| 释义 |
Sabbath, sabbath|ˈsæbəθ|
Forms: α. 1, 3–5 sabat, (3 pl. sabaz), 3 sabadt, 4 sabath, -aat, 4–5 sabate, 4–6 sab(b)ot, 4–7 saboth, 5 sabott(e, sabbate, -atte, -ott, 5–6 sabote, 5–7 sabboth, 6 sabett, -att, -otte, othe, Sc. sabbuth, 6– sabbath; β. (erron., by confusion with Sabaoth) 4–8 sabaoth, 6 sabaothe, sabbaoth. See also Sabbat.
[ad. L. sabbatum (partly through OF. sabbat, sabat, mod.F. sabbat = Pr. sabbat, Sp. sábado, Pg. sabado, It. sabbato), Gr. σάββατον, ad. Heb. shabbāth, f. root shābath to rest. Cf. Goth. sabbatus, -o, MDu. sabaet, sabbet, sabbot, Du. and G. sabbat.
The Sp., Pg., and It. forms are the ordinary names in those langs. for Saturday; but Pr. used dis-sapte (:—L. diēs sabbatī) in that sense. A popular Latin nasalized form *sambatum (of oriental origin) appears in F. samedi (:—*sambatī diēs), OHG. sambaȥtac (mod.G. samstag) Saturday.
The confusion with Sabaoth was not peculiar to England; it occurs in MHG. and in med.Latin.]
1. a. In the original use: The seventh day of the week (Saturday) considered as the day of religious rest enjoined on the Israelites by the fourth (or in mediæval reckoning the third) commandment of the Decalogue. Phrases, to keep, break the Sabbath.
The word was never in England, as in some continental countries, a vernacular synonym for Saturday, though English writers of med.Latin used dies Sabbati as frequently as dies Saturni.
αc950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. Capitula Lectionum §87 From efernes sabates [L. a vespere sabbati]. c1230Hali Meid. 17 Low, godd him seolf seið þurh þe prophete: ‘þeo þe habbeð from ham forcoruen flesches lustes, & haldeð mine sabaz’. 13..Cursor M. 11987 (Cott.) And o lame o þaa lakes selue Wit handes made he sparus tuelue, Apon þair sabadt þus he did. 1340Ayenb. 7 Þe þridde heste is þellich: ‘Loke þet þou halȝi þane day of þe sabat (Zeterday)’... Þis word, zeterday, þet þe iurie clepeþ sabat, is ase moche worþ ase reste... And ine þe stede of þe sabat..zet holi cherche þane sonday to loky ine þe newe laȝe. c1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 41 And Jesus spake to wyse men of þe lawe, and to Pharisees where it were leveful to hele in þe Sabot. 1382― Acts i. 12 Thanne thei turneden aȝen to Jerusalem, fro the hil that is clepid Olyuete, the which is bisydis Jerusalem, hauynge the iurney of a saboth. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 267 Oure Savioure Criste was borne..in the nyȝhte of the holy Sabotte [orig. sancti Sabbati]. 1596Shakes. Merch. V. iv. i. 36 By our holy Sabbath haue I sworne To haue the due and forfeit of my bond. 1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. ii. Disc. ix. 119 The Primitive Church kept both the Sabbath and the Lords day. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v. Week, The Days of the Week were denominated by the Jews, from the order of their succession from the sabbath. 1871R. W. Dale Commandm. iv. 106 The Christian Sunday and the Jewish Sabbath are absolutely different institutions.
β13..Cursor M. 11987 (Gött.) Apon þar sabaoth þus he did. c1520Nisbet N. Test. in Scots (S.T.S.) I. 11 [Jesus] Healith the ydropysie vponn the sabaothe. c1610Women Saints 171 Of the Iewes, hating Circumcision, yet with them keeping their Sabaoth. 1658Phillips, Sabaoth,..a celebration of the seventh day of the week.
b. Since the Reformation, often applied to ‘the Lord's day’, i.e. the first day of the week (Sunday) observed by Christians in commemoration of the resurrection of Christ. This use was originally connected with the opinion that the sabbatic law of the Decalogue remains in force under the Christian dispensation, the date of the ‘Sabbath’ having by Divine appointment been changed from Saturday to Sunday; but it occasionally appears in writers who did not hold this view. In Scotland it is still very common. (Phrases as in 1 a.)
