| 释义 |
beyond, adv. and prep.|bɪˈjɒnd|
Forms: 1 be-, biᵹeondan, beiundan, 2 beᵹeonden, 3 biȝeonde(n, biȝonndenn, 3–5 bi-, byyond(e, -ȝonde, biȝende, 4 beȝonde(n, be-, biȝunde, 4–6 beyend(e, 5–6 beyonde, 6 by yonde, byȝend, 5– beyond.
[OE. beᵹeondan, not found in other Teut. langs.: f. bi-, be- indicating position + ᵹeondan from the farther side:—OTeut. *jandana, f. *jand (in OE. ᵹeond across, through, beyond. Cf. Goth. jaind yonder) + -ana advb. suffix: cf. behind. The advb. *jand, (jaind,) ᵹeond, belongs to the demonstr. pron. *jano-z, Goth. jains, OHG. jenêr (stem jani-), OE. ᵹeon, yon. Other derivatives in Gothic were jainar there; jaindre thither, jainþro thence. The literal meaning of beᵹeondan was thus ‘on yon side, on the farther side.’ Used either without (adv.) or with (prep.) an object.]
A. adv.
1. On the farther side, farther away, at a greater distance.
c1000ælfric Gram. 232 Ulterius, feor beᵹeondan. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. iii. 105 Ichaue a kniht hette Concience com late from bi-ȝonde [B. biȝunde]. c1400Mandeville xxxi. 314 With outen ony more rehercyng of..marvaylles that ben beȝonde. c1440York Myst. xvii. 59 And be-yonde is Bedleem. 1596Spenser F.Q. iii. i. 38 Lo, where beyond he lyeth languishing. 1610Shakes. Temp. ii. i. 242 So high a hope, that euen Ambition cannot pierce a winke beyond. 1842Tennyson Pal. Art 82 Beyond, a line of heights.
2. In addition, besides, over and above. rare.
1886Law Times LXXX. 193/1 This amount and {pstlg}5, his own damages beyond, he sought to recover in this action.
B. prep.
1. Of position in space: On the farther side of.
a. of a boundary, barrier, or intervening space. beyond seas: out of the country; abroad.
a1000ælfric Deut. i. 5 Beiundane Iordane on Moab lande. c1000Ags. Gosp. John i. 28 On beþanía beᵹeondan iordanen. c1205Lay. 28274 Al biȝeonde þerere Humbre. a1300Cursor M. 11396 Bi-yond þam ar wonnand nan. c1440Gesta Rom. 1 Myn husbond, quod she, is biȝende þe see. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, iii. vi. 180 Beyond the Riuer wee'le encampe our selues. 1644Milton Educ. ad init., Both here and beyond the seas. 1725De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 258 The new world beyond the hills. 1792S. Rogers Pleas. Mem. ii. 51 Beyond the western wave. 1848Macaulay Eng. I. 173 From 1646 to 1660 he had lived beyond sea.
b. of an object regarded simply as a point in space: Past, further on than, at a more distant point or position than.
1382Wyclif 1 Sam. xx. 22 The arowis ben beȝonde [1388 biȝende] thee. 1610Shakes. Temp. ii. i. 247 She that is Queene of Tunis, she that dwels Ten leagues beyond mans life. 1821Byron Cain ii. i. 14 Thou shalt behold The worlds beyond thy little world. 1846Ruskin Mod. Paint. I. ii. §4. iii. 296 Out of which rise the soft rounded slopes of mightier mountains, surge beyond surge. 1873Kingsley Prose Idylls 96 While high overhead hung, motionless, hawk beyond hawk, buzzard beyond buzzard, kite beyond kite, as far as eye could see.
2. a. Of motion: To the farther side of, farther than, past, so as to leave behind. (Cf. 10.)
a1075O.E. Chron. an. 1048 Godwine eorl and Sweᵹen..ᵹewendon heom beᵹeondan sæ. c1205Lay. 29149 Sum fleh bi-ȝeonden sæ. c1305St. Dunstan 103 in E.E.P. (1862) 37 Biȝunde see he drouȝ. 1529Rastell Pastyme, Hist. Brit. (1811) 97 Drove them..by yonde Doram. 1556Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 35 Barnes..brake aways from them and went beyend see unto Luter. 1709Pope Ess. Crit. 49 Launch not beyond your depth, but be discreet. 1821Keats Lamia 429 His spirit pass'd beyond its golden bourn Into the noisy world. 1862Spalding Hist. Eng. Lit. (1876) 372 Never able to pass a step beyond the self-drawn circle.
b. fig.
1690Locke Hum. Und. (1777) I. 275 It can proceed and pass beyond all those lengths. 1797Washington Writ. (1858) 213 That France has stepped beyond the line of rectitude cannot be denied. a1849J. C. Mangan Poems (1859) 450 All-baffled reason cannot wander Beyond her chain. 1860Hawthorne Marb. Faun. iv. (1883) 47 The story of this adventure..made its way beyond the usual gossip of the Forestieri.
c. = beside 5 a. rare.
