| 释义 |
▪ I. sacrifice, n.|ˈsækrɪfaɪs|
Forms: 3–5 sacrifise, sacrefice, -fise, 4 sacrifijs, -fies, -fys(e, sacrefis, -fyse, saker-, sacerfyse, sacrafies, -fyse, 4–5 sacrafice, 4–6 sacrifis, 5 sacrafise, sacryfyce, sacurfyce, 5–6 sacrifyce, 6 sacryfice, 4– sacrifice.
[a. F. sacrifice (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.) = Pr. sacrifici, Sp., Pg. sacrificio, It. sagrifizio, ad. L. sacrificium, f. sacrific-us sacrific a.]
1. a. Primarily, the slaughter of an animal (often including the subsequent consumption of it by fire) as an offering to God or a deity. Hence, in wider sense, the surrender to God or a deity, for the purpose of propitiation or homage, of some object of possession. Also applied fig. to the offering of prayer, thanksgiving, penitence, submission, or the like. Phrases, † to do, make sacrifice; also, † to put in sacrifice, to devote as a sacrificial victim.
In the primary use, a ‘sacrifice’ implies an ‘altar’ on which the victim is placed. Hence the figurative uses are often associated with references to a metaphorical altar.
a1300Cursor M. 1064 And for his offrand was Rightwys, Godd tok to quen [read queme] his sacrifijs. Ibid. 3142 Bot now es he asked,..Til godd til make of sacrifise. c1300St. Margarete 92 And wende to his false godes, to do sacrifise. 1340Ayenb. 187 Þer byeþ manie men..makeþ sacrefices naȝt to god. 1390Gower Conf. III. 250 He let do make a riche feste With a sollempne Sacrifise In Phebus temple. a1450Myrc Festial 205 Then sawe Maudelen mony pepyll comyng towart þe tempyll and þe lorde of þat contre, forto haue don ofryng and sacrefise to hor mawmetys. 1471Caxton Recuyell (Sommer) I. 304 By this edicte..many estrangers nobles and other were putte in sacrefice and had their blood shedde in egipte. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 195 Y⊇ sayd women called & entyced the iewes to theyr sacrifices. c1595Capt. Wyatt R. Dudley's Voy. W. Ind. (Hakl. Soc.) 42 Wee did dailie aborde make sacrifice to God, in great devotion calling upon Him in hartie prayer for them. 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. iii. 65 Their Sacrifices are never bloody. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., Divines divide Sacrifices into bloody, such as those of the old law; and bloodless, such as those of the new law. 1774Pennant Tour Scot. in 1772, 181 An altar for sacrifices to the immortal gods. 1876J. P. Norris Rudim. Theol. ii. i. 147 Sin cannot be undone without Suffering; and we find Sacrifice instituted to give continual expression to it.
†b. A slaying as for a sacrifice. Obs. rare—1.
1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. xxi. 27 b, A cruel sacryfice vppon the person of Iohn Chabas.
2. That which is offered in sacrifice; a victim immolated on the altar; anything (material or immaterial) offered to God or a deity as an act of propitiation or homage.
c1250Kent. Serm. in O.E. Misc. 27 Stor þet me offrede wylem be þo ialde laghe to here godes sacrefise. a1325Prose Psalter l. 18 [li. 17] Trubled gost is sacrifice to God. 13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 507 Noe..heuened vp an auter & halȝed hit fayre, & sette a sakerfyse þer-on of vch a ser kynde. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 517 Þere sacrifises shulden not be ȝoven to him, but taken fro him,..and anoþer trewe man..shulde be ordeyned to resceyve siche sacrifices. c1400Destr. Troy 12137 My maydynhed I merk to myghtifull goddis: Accepte hit as sacrifise, & my saule to! 1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 32 Tribulacioun is worthy sacrifice. 1594Marlowe & Nashe Dido iv. ii, Come seruants, come bring forth the Sacrifize, That I may pacifie that gloomy Ioue, Whose emptie Altars haue enlarg'd our illes. 1606G. W[oodcocke] Hist. Ivstine xi. 46 Before any saile departed from the shore, he slue sacrifices, making his prayer for victory by battell. 1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, ii. i. 77 Make of your Prayers one sweet Sacrifice. 1678Dryden All for Love i. i, Does the mute sacrifice upbraid the priest? 1710Prideaux Orig. Tithes ii. 81 The Skins of the Sacrifices..were to be given to the Priests. 1807Robinson Archæol. Græca iii. iv. 213 Only the larger sacrifices, as oxen, were thus adorned. 1845Maurice Mor. & Met. Philos. in Encycl. Metrop. II. 556/1 Those daily sacrifices which each man brought to the door of the tabernacle.