The notion that the Lord's day is a ‘Christian Sabbath’, or, more commonly (as in quot. 1340 under a) a substitute for the Sabbath, occurs in theological writings from the 4th c. onwards, but was not popularly current before the Reformation. In English, Sabbath as a synonym for ‘Sunday’ did not become common till the 17th century.
[c1440: see Sabbath-day.]
α1509Barclay Ship of Fools (1874) II. 175 Amonge the whiche preceptis this was one The sabbot to Worshyp and sanctyfy alway The seuenth day of the weke called the sonday. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, iii. ii. 113 Hast... Come the next Sabboth, and I will content you. Priest. Ile wait vpon your Lordship. 1607Hieron Wks. I. 150 Thou art laboured with from sabboth to sabboth..that thou maist be prepared for Christ. 1654Trapp Comm. Ps. xxiv. Introd., The first day of the week..which is now the Christian Sabboth. 1717Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 237 Mr. John Adamson, Sabbath was fortnight, intruded on the ministry. 1809Syd. Smith Serm. I. 74 Prayer should be offered up eminently, and emphatically..on the Sabbath. 1863Hawthorne Our Old Home II. 100 Severe and sunless remembrances of the Sabbaths of childhood. 1888Ch. Times 9 Nov. 977/2 The British Sabbath is now-a-days always on its trial. 1897Q. Rev. Jan. 66 The term Sabbath as applied to the Lord's Day is unknown to the Articles, the Canons, and the Prayer-book of the Church of England.
β1583Stubbes Anat. Abus. i. Pref. (1879) 11 To the prophanation of the Lord his sabaoth. 1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. ii. 940 Common Blaspheming of God's Name in Oaths: Usuall profaning of his Sabbaoths. 1621H. Elsing Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 3 The Bill for Sabaoth.
c. gen. Applied occas. to the day of the week set apart for rest or worship by any religious body, e.g. to the Friday as observed by Muslims.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) Table, Sabath..of Saracens on Friday..; of Peguans on Monday. 1704J. Pitts Acc. Mohammetans 42 Friday is their Sabbath, or Gemahgune.
d. Applied to the sabbatical year of the Israelites.
1382Wyclif Lev. xxv. 4 The seuenthe forsothe ȝeer of the loond shal be the saboth of the restynge of the Lord. [So in later versions.]
2. transf. and fig. A time or period of rest; a cessation from labour, trouble, pain and the like.
α1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. vii. 446 He would, this Sabbath should a figure be Of the blest Sabbath of Eternity. 1611Bible Heb. iv. 9 There remaineth therefore a rest [marg. keeping of a Sabbath] to the people of God. 1681Dryden Abs. & Achit. 913 He..safe enjoys the Sabbath of his Toils. 1737Pope Hor. Ep. i. i. 3 Why will you break the Sabbath of my days? 1795Southey Pauper's Funeral 8 Yes, I will weep; but not that thou art come To the cold sabbath of the silent tomb. 1854Neale Hymn, ‘Oh, what the joy’, Those endless Sabbaths the blessed ones see. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. ii. 20 It was Sunday, and the scene was itself a Sabbath, with no sound to disturb its perfect rest.
β1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. ix. xxviii. (1495) 364 Whan we come to the Sabaoth of endles rest thenne we shall haue joye. 1598Sylvester Du Bartas ii. ii. iv. Columnes 132 Th'eternall sacred Sabbaoth. 1610G. Fletcher Christ's Vict. i. vi, To keep an everlasting Sabbaoths rest.
