| 释义 |
▪ I. scab, n.|skæb|
Forms: 4–6 scabbe, 4–7 skab, 5–6 skabbe, 6 skabe, scappe, 6–7 scabb, 3– scab.
[a. ON. *skabb-r (MSw. skabb-er, mod.Sw. skabb, Da. skab from the 13th c.), corresponding to OE. sceabb shab n., q.v. for cognate forms. With sense 4 cf. MDu. schabbe, applied to women with the senses ‘slut’ and ‘scold’; possibly this word, used by foreign vagrants, may have helped the development of the sense in Eng.; its etymological relation to early mod.Du. schabbe (Kilian), Flem. dial. schab itch (= OE. sceabb) is not clear.
The occurrence of the word in Kentish of the 13th c. is a difficulty, as the Scandinavian form would be unlikely to be adopted in that dialect. Perh. the word may in this passage represent the OE. sceabb, with archaizing spelling due to the influence of the L. scabies, which it here renders (cf. Lev. xiii. 6, Vulgate). Association with the Latin word of similar sound has influenced the later medical use.]
†1.
a. Disease of the skin in which pustules or scales are formed: a general term for skin diseases, but sometimes spec. = itch or scabies (also, dry scab), ringworm or tinea, syphilis; wet scab, eczema.
c1250Kent. Serm. in O.E. Misc. 31 Si lepre [signefieþ] þo sennen, þet scab bi-tokned þo litle sennen. a1300Cursor M. 11820 Þe scab ouer-gas his bodi all. a1366Chaucer Rom. Rose 553 Withoute bleyne scabbe or royne. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. lxii. (Bodl. MS.), Wete scabbe [L. scabies humida] with quitter and scales. Ibid. lxiii, Drye scabbe..somtyme..comeþ of stronge colerike mater oþer melancolike..and þis yuel hatte Impetigo. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 191 Also scabbe, sum is drie & summe is wet. If it be drie, it schal propirli be clepid icche. And if it be moist, it schal be clepid scabbe. 1530Palsgr. 265/2 Scabbe, roigne. 1563T. Gale Antidot. ii. 12 It healeth scabbes, and vlcers of the skinne. 1621Burton Anat. Mel. ii. iv. i. v, It driues away Leaprosie, Scabbes, cleeres the blood. 1658Osborn King James Wks. (1673) 514 For (spight of his Tarbox) he died of the Scab. 1671H. M. tr. Erasm. Colloq. 168, I think thou hast got the scab which they call Spanish. a1682Sir T. Browne Tracts (1683) 114 They commended Unguents of quick-silver against the scab. 1742tr. Heister's Surg. (1768) I. 279 The Term Tinea at present is applied to a large dry Scab, which Children and Infants are subject to upon the Head. 1757Dyer Fleece i. 286 Th' infectious scab, arising from extremes Of want or surfeit.
†b. fig. Applied to moral or spiritual disease.
1529S. Fish Supplic. Beggers (1871) 11 This is the great scabbe why they will not let the newe testament go a-brode yn your moder tong. 1567Paulfreyman Bauldwin's Mor. Philos. viii. ii, It is a scabbe of the world to be enuious at vertue. 1651G. Herbert Jacula Prudentum 1137 The itch of disputing is the scab of the Church [transl. of the saying Disputandi prurigo est ecclesiæ scabies]. 1791Wolcot (P. Pindar) Rights of Kings Wks. 1812 II. 429 O for an ointment to destroy the scab Call'd Envy.
2. a. A cutaneous disease in animals, esp. sheep, resembling the itch and the mange.
c1386Chaucer Pard. Prol. 30 Of pokkes, and of scabbe,..Shal euery sheepe be hool. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. (1534) C 8 This maner of foldynge shall brede noo mathes nor scabbe. 1538Starkey England i. iii. 98 When they [i.e. sheep] are closyd in ranke pasturys and butful [? batful] ground, they are sone touchyd wyth the skabe. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 468 That free from Gouts thou mayst preserve thy Care [viz. sheep], And clear from Scabs. 1748tr. Vegetius' Distempers of Horses 11 Some indeed have attempted to call the Scab the subtercutaneous Distemper. 1796Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) III. 554 Swine that have the scab. 1863Baring-Gould Iceland 101 The sheep in the north are quite well—whilst the scab reappears yearly in the south.
b. A disease of cultivated plants, due to vegetable parasites, and causing scab-like roughness.
1750W. Ellis Mod. Husbandm. iv. iii. 27 (E.D.S.) 1790Trans. Soc. Arts VIII. 39 The Potatoe is also liable to other disorders; in very dry seasons, excrescences will arise, vulgarly called the Scab. 1881Chicago Times 11 June, The wet weather is likely to produce scab in growing wheat. 1908Daily Chron. 30 Oct. 1/7 The disease of black scab is spreading alarmingly among potatoes.