3. Theol.
a. The offering by Christ of Himself to the Father as a propitiatory victim in his voluntary immolation upon the cross; the Crucifixion in its sacrificial character.
c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xiii. (Marcus) 72 Þe sacrifice þat he mad for man one þe rud-tre. a1450Myrc Festial 261 For a calfe þat was offerd yn sacurfyce yn þe old law for synne, yn tokenyng þat Cryst schuld come, þat schuld be offurt yn sacryfyce for synne of þe pepull yn þe auter of þe crosse. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 313 b, Ther be in al ii sacrifices of christ, the one, blody upon the crosse, thother, wherin..he himself offred up unto his father, his body and blud. 1681–6J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 463 In consideration of Christ's Death and Sacrifice, he would freely forgive all penitent and believing Sinners their personal Obligation to eternal Punishment. a1769R. Riccaltoun Notes Galat. Wks. 1772 III. 127 A Sacrifice there was, and still is, the way God in his wisdom chose to condemn and put away sin and by which the pardon of sin was conveyed. 1825J. Montgomery Hymn, ‘Go to dark Gethsemane’, Mark that miracle of Time,—God's own sacrifice complete. 1861W. Thomson in Aids to Faith viii. 337 The sacrifice of the death of Christ is a proof of Divine love, and of Divine justice.
b. Applied to the Eucharistic celebration: (a) in accordance with the view that regards it as a propitiatory offering of the body and blood of Christ, in perpetuation of the sacrifice offered by Him in His crucifixion; (b) in Protestant use, with reference to its character as an offering of thanksgiving (cf. sense 1).
1504Lady Margaret tr. De Imitatione iv. i. 262 For if the sacryfyce of this holy sacrament were done onely but in one place and but of one preest in all the worlde, with howe great desyre wene ye the people wolde go to that plase and to that preest to here the godly mysteryes done of hym. 1548Ridley Answ. Queries touching Mass iii, The Representation and Commemoration of Christ's Death and Passion, said and done in the Mass, is called the Sacrifice, Oblation or Immolation of Christ. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 44 He exhorteth the people to flee from the accustomed sacrifices of the masse. 1704Nelson Fest. & Fasts ii. ix. (1739) 579 The Christian Sacrifice wherein Bread and Wine are offered. 1884Cath. Dict. (1897) 814/1 In the sacrifice of the Mass, ‘the immutatio’, as the Fathers technically call the sacrificial act, is not the destruction but the production of the victim. 1899B. J. Kidd 39 Art. (1901) II. ii. xxxi. 245 Nor does it (Art. xxxi. §2) condemn the sacrifice of the Mass but the sacrifices of Masses. 1901Gore Body of Christ iii. 201 Only by communion can we in any effective sense share the eucharistic sacrifice.
c. sacrifice of praise (and thanksgiving): a phr. drawn from biblical sources (e.g. Lev. vii. 12, Ps. l. 14, 23 (R.V., etc.), Heb. xiii. 15) used gen. for an offering of praise to God, and liturgically in the anaphora of many post-Reformation Eucharistic rites, tr. sacrificium laudis of the Latin Canon of the Mass.