1834M. Scott in Blackw. Mag. XXXVI. 814 The excess of her joy..had driven her beyond herself.
†d. to go beyond: to ‘get round,’ circumvent.
1602Life T. Cromwell iv. v. 120 We must be wary, else he'll go beyond us. 1611Bible 1 Thess. iv. 6 That no man goe beyond and defraud his brother in any matter. 1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, iii. ii. 409 The king has gone beyond me.
3. Towards the farther side of, farther than, past. (With look and equivalent verbs.) to look beyond (quot. 1597): to misconstrue, misunderstand.
1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, iv. iv. 67 My gracious Lord, you looke beyond him quite. 1712Steele Spect. No. 302 ⁋7 Looking beyond this gloomy Vale of Affliction and Sorrow into the Joys of Heaven and Immortality. 1768Beattie Ministr. i. (R.) Lofty souls who look beyond the tomb.
4. Of time: Past, later than.
1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, iv. iv. 57 My griefe..Stretches it selfe beyond the howre of death. c1600― Sonn. cxxii, Which shall..remain Beyond all date, even to eternity. 1747Gray Ode Eton Coll. 54 No care beyond to day. 1762Hume Hist. Eng. (1826) V. xli. 228 Those who should remain beyond that time..should be guilty of treason. 1816J. Wilson City of Plague ii. ii. 15, I have been kept from home, beyond my promised hour. 1853C. Brontë Villette xx. 236 We arrived safe at home about an hour and a half beyond our time.
5. fig.
a. Outside the limit or sphere of, past; out of the grasp or reach of.
1535Coverdale Num. xxii. 18 Yet could I not go beyonde y⊇ worde of the Lorde my God. 1595Shakes. John iv. iii. 117 Beyond the infinite and boundlesse reach of mercie. 1596― 1 Hen. IV, i. iii. 200 Imagination of some great exploit Driues him beyond the bounds of Patience. 1597― 2 Hen. IV, i. iii. 59 The Modell of a house Beyond his power to builde. 1605Heywood If know not me Wks. 1874 I. 210 Shoomaker, you goe a little beyond your last. 1651Hobbes Leviath. iii. xxxiii. 201 A time past, beyond the memory of man. 1760Goldsm. Cit. W. lxx. (Globe) 202 It was beyond one man's strength to remove it. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 53 A detail of the working of the trade laws would be beyond my present purpose. 1869J. Martineau Ess. II. 76 Some offences..are beyond detection. 1885Sir L. Cave in Law Times' Rep. LII. 629/2 We cannot go beyond the written agreement.
b. to be beyond a person (colloq.): to pass his comprehension.
1812Jane Austen Mansf. Park (1847) III. i. 280 This is beyond me, said he. 1928E. O'Neill Strange Interlude vii. 250 Why Gordon should take such a fancy to that old sissy is beyond me. 1966Listener 12 May 699/1 How someone like Anthony de Lotbinière, its producer, could make Japan boring is beyond me, but he succeeded.
6. esp. with nouns expressing an action or a state of mind, as belief, doubt, endurance, expectation, question, etc.: Not within the range of, not according to, past, surpassing.
1601Shakes. Jul. C. ii. ii. 25 These things are beyond all vse. 1610― Temp. ii. i. 59 Which is indeed almost beyond credit. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. iv. 135 'Tis beyond even an Atheist's Credulity. 1701W. Wotton Hist. Rome 285 His Spectacles were almost beyond belief. 1758Bp. Newton Dissert. xvii. Wks. II. 400 Adversity..often procures friends beyond hope and expectation. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 197 France was now, beyond all doubt, the greatest power in Europe.
7. Exceeding in quantity or amount, more than. (As with above, the phrase beyond a hundred, etc. may be the subject of a sentence.)
a1500Battle Egyngec. 238 in Hazl. E.P.P. II. 102 There dyed by yonde .vii. score vpon a day. 1605Lond. Prodigal i. i. 220 Doth he spend beyond the allowance I left him? 1653Walton Angler i. 34 When he was beyond Seventy years of age he made this description. 1885Law Rep. XXIX. Chanc. Div. 528 To an amount far beyond their value.
8. a. Surpassing in quality or degree, exceeding, superior to; more than.
1593Shakes. 3 Hen. VI, ii. v. 51 The Shepherd's homely Curds..Is farre beyond a Princes Delicates. 1628Digby Voy. Medit. 55 Were so much beyond our vessels in sayling. 1634Milton Comus 813 Delight Beyond the bliss of dreams. 1749Fielding Tom Jones (1836) I. i. xi. 52 His shoulders were broad beyond all size. 1873Tristram Moab ii. 35 Our guide, looking on game as far beyond names in importance.
b. beyond measure (advb. phr.): more than what is meet or moderate; exceedingly, excessively.