3. a. The crust which forms over a wound or sore during cicatrization.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 185 Anoynte al his heed..til al þe scabbis þerof be wel tobroke. 1540Palsgr. Acolastus Prol. B iij b, They clawe of their owne skabbe. 1581Mulcaster Positions xxx. 110 The skinne being deuided and disvnited with scabbes. 1642H. More Song of Soul iii. iii. xliii, Old fulsome hags with scabs and skurf bedight. 1710–11Swift Jrnl. to Stella 23 Mar. My sore shin itched, and I forgot what it was, and rubbed off the scab, and blood came. 1799Med. Jrnl. II. 371 An elevated smooth brown scab remained..upon each of the children's arms, after all discharge from the part had ceased. 1876J. S. Bristowe Theory & Pract. Med. 316 Not unfrequently, when the scab seems fully formed, suppuration still goes on beneath and around it.
fig.1599Shakes. Much Ado iii. iii. 107 Con. Here man, I am at thy elbow. Bor. Mas and my elbow itcht, I thought there would a scabbe follow. 1607― Cor. i. i. 169. 1799 Coleridge Lett. 16 Sept. (1895) 306 Mere cutaneous scabs of loyalty which only ape the king's evil. 1893F. Adams New Egypt 72 The great city seemed strangely squalid and mean, a sort of scab that had sprouted at the bosom of ancient and fertile nature.
b. transf. in Iron-founding. (See quot. 1884.)
1881C. Wylie Iron Founding 30 To avoid scabs and a bad casting. 1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl., Scab, a protuberance on a casting formed by the washing away of the mold⁓wall.
4. slang. A term of abuse or depreciation applied to persons:
a. A mean, low, ‘scurvy’ fellow; a rascal, scoundrel. † occas. applied to a woman.
c1590R. Greene Fr. Bacon i. (1630) 2 Loue is such a proud scab, that he will neuer meddle with fooles nor children. 1591Lyly Endym. iv. ii, Pages. What are yee (scabs?) Watch. The Watch: This the Constable. [1599,1607: see 3 fig.] 1664Cotton Scarron. i. 15 A vap'ring Scab, and a great Swearer. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Scab, a sorry Wench, or Scoundril-Fellow. 1701De Foe Trueborn Eng. i. 16 The Royal Branch from Pictland did succeed, With Troops of Scots and Scabs from North-by-Tweed. 1725Swift On Wood the Iron-monger 9 This vap'ring Scab must needs devise To ape the Thunder of the Skies. 1735Sheridan in Swift's Lett. 5 Oct., The devil take all the D's in Christendom, for a pack of saucy scabs. 1851Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 18 ‘There's a scurf!’ said one; ‘He's a regular scab,’ cried another. 1899Kipling Stalky 71 You're three beastly scabs!
b. A workman who refuses to join an organized movement on behalf of his trade; in extended uses: a person who refuses to join a strike or who takes over the work of a striker; a blackleg; a strike-breaker. orig. U.S.
1777Bonner & Middleton's Bristol Jrnl. 5 July, To the Public. Whereas the Master Cordwainers have gloried, that there has been a Demur amongst the Men's and Women's Men;—we have the Pleasure to inform them, that Matters are amicably settled... The Conflict would not been [sic] so sharp had not there been so many dirty Scabs; no Doubt but timely Notice will be taken of them. 1792in A. Aspinall Early Eng. Trade Unions (1949) 84 What is a scab? He is to his trade what a traitor is to his country... He first sells the journeymen, and is himself afterwards sold in his turn by the masters, till at last he is despised by both and deserted by all. 1806Trial of Boot & Shoemakers (Federal Soc. Journeymen Cordwainers, U.S.) 74, I concluded at that time I would turn a scab, unknown to them, and I would continue my work and not let them know of it. 1811Sel. Cases St. New York I. 262 The offending member was then termed a scab and wherever he was employed no others of the society were allowed to work. 1881Standard 3 Nov. 3/4 Mr. Abbott asked Passfield if he had not told him he heard Hall call Harris a ‘― scab’. 1889C. H. Salmons Burlington Strike 259 The man who takes the place of another when that other engages in a struggle with a corporation, is a ‘scab’. 1890Leeds Merc. 1 July, Many of them acted as pickets with the object of preventing any strangers—commonly known as ‘scabs’, or ‘blacklegs’..from entering the works. 1903W. T. Mills Struggle for Existence xxxv. 493 The ‘scab’ is no longer the unorganized and hungry worker, waiting at the factory gate. 1926[see bitter-ender s.v. bitter- a. and adv.]. 1938Sun (Baltimore) 8 Sept. 3/1 He had instructed pickets not to call non-strikers ‘finks’ or ‘scabs’ or other epithets. 1974Socialist Worker 26 Oct. 13/2, 180 women walked out. But 70 stayed in... The scabs soon found out what it was like to be hated.