1535Coverdale Heb. xiii. 15 Let vs therfore by him offre allwayes vnto God the sacrifice of prayse. 1549Bk. Common Prayer f. cxxviiiv, Entierely desiryng thy fatherly goodnes, mercifully to accepte this our Sacrifice of praise and thankes geuing. 1611Bible Jer. xvii. 26 Bringing sacrifices of praise vnto the house of the Lord. 1864F. Pierpoint For the Beauty of the Earth (hymn) in O. Shipley Lyra Eucharistica (ed. 2) 340 Christ, our God, to Thee we raise This our Sacrifice of Praise. 1877E. Daniel Prayer-Bk. 296 That sacrament in which we offer our sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving for the redemption of the world. 1884Addis & Arnold Cath. Dict. 564/1 The Mass is a sacrifice of adoration, of praise and thanksgiving. 1980Alternative Service Bk. 1980 132 Accept through him, our great high priest, this our sacrifice of thanks and praise.
4. a. The destruction or surrender of something valued or desired for the sake of something having, or regarded as having, a higher or a more pressing claim; the loss entailed by devotion to some other interest; also, the thing so devoted or surrendered. Cf. self-sacrifice.
1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. v. iii. 304 As rich shall Romeo by his Lady ly, Poore sacrifices to our enmity. 1601in Moryson Itin. ii. (1617) 151 The lively affections you beare to her person (for which you desire to bee made a Sacrifice). 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxviii. 166 The benefit which a Soveraign bestoweth on a Subject, for fear of some power..are not properly Rewards..but are rather Sacrifices, which the Soveraign..makes. 1742Gray Eton viii, To bitter Scorn a sacrifice. 1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. III. 86 An eager sacrifice of means to an end. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. x. II. 647 Clarendon saw that he was not likely to gain anything by the sacrifice of his principles. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. (1877) II. x. 474 One more ecclesiastical appointment must, at some slight sacrifice of chronological order, be recorded.
b. A victim; one sacrificed to the will of another; also, a person or thing that falls into the power of an enemy or a destructive agency. Now rare.
1697tr. C'tess D'Aunoy's Trav. (1706) 60 They are caused to make Vows, when 'tis often the Father or Mother, or some near Relation, who pronounce them for them, whilst the little Sacrifice disports herself with Sugar-plums, and lets them dress her how they will. 1732Neal Hist. Purit. I. 25 The two greatest sacrifices were John Fisher bishop of Rochester, and Sir Thomas More. 1779Mirror No. 1 (1787) I. 5, I was prevented from falling a sacrifice to that languid inactivity which a depression of spirits never fails to produce. 1821John Bull 15 Apr. 143/3 The organ fell a sacrifice to the devouring element. 1827Roberts Voy. Centr. Amer. 95 On one occasion an acquaintance had..nearly fallen a sacrifice to one of these animals.
5. a. A loss incurred in selling something below its value for the sake of getting rid of it. Hence, an article sold ‘at a sacrifice’.
1844Dickens Chimes ii. (1845) 53 Its patterns were Last Year's and going at a sacrifice. 1849Thackeray Pendennis lxi, He bought a green shawl for Mrs. Bolton, and a yellow one for Fanny: the most brilliant ‘sacrifices’ of a Regent Street haberdasher's window. 1915Truth 30 June 1068/1 Being convinced that his ‘trade sacrifice’ will result in increased business. 1976Billings (Montana) Gaz. 5 July 9-c/8 (Advt.), Yaesu FT101 base, desk mike, antenna & tripod. Sacrifice. 1976Evening Advertiser (Swindon) 31 Dec. 17/2 (Advt.), Bargain: 1971 Ford Escort 1100..genuine sacrifice, {pstlg}380 only.
b. Baseball. = sacrifice hit (see 6).
1880Inter-Ocean (Chicago) 29 June 8/3 Force's winning run came off a wild throw by Ward, a sacrifice and single. 1904R. H. Barbour Bk. School & Coll. Sports 173 When the batsman is looking for a sacrifice keep the ball high. 1912C. Mathewson Pitching in a Pinch xii. 261 Snodgrass got a base on balls and journeyed to second on a sacrifice. 1968Washington Post 4 July c2/8 Willie McCovey threw wildly trying to force the Atlanta pitcher at second on a sacrifice. 1976Billings (Montana) Gaz. 6 July 3-c/1 Rookie Butch Hobson drove in three runs with a sacrifice and a single.
c. Chess. The action of sacrifice v. 3 e.