3. A midnight meeting of demons, sorcerers and witches, presided over by the Devil, supposed in mediæval times to have been held annually as an orgy or festival. Often more explicitly witches' sabbath. Also Sabbat.
α1660F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 312 Divers Sorcerers..have confessed that in their Sabbaths,..they feed on such fare. 1735Pope Ep. Lady 239 As Hags hold Sabbaths, less for joy than spite, So these their merry, miserable Night. 1860J. A. Hessey Bampton Lect. 399 Here malignant spirits have held their sabbath or hellish revelries. 1883Harper's Mag. 831/2 It might have been..a veritable Witches' Sabbath.
β1857B. Taylor North. Trav. xi. 115 It would be far more picturesque to describe a sabaoth of Lapland witches than a prayer-meeting of shouting converts.
4. attrib. and Comb.: simple attrib., as Sabbath devotion, Sabbath dress, Sabbath evening, Sabbath morning, Sabbath music, Sabbath rite, Sabbath season, Sabbath service, Sabbath sound, Sabbath tide, Sabbath work; Sabbath-dark, Sabbath-like adjs.; objective and objective genitive, as Sabbath-breach (rare—1), Sabbath-breaker, Sabbath-breaking n. and adj., Sabbath-keeper, Sabbath-keeping n. and adj. Also Sabbath candle, a candle lit shortly before dusk on the eve of the Jewish Sabbath; † Sabbath-ceased a., discontinued during the Sabbath; Sabbath goy [goy], a Gentile who performs for Orthodox Jews tasks forbidden to the latter on the Sabbath; = Shabbos-goy s.v. Shabbos b; Sabbath lamp, a lamp lit on the eve of the Jewish Sabbath; Sabbath loaf, a plaited loaf eaten on the eve of the Jewish Sabbath; Sabbath school, (a) = Sunday-school; (b) a Jewish school held on the Saturday for giving religious instruction to children.
1784Cowper Task iv. 653 To show at home By lewdness, idleness, and *sabbath-breach, The great proficiency he made abroad.
1607Hieron Wks. I. 234 It cutteth the *sabboth-breaker, to heare his prophanenesse still cried out vpon. 1738Gentl. Mag. VIII. 658/2 The excellent Laws against Tippling Houses, Tipplers, Sabbath-Breakers, &c. 1853Card. Wiseman Ess. I. 636 They tax Papists..with being habitual Sabbath-breakers.
1651Petition in Proc. Parl. No. 85. 1304 Acts past against Blasphemies, prophan cursing and swearing, *Sabbath breaking, &c. 1714Mandeville Fab. Bees (1733) I. 92 In the commission of the peace,..he becomes.. the..constant plague to sabbath-breaking butchers. 1769Blackstone Comm. IV. 63 Profanation of the lord's day, or sabbath-breaking. 1815Mills & Smith Rep. Missionary Tour 29 Sabbath-breaking, profanity and intemperance prevail [in New Orleans] to a fearful extent. 1918H. G. Wells Joan & Peter v. 96 Secularists and socialists..planned..to..plunge the whole world into vice and rapine and Sabbath-breaking. 1958B. Hamilton Too Much of Water iii. 59 Charity can do without help from the proceeds of vice and Sabbath-breaking. 1978P. Bailey Leisure & Class in Victorian Eng. ii. 39 Certain magistrates..prosecuted sabbath-breaking cricket players.
1892I. Zangwill Children of Ghetto I. viii. 191 She, at least, would never fail to light the *Sabbath candles. 1967Listener 20 July 83/3 My mother..stopped lighting the Sabbath candles..but still spoke as constantly to God.
1593Nashe Christ's T. 30 Theyr vnrespited, and not so much as *Saboth-ceased blood-shed.
1945Dylan Thomas Let. 30 July (1966) 280, I went to the Edwinsford Arms, a *sabbath-dark bar.
1613Zouch Dove To Rdr. E 6 b, Poetry..in which diuers haue shewed their thoughts not vnfit for solemne, yea *Sabaoth deuotions.