attrib. and Comb.1850Morning Chron. 11 Feb. 5/6 Having thus given the characteristics and conditions of the ‘legal’, or honourable trade, I next turn my inquiry to the state of the labouring men, women, and children employed by the slop-masters, who are distinguished from the ‘wages’ (or legal) shops by the terms ‘illegal’, ‘scab’, or ‘slaughtershop’ keepers. 1881Chicago Times 11 June, It was decided to stop the purchase of what is termed ‘scab beer’ to-day. 1893Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 27 Sept., Their rules prohibit them to work along with scab switchmen. 1926Socialist Rev. June 10 The Labour Press..cannot descend to ‘scab’ printing. 1940M. Lowry Let. 7 May (1967) 31 Two years as a scab lavatory attendant in Saskatchewan. 1958Spectator 15 Aug. 225/2 British writers, forced to become scab-labour, are undermining it, completely against their wishes. 1977C. McCullough Thorn Birds iii. 60, I suppose some scab contractor undercut me.
5. attrib. and Comb., as scab-bringing adj.; scab-mite U.S., the itch-mite, Acarus scabiei; † scab-picker, ? one who treats sheep for the scab; scab weed N.Z., a low-growing plant of the genus Raoulia, adapted to poor conditions.
1499Exch. Rolls Scotl. XI. 394 That na forestar hald undir him in his steid haggar, flegeour, turnour.., pelar of bark, scab pikar [etc.]. 1611Cotgr., Escarotique,..skab-bringing. 1927L. Cockayne in R. Speight et al. Nat. Hist. Canterbury 143 Raoulia lutescens... Scabweed. 1933Discovery Sept. 292/1 The bare land patchily covered by flat ‘scab weed’ looks horribly diseased. 1955J. K. Baxter Fire & Anvil iii. 78 It survives many droughts..like the scabweed in Central Otago.
▪ II. scab, v.|skæb|
[f. scab n.]
†1. trans. To form a scab or scabs upon. Obs.
1632Lithgow Trav. viii. 376 Great drouth And fiery thirst, that scabbe my lips and mouth.
2. a. intr. and pass. To become encrusted with a scab or scabs. Also with over. † to scab off: to shed a scab.
1683Lond. Gaz. No. 1864/8 A little Scar upon the Ribs of the fore-side scab'd. 1703Mead in Phil. Trans. XXIII. 1296 He pointed to a great many little Pustules not yet Scabb'd over. 1725Huxham ibid. XXXIII. 394 Those Pustules arose, maturated, and scabb'd off. 1780Hunter ibid. LXX. 133 The sore being allowed to scab, the slough and scab unite and drop off together. 1843R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xxix. 392 Thus forming two separate ulcers, which speedily scabbed. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 813 A slowly spreading infiltration of the skin, which tends to scab over.
b. Iron-founding. To form ‘scabs’.
1881C. Wylie Iron Founding 58 A loam mould run at the top may scab.
3. a. slang (orig. U.S.). To behave as a ‘scab’ or ‘blackleg’. Also with it as quasi-obj. and trans. in phr. to scab a job: to perform, or employ another to perform, the job of a striking worker.
1806Trial of Boot & Shoemakers (Federal Soc. Journeymen Cordwainers, U.S.) 75 Their business was to watch the Jers [sc. journeymen] that they did not scab it. 1889C. H. Salmons Burlington Strike 357 The men..declared that they had never scabbed a day in their lives. 1895Rep. on Chicago Strike June–July, 1894 (U.S. Strike Commission) 308 If there is a strike ordered I will be damned if I am going to scab. 1898Scribner's Mag. Oct. 445/2, I won't scab any man's job. 1905Westm. Gaz. 30 Sept. 10/2 A surplus army of labour which can be relied upon to ‘scab’ on their neighbours when these rebel against the capitalists. 1907U. Sinclair in Daily Chron. 11 July 3/1 The starving workmen will scab. 1932E. Wilson Devil take Hindmost xxi. 223 Several speakers protest..that the companies only want to get them out so that they can scab the job. 1969Times 30 Oct. 10/7 Frantic calls to friends..summoned..a driver who was prepared to scab as a special favour. 1969Daily Tel. 16 May 27/7 Peaceful pickets outside all entrances will discourage all students from scabbing on the strike.
b. trans. To treat or label (a person or a firm employing scab labour) as a scab; to ostracize (a person who is a scab). rare.
1806Trial of Boot & Shoemakers (Federal Soc. Journeymen Cordwainers, U.S.) 73 They told me if I did not come to the body, I was liable to be scabb'd. Ibid. 77 In a little time after this his shop was scabbed. 1888Montreal Daily Herald 21 Feb. 1/5 Engineers and others who refused to hoist or handle coal during the late effort to ‘scab’ the collieries. 1922F. B. Young Pilgrim's Rest vi. 409 [The rioting strikers] went away, saying they'd come back again and scab us to-night. |