1915J. du Mont tr. Lasker's Chess Strategy i. iv. 25 White..prefers to end up with a magnificent sacrifice. 1933H. Phillips Week-End Problems Bk. 310 The key-move..offers double sacrifice with a cross-check. 1952E. Lasker Chess Secrets 122 With this Bishop sacrifice Janowski tears down his opponent's defenses. 1977Guardian Weekly 25 Dec. 23/5 Black took 80 minutes to decide to accept this strong pawn sacrifice.
d. Bridge. = sacrifice bid(ding).
1952Bridge Mag. Apr. 39/2 Five clubs is only two down, a good sacrifice against five spades. 1964Frey & Truscott Offic. Encycl. Bridge 480/1 One will earn a fat score with one's sacrifice only when most of the field is bidding game with his opponents' cards. 1974[see make n.2 10].
6. attrib. and Comb., as sacrifice bringer, sacrifice-maker, sacrifice sale; sacrifice allowance (see quot.); sacrifice bid(ding) Bridge, (making) a bid higher than the contract that one expects to be able to fulfil, in order to prevent opponents from making a score greater than the penalty one is likely to suffer; sacrifice bunt Baseball, a bunt that puts the batter out whilst allowing a base runner to advance; sacrifice fly Baseball, an outfield fly that is caught so that the batter is put out but which allows a base runner to advance after the ball is caught; sacrifice hit Baseball (see quot.); sacrifice market, a market in which goods are sold below cost price, a ‘dumping ground’; sacrifice meat, meat eaten at a feast following the offering of a sacrifice to a deity; sacrifice-offerer, one who immolates himself (said of Christ); sacrifice price, a price entailing loss on the seller.
1891Labour Commission Gloss., *Sacrifice Allowance, a weekly sum paid by workmen's unions to those men who are discharged from work because they take an active part in their organisation or are too weak to make the average. These latter are called sacrificed men.
1932H. Phillips One Hundred Contract Bridge Hands 115 This is a good example of a ‘*sacrifice bid’... South now bids Four Hearts as probably a cheaper ‘sacrifice’ (even if doubled) than that of the game.
1959Listener 13 Aug. 262/1 The hidden value of a part score has a bearing also on *sacrifice bidding at the game level. 1964Frey & Truscott Offic. Encycl. Bridge 481/1 A hidden advantage of sacrifice bidding is the chance that the opponents will be pushed one higher and will go down.
1923D. H. Lawrence Birds, Beasts & Flowers 149 And you, great bird... Can be put out of office as *sacrifice bringer.
1974Anderson (S. Carolina) Independent 24 Apr. 5b/2 Jack Brohamer..moved to second on Buddy Bell's *sacrifice bunt.
1970Globe & Mail (Toronto) 25 Sept. 31/1 Roger Freed's *sacrifice fly..helped Baltimore stretch its lead to 4-1 in the fifth. 1979Arizona Daily Star 22 July c5/5 Butch Wynegar also drove in a run in the sixth with a sacrifice fly to help Goltz raise his record to 9-6.
1881N.Y. Herald 21 July 8/3 The Metropolitans scored another run on two pretty singles, a passed ball and a *sacrifice hit. 1896Knowles & Morton Baseball Gloss., Sacrifice-hit.—When the batsman purposely makes a hit upon which he is retired, but which advances a base-runner.
1548tr. Viret's Expos. xii Art. Chr. Faith E iv, He is the true..prophete and the Soueraygne *sacrifice maker, whyche was figured by the kynges, and prophetes of Israell.
1888Pall Mall G. 13 Jan. 2/1 Americans..would make this a *sacrifice-market at first, simply to kill all our manufacturers.
1926D. H. Lawrence David iv. 24 They be all there, waiting for the *sacrifice meat.
a1560Becon Chr. Knt. Wks. II. 153 Our mediatour, our satissfyer or *sacrifyce offecer [? read offerer].