1825J. Wilson Poems II. 94 Smiling in their *Sabbath-dress. 1977H. Kaplan Damascus Cover (1978) iv. 35 Girls in white Sabbath dresses laced with colored embroidery.
1820Southey Wesley II. 87 Having..spent a *sabbath evening at an inn.
1977Listener 24 Mar. 382/3, I was a *Sabbath goy; that is, for a penny or two, I lighted fires and performed other chores forbidden to orthodox Jews on Saturday, or Friday evening. 1977Times 8 June 4/3 My host had been a sabbath goy, that is he had lighted fires for the orthodox on the sabbath.
1854Neale Hymn, ‘Oh, what the joy’, There dawns no Sabbath,—no Sabbath is o'er; These *Sabbath-keepers have one, and no more.
1643W. Walwyn Power of Love 32 Men are not pleased except salvation be proved to be very difficult to bee obtained, it must still depend either on our beleeving.., or repenting,..or *Sabbath-keeping,..or else man is not pleased. 1832F. Trollope Dom. Manners Amer. I. xviii. 284 The waiving the sabbath-keeping by the proprietor, was for his own convenience. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 403 His rigid Sabbath-keeping.
1850G. Aguilar Vale of Cedars xxxiv. 281 It was..the Sabbath eve... The *Sabbath lamps were lighted. 1892I. Zangwill Children of Ghetto I. v. 139 For three things a woman dies in childbirth, for not separating the dough, for not lighting the Sabbath lamps, for not ―.
1824Miss Mitford Village Ser. i. 28 A *sabbath-like pause of work and play, rare on a work-day. 1878B. Harte Man on Beach 74 An almost Sabbath-like stillness prevailed.
1892I. Zangwill Children of Ghetto II. xviii. 79 The *Sabbath loaves shaped like boys' tip-cats—with a curious plait of crust from point to point, and thickly sprinkled with a drift of poppy-seed, and covered with a velvet cloth embroidered with Hebrew words. 1951L. W. Leonard Jewish Cookery v. 26 Challah, in twist form or Biblical beehive coil, is the Sabbath loaf of white bread. It is customary to place two challas under a special napkin... The two loaves are symbolic of the ‘two portions of manna’ which fell for the Sabbath. 1972H. Kemelman Monday Rabbi took Off xlvii. 271 The candles were already lit and the table set with the two braided Sabbath loaves.
1863Geo. Eliot in Cross Life (1885) II. 355 Your letter was a welcome addition to our sunshine this *Sabbath morning.
1807Wordsw. White Doe vii. 1761 When the bells of Rylstone played Their *sabbath music—‘God us ayde’.
1784Cowper Task i. 746 Till *sabbath-rites Have dwindled into unrespected forms.
1820Rec. Early Hist. Boston (1909) XXXIX. 131 The application for liberty to use the Boylston school house on Fort hill for a *Sabbath school..was granted. 1832W. D. Williamson Hist. State of Maine III. 688 Sabbath-schools..[were established] in Philadelphia, about 1811, and have since spread over the United States. 1845R. W. Hamilton Pop. Educ. vi. (ed. 2) 133 The Sabbath school generally supplies the sanctuary with its most intelligent hearers. 1866J. C. Gregg Life in Army 209 It was sung by the colored Sabbath School children. 1900Congress. Rec. 23 Jan. 1104/2 A wonderful petition is rolled in..from Sabbath schools, sectarian churches, and societies.
1864Skeat Uhland's Poems 14 Nature's *Sabbath-season reigns.
1617Hieron Wks. II. 365 John..neglected not the spirituall part of the *sabbath-seruice, though hee was restrained from the outward.
1855Longfellow My Lost Youth 49 The early loves Come back with a *sabbath sound.
1945J. Betjeman New Bats in Old Belfries 48 And so my thoughts this happy *Sabbathtide.
1625Bacon Ess., Truth (Arb.) 500 His *Sabbath Worke, euer since, is the Illumination of his Spirit. |