. is row'd, or advanc'd along the Water. 1788Franklin Wks. (1888) X. 17 A large boat rowed by the force of steam is now exercised upon our river. 1810Crabbe Borough xxii. 167 Alone he row'd his boat; alone he cast His nets beside. 1884Pae Eustace 77 The arrangement was that Willy should row one boat and Eustace the other.
b. To make (a stroke), to use (an oar), in the course or exercise of rowing.
1866Woodgate Rowing & Training 55 He must impress upon all his crew the necessity of not rowing a single stroke carelessly. Ibid. 58 In these..two men row a pair of oars.
c. With race, heat, etc., as complement.
1888Woodgate Boating (Badm.) 252 This [1846] was the first race rowed in keelless boats. Ibid., This [1877] is the only dead heat ever rowed in this race.
6. To convey (persons) on the water in a boat propelled by oars. Also refl.
1375Barbour Bruce iii. 425 Þe thrid wes ane Þat rowyt þaim our deliuerly, and set þaim on þe land. 1470–85Malory Arthur i. xxv. 73 Go ye into yonder barge, and rowe your self to the swerd. a1513Fabyan Chron. (1516) ii. 205 This Mayer..was rowed thyther by water. 1812Byron Ch. Har. i. lxx, Some o'er thy Thamis row the ribbon'd fair. 1832G. Downes Lett. Cont. Countries I. 392, I had to be rowed out a little from the shore. 1839F. A. Kemble Resid. in Georgia (1863) 62 We rowed the doctor over to see some of his patients.
7. transf. To convey, transport, propel, move, in a manner or with a movement similar to rowing. Also, to take as payment for rowing (see quot. 1607).
1607Dekker Knights Conjuring F j, At Westminster-bridge..ready to be torne in peeces to haue two pence rowed out of your purse. 1667Milton P.L. vii. 439 The Swan..Rowes Her state with Oarie feet. 1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) I. 24 'Tis a vast quantity of Water that their turning will row along upon a flat. 1713Derham Phys. Theol. vii. i. §5 [The legs] somewhat out of the Center of Gravity.. for the better rowing their Bodies through waters. 1787T. Best Art of Angling 1 The tail an instrument of progressive motion which serves to row them forward. 1884Mil. Engin. I. ii. 78 With the lever it is rowed to the right or left as may be required.
8. U.S. slang.
a. to row (one) up Salt River: see salt river 2 b.
b. to row (one) up, to treat (one) to a severe verbal castigation.
1845in Bartlett Dict. Amer. (1848) 279 We should really like, of all things, to row up the majority of Congress as it deserves in regard to the practice. 1850Lowell in Scudder Life I. 303, I am tired of controversy, and, though I have cut out the oars with which to row up my friend Bowen, yet I have enough to do.
9. a. To make (one's way) by, or as by, rowing.
1821Scott Kenilw. xxv, Joan.., with robust pace, and red sturdy arms, rowed her way onward, amongst those prim and pretty moppets.
b. To have, make use of, in a rowing-match.
1888Woodgate Boating (Badm.) 245 The winners only rowed seven oars in the final heat. 1900Sherwood Oxford Rowing 160 Corpus..rowed an untrained man.
c. To row against (another person or crew).
1888Woodgate Boating 237 Beach..rowed Wallace Ross for the championship.
d. to row down, to overtake by rowing.
1869in Sherwood Oxford Rowing 156 What is allowed to be the strongest crew upon the river..has been rowed down every day.
e. to row out, to exhaust by rowing.
1928Daily Express 7 Aug. 12/6 Both pairs finished in a distressed condition, Boardman being completely rowed-out.
▪ XIII. row, v.2 Obs. exc. dial.|rəʊ|
Also 4–5 rowe.
[Related to, or formed on, row n.1]
†1. intr. ? To run in a straight line. Obs.
c1300Maximon in Rel. Ant. I. 120 Hunten herd y blowe, Hertes gonne rowe, Stunte me no ston.