1888Pall Mall G. 12 June 11/2 A ‘clearance sale’, in fact, at ‘*sacrifice prices’.
1902G. H. Lorimer Lett. Self-Made Merchant x. 129 It was the record-breaking, marked-down *sacrifice sale of the year on dogs.
▪ II. sacrifice, v.|ˈsækrɪfaɪs|
Forms: see the n.; also 3 sacrefize, 7 sacrifize.
[f. sacrifice n.]
1. a. trans. To offer as a sacrifice; to make an offering or sacrifice of. Const. to.
a1300Cursor M. 3262 For quas luue he wild not warn To sacrifise his auen barn. a1425Ibid. 3201 (Trin.) Þe sheep he sacrifised & brent. 1471Caxton Recuyell (Sommer) I. 308 The egypciens cryed vnto hercules sacrefice sacrefice hym, whan hercules cam in to the temple he sacrefised hym. 1555Eden Decades 158 When hee had fyrst sacrifyced them to his Zemes. a1631Donne Paradoxes (1652) 68 Though he sacrifize Hecatombs. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. v. viii. 246 The Picture of..Abraham sacrificing his son. 1697W. Dampier Voy. (1699) 485 If they Sacrifice their Enemies it is not necessary they should Eat them too. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 94 There are nations in which mankind still sacrifice their fellow men.
†b. nonce-uses. To slay or burn in the manner of a sacrifice; to burn in a sacrifice.
1602in Moryson Itin. ii. (1617) 258, I..tooke Ocanes brother prisoner..(whom I sacrificed in the place) and so passed by. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 39 They sacrifice him [a dead man] to ashes, in costly perfumes.
2. a. intr. To offer up a sacrifice.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 69/43 Anoure ore godes, ich rede, a-non and heom sacrefise. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xii. 118 Saul, for he sacrifised, sorwe hym be-tydde. a1400–50Alexander 1082 Þare lengis him lefe þe kynge & logis all a neuen, And sacrifyce þar efsones to many sere godis. 1484Caxton Fables of æsop v. x, I..toke on me for to sacryfyce and to synge before the goddes. 1628J. Hume Jewes Deliv. i. 10 They were wont to immolate and sacrifice vnto their heathenish Gods. 1784Cowper Task i. 411 An idol, at whose shrine Who oft'nest sacrifice are favour'd least. 1818Shelley Homer's Castor & P. 13 The sailors..sacrifice with snow-white lambs.
b. Eccl. To celebrate the Eucharist.
1661tr. Erasm. Life Colet in C.'s Serm. 74 Whereas it is the custome in England for Priests to consecrate the host, and receive it almost every day, he was content to sacrifice on Sundays and Holi-days, or some few days beside.
3. a. trans. To surrender or give up (something) for the attainment of some higher advantage or dearer object. Const. to.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), To Sacrifice,..to quit or leave a Thing upon some Consideration. 1710Swift Jrnl. to Stella 23 Sept., Deuce take Lady S―; and if I know D―y, he is a rawboned-faced fellow..; she sacrifices two thousand pounds a year, and keeps only six hundred. 1720Ozell Vertot's Rom. Rep. I. v. 298 The first Obligation which a Roman lay under..was to sacrifice his Life in Defence of the Public Liberty. 1837Keightley Hist. Eng. I. 416 Henry [VIII]..was never known to sacrifice an inclination to the interest or happiness of another. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 126 Everything seems to have been sacrificed to a false notion of equality. 1879G. C. Harlan Eyesight vii. 97 Generally, the only men who can be persuaded to wear protecting glasses are those who have already sacrificed one eye to their objections.
b. To permit injury or ruin to the interests of (a person) for the sake of some desired object. Also refl. Const. to.
