| 释义 |
▪ I. scandal, n.|ˈskændəl|
Forms: α. 3 scandle, schandle, schaundle; β. 6–7 scandale, scandall, 7 skandall, 6– scandal.
[Early ME. scandle, scha(u)ndle, a. ONF. escandle, Central OF. eschandle, semi-popular ad. eccl. L. scandalum cause of offence or stumbling, ad. Gr. σκάνδαλον, recorded only in Hellenistic literature, in the fig. sense ‘snare for an enemy, cause of moral stumbling’, but certainly an old word meaning ‘trap’ (cf. the derivative σκανδάληθρον spring of a trap), believed to be f. the Indogermanic *skand- to spring, leap: cf. L. scandĕre to climb, to scan.
Before the 16th c. the word occurs only in the Ancren Riwle, exc. in the forms treated s.v. slander n. (from the OF. variants escandre, esclandre). In the 16th c. it was re-adopted from the Latin in the form scandal, possibly after the Fr. learned form scandale, which had been introduced to represent the strict sense of eccl. L. scandalum, as distinguished from the senses that had been developed by F. esclandre. Cf. Sp. escándalo, Pg. escandalo, It. scandalo, G. skandal (which has developed the sense ‘uproar’), Du. schandaal.]
1. In religious use.
a. Discredit to religion occasioned by the conduct of a religious person; † conduct, on the part of a religious person, which brings discredit on religion. Also, perplexity of conscience occasioned by the conduct of one who is looked up to as an example.
αa1225Ancr. R. 12 Auh hwarse wummon liueð oðer mon bi him one, eremite oðer ancre, of þincges wiðuten hwarof scandle ne kume: nis nout muche strencðe. Ibid. 108 Auh er þen þet biddunge arere eni schaundle, er heo ouh for to deien martir in hire meseise. Ibid. 380 Ȝe nowen nout unnen þet eni vuel word kome of ou: uor schandle is heaued sunne.
β1581G. Pettie tr. Guazzo's Civ. Conv. iii. (1586) 135 A punishment of her lightnesse and vanitie, by meanes whereof she hath giuen occasion of scandale and offence. a1633G. Herbert Priest to Temple xxiv, So for Scandall: what scandall is, wher given or taken; whether, there being two precepts, one of obeying authority, the other of not giving scandall, that ought not to be preferred, especially since in his obeying there is scandall also. 1740C. C. Graves in Wesley's Jrnl. 1741–3 (1749) 68, I am heartily sorry, that I have given offence and scandal, by frequenting the meetings and attending the expositions of the persons commonly call'd Methodists. 1863Froude Hist. Eng. VII. 24 Catholics..could not appear in Protestant assemblies without causing scandal to the weaker brethren.
b. Something that hinders reception of the faith or obedience to the Divine law; an occasion of unbelief or moral lapse; a stumbling-block; = offence 2.
The New Testament phrase † the scandal of the Cross (Gr. τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ, Vulg. scandalum crucis) seems to have been used by some writers with a colouring derived from sense 2.
1582N. T. (Rhem.) Matt. xiii. 41 They shal gather out of his kingdom al scandals. ― Gal. v. 11 Then is the scandal [1611 offence; 1880 (Revised) stumbling-block] of the crosse euacuated. 1607B. Barnes Divils Charter i. i. A 3 b, Since all skandalls are remou'd and cleer'd. 1619Sanderson Serm. i. (1689) 3 Despising is both a grievous sin in the despiser, and a dangerous scandal to the despised. 1625Bacon Ess., Unity in Religion (Arb.) 423 Heresies and Schismes, are of all others, the greatest Scandals. 1689Hickeringill Modest Inq. iii. 28 Are not they that thus Excommunicate, the Schismaticks, by laying a Scandal in their Brothers way. 1754Sherlock Disc. I. vii. 214 The Resurrection..has wiped away the Scandal and Ignominy of the Cross. 1846Keble Lyra Innoc. (1873) 107 Then, heavenly calmness, lest thou fall, Where scandals line the way. 1872A. de Vere Leg. St. Patrick 117 That Crown of Truths, Scandal of fools, and conqueror of the world. 1908Tyrrell in Hibbert Jrnl. Jan. 247 As a shock and scandal to the religious imagination of the masses, the thesis of Darwin is insignificant beside that of Galileo.
c. scandal of particularity [tr. Ger. (see quots. 1930, 1936)], the difficulty of seeing the particular man, Jesus, as the universal Saviour. Cf. particularity 1.