†2. To send out rays; to shine; to dawn. Obs.
c1320Pol. Songs (Camden) 239 The rybaudz a-ryseth Er þe day rewe. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xviii. 123 Eyther axed other..Of the dyne and of the derknesse, and how þe daye rowed. 1390Gower Conf. I. 315 Whan the dai began to rowe, Tho mihten thei the sothe knowe.
fig.c1374Chaucer Compl. Mars 2 Loo Venus rysen amonge yow rowes rede And floures fressh honouren thee this day.
3. trans. To arrange, put or place in a line or row. Now dial. Also in pa. pple., set with something in a row or rows.
For other purely dialect senses, see the Eng. Dial. Dict.
1657Thornley Daphnis & Chloe 197 His mouth rowed with Elephant-pearl. 1703R. Neve City & Country Purch. 42 They Row them up, like a Wall.., with some small Intervals betwixt them. a1717Parnell Poet. Wks. (1833) 59 Bid her wear thy necklace rowed with pearl. 1824–in Eng. Dial. Dict.
b. intr. To come up in rows; to form in a row or rows.
c1830–in Eng. Dial. Dict.
▪ XIV. row, v.3 slang or colloq.|raʊ|
[f. row n.2]
1. a. trans. To attack or assail (a person) in a rough manner; to rag (a man or his rooms). ? Obs.
1789Loiterer 14 Nov. 10 We..looked into every coach, rowed the waggons, examined both the boxes, the roofs, and the baskets. 1790Loiterer No. 55. 11 ‘Let's row him, Racket,’ exclaimed a third; upon which they unanimously turned their horses against me. 1803Gradus ad Cantab. s.v., To row a room; to break the furniture. 1825Westmacott Eng. Spy I. 158 Rowing a fellow—going with a party in the dead of night to a man's room, nailing or screwing his oak up [etc.]. 1863E. Hitchcock Rem. Amherst Coll. 335 The smart stories told by collegians about ‘rowing Freshmen’.
b. To rouse up by making a noise.
1789Loiterer 21 Feb. 11 Racket rowed me up at seven o'clock—sleepy and queer but forced to get up to make breakfast for him.
2. a. To rate or scold (a person) angrily or severely; to take sharply to task. Also const. out, out of.
a1809J. Palmer Like Master (1811) I. xv. 212 Helen will row you well..if you are not as good as your word. 1856C. M. Yonge Daisy Chain i. xix, I suppose you think I have no right to row you, but I do it to save you from worse. 1863Gladstone in Morley Life (1905) I. 738 She rowed me for writing to Lord Palmerston about her accident. 1908Smart Set June 143/1 Most fathers would have rowed me out of the house. 1976New Mus. Express 31 July 6/4 But you get these weird, insecure feelings that they might be trying to row you out, which wasn't the case. No one was talking about sacking me.
absol.1843Sir J. Paget Mem. & Lett. vi. 150, I have succeeded I trust in reproof—rowing in good earnest, till a culprit even wept.
b. To criticize sharply or severely.
1826Froude Rem. (1838) I. 197, I..will try my best to set to rights the places you row.
3. intr. To make a row or disturbance; † to engage in a rag. Now usu. in the more limited sense: ‘to have a row, to quarrel noisily or heatedly.
1797Louisa Gurney in A. J. C. Hare Gurneys of Earlham (1895) I. 66 After scolding, rowing, bickering,..we all agreed to go. 1851B. H. Hall College Words s.v., Flushed with the juice of the grape, all prime and ready for rowing. 1868Daily Telegr. 31 July 5/6 The noisy, ill-bred herd of greedy Germans that stormed, rowed,..and upset benches. 1882B. Harte Flip iv, You forget how you used to row..because tramps..came to the ranch. 1890T. A. Janvier Aztec Treasure-House xvi. 195 Some of these Indians are friendly, and we don't want to start a row with them if they are willing not to row with us. 1914S. Lewis Our Mr. Wrenn xvii. 227 Why, Mouse! I thought you'd be glad to see me. I've never rowed with you, have I? 1970G. F. Newman Sir, You Bastard viii. 209 He couldn't remember rowing. Rows were usually loud demonstrative things. 1978R. Rendell Sleeping Life viii. 73 We row, of course we do, that's healthy in a marriage, but we love each other.