1751Johnson Rambler No. 145 ⁋13 Instead of sacrificing each other to malice and contempt. 1838Thirlwall Greece xviii. III. 49 Pericles..was charged with sacrificing the Samians to private feelings. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. vii. II. 222 Could it then be doubted that, if the Churchmen would even now comply with his wishes, he would willingly sacrifice the Puritans? 1870Mozley Univ. Serm. iv. (1876) 88 How will persons sacrifice themselves to their objects! 1873Black Pr. Thule xviii, He is too much an artist to sacrifice himself to his clothes. 1891Kipling Light that Failed vii, It isn't got at by sacrificing other people,..you must sacrifice yourself.
c. To sell or get rid of at a sacrifice, esp. in commercial use. Also absol.
1850Punch XVIII. 130/2 A newspaper advertisement announces that ‘A Professional gentleman is instructed to sacrifice three young sound Horses at half their cost.’ We wonder what deity horses could be sacrificed to? 1903Farmer & Henley Slang VI. 91/1 Sacrifice..to sell regardless of cost. 1930San Antonio (Texas) Light 31 Jan. 14/7 (Advt.), Owner Must Sacrifice Must sell at bargain. 1947E. Hodgins Mr. Blandings builds his Dream House ii. 23 ‘Farm dwelling..original beams..will sacrifice’, The New York Times advertisement had said.
d. Baseball. (a) intr. To make a hit which advances another player, the batter being put out. (b) trans. To advance (another player) in this way.
1905Sporting Life 2 Sept. 4/1 Lumley's effort to sacrifice resulted in a short pop fly. 1912C. Mathewson Pitching in a Pinch ix. 202 Brown sacrificed, sending Kling to second. 1971L. Koppett N.Y. Times Guide Spectator Sports i. 31 When a batter walks, is hit by a pitch, sacrifices (by bunting so that other runners advance even though he is out),..he is not charged with an official time at bat. 1974News & Courier (Charleston, S. Carolina) 22 Apr. 9-a/3 Denny Doyle..was sacrificed to second. 1975Verbatim Sept. 5/1 But Joe Ferguson did something much more drastic than that: He sacrificed Garvey home!
e. Chess. To put or leave (a man) in a position where it can be captured without equivalent loss by one's opponent, in order to gain a future advantage.
1915J. du Mont tr. Lasker's Chess Strategy ii. 224 White decides to sacrifice a Knight in order to open the files in the centre for his Rooks. 1952E. Lasker Chess Secrets 54 White could sacrifice a piece for three Pawns. 1969A. Glyn Dragon Variation vii. 193 They'd both sacrifice every piece on the board. By the middle-game they'd just have the two Kings left. Ibid. ix. 271 He tried to break the stranglehold by sacrificing first a Knight and then a Rook. 1974Hartston & Keene Karpov–Korchnoi 1974 66 Korchnoi plucks up his courage and sacrifices his K-side in order to create a passed pawn of his own.
f. Bridge. intr. To make a sacrifice bid.
1952Phillips & Reese Bridge with Mr. Playbetter xiv. 59 He must take all possible measures to prevent Hurry sacrificing in Five Clubs. 1959Listener 22 Jan. 189/2 Is it possible, under the Laws, to sacrifice at the level of Eight? 1962Ibid. 13 Sept. 410/3 Over Four Hearts North could raise to six. No doubt, in that event, East-West would sacrifice in Six Spades. 1964Frey & Truscott Offic. Encycl. Bridge 480/2 Be alert to sacrifice against confident auctions when it appears that everyone else will be in game too.
4. To kill (an experimental animal) for scientific purposes.
1903Jrnl. Physiol. XXIX. 83 The animal was sacrificed on the 315th day after the 1st lesion had been established. 1926J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 282 When, after a couple of months, the dog was sacrificed, it was found..that the histological character of the cells had changed, cross-striations arising in them. 1944Jrnl. Immunology XLIX. 316 The animals were sacrificed by a blow on the head and the small intestine was immediately removed. 1971Sci. Amer. July 55/1 In rats we destroyed the mitral cells in the olfactory bulb by surgical intervention and, after a survival time of from three to five days, sacrificed the animal to conduct a microscopic examination of the fibers leading from these cells. |