1526Tindale Mark vii. 37 They..were beyonde measure astonyed [so 1611]. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. i. ii. 90 Shrow'd and froward, so beyond all measure. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 89, I am delighted beyond measure.
9. In addition to, besides, over and above; in negative and interrog. sentences almost = Except; cf. besides B 2 and 3.
c1449Pecock Repr. iii. i. 281 Ouer and biȝende the citees. 1593Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. xi. §4 Somewhat beyond and above all this. 1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, iii. i. 135 Bring me a constant woman to her Husband, One that ne're dream'd a Ioy, beyond his pleasure. 1761Hume Hist. Eng. (1826) II. cxi. App. 112 The Conqueror ordained that the barons should be obliged to pay nothing beyond their stated services. 1831Carlyle Sart. Res. ii. vi, No prospect of breakfast beyond elemental liquid. 1851Dixon W. Penn xvi. (1872) 134 Beyond his labours as a preacher, he composed..twenty-six books of controversy.
10. When beyond = ‘farther than,’ ‘more than,’ introduces an adverbial extension of the predicate, the clause in which it occurs is often contracted; They prospered beyond other men = ‘beyond the measure in which other men prospered’; I went a step beyond Whiston = ‘beyond the point to which he went.’
1578Gude & Godely Ball. 127 His bemis send he hes out far Beȝond vther sternis all [i.e. beyond the distance to which all other stars have sent theirs]. 1631Gouge God's Arrows i. §29. 44 They go in inhumane cruelty beyond the Heathen. 1667Milton P.L. x. 805 That were to extend His Sentence beyond dust and Natures Law. 1758Borlase Nat. Hist. Cornw. xix. §7. 232 The plant grows luxuriant beyond what we have in Cornwall. 1766Goldsm. Vic. W. ii. (1806) 6, I even went a step beyond Whiston in displaying my principles. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 154 The discarded warriors prospered beyond other men.
C. quasi-n.
a. That which lies on the other side or farther away, the remote or distant; that which lies beyond our present life or experience.
1581Savile Tacitus' Hist. iv. viii. 174 Beyond [ulteriora] he honored and admired, but professed to follow the present estate. 1835Lytton Rienzi x. viii, Each is the yearning for the Great Beyond, which attests our immortality. 1876Mozley Univ. Serm. iii. 47 Love..wants a beyond, and no being that is without this beyond can duly answer to it as an object. 1885J. Martineau Eth. Theory I. 281 They are the All, with no beyond.
b. the back of beyond: a humorous phrase for ever so far off, some very out of the way place.
1816Scott Antiq. I. 37 (Jam.) You..whirled them to the back of beyont to look at the auld Roman camp. 1853De Quincey Sp. Mil. Nun Wks. III. 12 Which port (according to a smart American adage) is to be looked for at the back of beyond. 1883Stevenson Silv. Squatters 151 In the fastnesses of Nature, forests, mountains, and the back of man's beyond.
D. Comb. beyond-man, an early synonym of superman; † beyond-sea a. (cf. B 1), ultramarine, outlandish, foreign; hence † beyond-sea-ship, humorously applied to a foreign prince (cf. lordship).
1498Will. of Petyt (Somerset Ho), Ij paire of beyond see shetes. 1534Eng. Ch. Furniture 209 A paynted cloth of beyond see werk. 1578Lyte Dodoens 580 The garden Mallow called the winter or beyond see roose. Ibid. 682 The red beyondsea Gooseberie. 1611Beaum. & Fl. Philaster iv. ii, I never loved his beyond-sea-ship. 1639Fuller Holy War iv. viii. (1840) 192 Henceforward the beyond-sea world took notice of him. 1711J. Greenwood Eng. Gram. 10 Excessive Lust of Novelty..has stung many with an Itch of bringing in beyond-Sea words. 1896A. Tille tr. Nietzsche's Thus spake Zarathustra in Wks. VIII. 5 Behold, I teach you beyond-man! Beyond-man is the significance of earth. Your will shall say: beyond-man shall be the significance of earth. Ibid. 129 Never yet beyond-man existed. I have seen them both naked, the greatest and the smallest man. 1896T. Common tr. Nietzsche's Twilight of Idols in Wks. XI. 198 To be set up..as a ‘higher man’, as a kind of beyond-man. 1908Athenæum 13 June 729/1 The ‘Super-tramp’ is..the opposite of the ‘oversoul’ or ‘beyond-man’. a1917G. B. Shaw Let. in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1916–20 (1932) 8 Some of our most felicitous writers..had been using such desperate and unspeakable forms as Beyondman, when the glib Superman was staring them in the face all the time. |