▪ XV. † row, v.4 Obs.—1
(Meaning doubtful.)
Phonetically it might belong to row v.1, but the context rather suggests connexion with row a.1
c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 10338 Þenne bygynnes þe lough to flowe, & ouer þe bankes to renne & rowe.
▪ XVI. † row, v.5 Obs.—1
[Related to row n.4 Cf. ro v.]
intr. To rest.
c1400Beryn 284 Madam! wol ye stalk Pryuely in-to þe garden, to se the herbis growe? And aftir, with our hostis wyff, in hir parlour rowe.
▪ XVII. row, v.6 Now dial.
[Of obscure etym.]
†1. trans. To thrust the fingers, to poke (in something). Obs.
14..Stasyons of Jerus. 561 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 363 [Jesus] bad hym pute his hond in his ryȝht syde; When Thomas had rowyd in his wonde, He wepe full sore. 1600Cawdray Treas. Similies 517 Hee that roweth in an eye for the getting out of a moate, when a beame is sticking, there is small hope that he shall cleare that eye.
b. dial. ‘To make a vigorous investigation’ into something.
1877in Holderness Gloss.
2. To stir, to mix by stirring; to poke or rake about. Freq. with up.
1641S. Smith Herring Buss Trade 10 One Boy doth row and stirre them up and downe in the salt. 1704Dict. Rust. (1726) s.v. Brewing, Afterwards it [liquor] is to be put into the Mashing-Tub to wet the Malt, as stiff as you can well row it up. Ibid., The same rowed as before. 1765Compl. Maltster & Brewer 7 When the first mash is quite done rowing up. 1788W. H. Marshall Prov. Yorksh., To row, to rake or stir about, as ashes in an oven. 1877Holderness Gloss., Row-up, to stir up a sediment until it becomes equally diffused.
▪ XVIII. row, v.7 Now dial.|raʊ|
Also 6–7 rowe; pa. pple. 5 rowen.
[f. row a.1]
trans. To raise a nap on (cloth). Cf. nap v.2 2.
In quot. 1604 confused with the shearing process.
1487Rolls of Parlt. VI. 403/1 An Act that no Stranger or Denizen shall carry any Woollen Clothes out of this Realme, before they be Barbed, Rowed and Shorne. 1511–2Act 3 Hen. VIII, c. 6 §1 The Walker..shall not rowe nor werke any Clothe or Webbe with any Cardes. 1543Act 1 Rich. III, c. 8 §13 (Publ. Gen. Acts), Teyntours whiche hereafter shalbe vsed..for due stretchyng of cloth onely, after that it commeth fro the myll, and before it be rowen. 1557in Hakluyt Voy. (1599) I. 298 Whether our set clothes..be rowed and shorne; because ofttimes they goe vndrest. 1604Maldon Borough Deeds (Bundle 126, No. 1), Ad eskurand. et tondend. (Anglicè, to thick and to rowe) apud molendinum suum. 1624in Strype Stow's Surv. (1720) I. 130 My twelve Cloth-workers, that usually row and sheere my Clothes. 1886Elworthy W. Somerset Wd.-bk., Row, to roughen cloth, i.e. to comb or teaze out a nap on it, as on a blanket.
▪ XIX. row, v.8 Sc. rare.
[App. a var. of rove v.3 Cf. row n.7]
trans. To make (wool) into roves.
17..Tarry Woo in Herd Scots Songs (1776) II. 100 When 'tis carded, row'd, and spun Then the work is haflens done.
▪ XX. row
Sc. var. roll n.1 and v.; obs. f. roll v., rue v. |