1930tr. G. Kittel in Bell & Deissmann Mysterium Christi ii. 31 The scandal of particularity..is the problem of history. Can a particular historical happening be peculiar? Can it be significant sub specie aeternitatis? And above all, can this particular occurrence be either peculiar or significant? 1936C. H. Dodd Apostolic Preaching & its Development iv. 219 ‘Like a strange people left on earth After a judgment day.’ This view of the historical status of the events comprised in the coming of Christ introduces us at once to what Professor Gerhard Kittel, in Mysterium Christi, calls ‘das Ärgernis der Einmaligkeit’, ‘the scandal of particularity’. 1961Listener 9 Mar. 435/2 We do no service to religion by reducing either term of the problem, the total mystery of the Godhead or the scandal of particularity. 1979C. F. D. Moule in M. D. Goulder Incarnation & Myth iv. 86 The ‘scandal of particularity’ is by no means a denial but rather a confirmation of the ubiquity and continuity of God's activity.
2. a. Damage to reputation; rumour or general comment injurious to reputation.
1590Shakes. Com. Err. v. i. 15, I wonder much That you would put me to this shame and trouble, And not without some scandall to your selfe, With circumstance and oaths, so to denie This Chaine, which now you weare so openly. 1611― Wint. T. i. ii. 330 Giue scandall to the blood o' th' Prince, my Sonne,..Without ripe mouing to't? 1615W. Lawson Country Housew. Gard. (1626) A 2, I could..so shroud my selfe from scandall vnder your honourable fauour. 1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §1 For my Religion, though there bee severall circumstances that might perswade the world I have none at all, as the generall scandall of my profession [etc.]. 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 102 A Stranger who had never seen them before, may without scandal, stop and talk to her he likes best. 1694Penn Rise & Progr. Quakers i. 17 Persecuting one another, to the shame and scandal of their common Christianity. 1706E. Ward Wooden World Diss. (1708) 42 Get drunk like a Gentleman, with no Scandal. 1798in Spirit Publ. Jrnls. (1799) II. 259, I have practised levities for the sake of disrepute—and have written lampoons to be involved in the scandal. 1828Scott F.M. Perth xii, The ill consequences or scandal which might arise from such a measure. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxix. 387 To the scandal of our domestic regulations, the guns were all impracticable.
†b. A disgraceful imputation. In later use, a baseless imputation, a slander. Obs.
1602Shakes. Ham. ii. i. 29 You must not put another scandall on him That hee is open to Incontinencie. 1621T. Williamson tr. Goulart's Wise Vieillard 114 Cleansing vs from the filth of so many scandalls and imputations wherewith we haue beene disgraced and diffamed. 1708Swift Sentim. Ch. Eng. Man Wks. 1751 IV. 93 To affirm that he [James II] had any cause to apprehend the same treatment with his Father, is an improbable scandal flung upon the nation by a few bigotted French scribblers. 1725Pope's Odyss. ii. Notes I. 104 Eustathius..quotes Herodotus, as affirming that she [sc. Penelope] had a son, named Pan, by Hermes; but the Bishop declares it is all a scandal. 1814Scott Swift's Works, Right of Preced. betw. Physicians & Civilians (1824) VI. 326 note, Even Father Chaucer alludes to this scandal upon the medical faculty.
3. a. A grossly discreditable circumstance, event, or condition of things.
1591Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, iii. i. 69 Oh, what a Scandall is it to our Crowne, That two such Noble Peeres as ye should iarre? 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 225 A scandall are the alterations which they are forced by the Inquisitors to make in their Authors and Monuments of Antiquitie. 1853J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. Ser. ii. iii. vi. 142 There were great scandals among the Bishops and Priests, as well as heresy. 1878Lecky Eng. in 18th C. I. iii. 490 Those Fleet marriages which had become one of the strangest scandals of English life. 1885Law Times LXXIX. 37/2 The thousand and one scandals of metropolitan misgovernment.
b. concr. A person whose conduct is a gross disgrace to his class, country, position, or the like.
1634Ford Perk. Warbeck iii. iv, What shall I call thee, thou grey-bearded scandal, That kick'st against the sovereignty to which Thou owest allegiance? 1683Wood in Life (O.H.S.) III. 60 Duncombe, a drunken M.A. of St. Marie Hall, a scandall to his profession. 1725Pope Odyss. viii. 387 But say, if that lewd scandal of the sky, To liberty restor'd, perfidious fly. 1743Francis tr. Hor., Odes ii. xiii. 4 Thou bane and scandal of my land. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles v. xxiv, So let it be, with the disgrace And scandal of her lofty race! 1889Spectator 28 Dec., A Prime Minister nowadays is under no temptation to nominate men who will be either drones or scandals.
4. Offence to moral feeling or sense of decency.
1622Mabbe tr. Aleman's Guzman d'Alf. ii. 273 The people take great scandall thereat. 1712Steele Spect. No. 546 ⁋1 It gives me very great Scandal to observe, where-ever I go, how much Skill, in buying all manner of goods, there is necessary to defend yourself from being cheated. 1821Byron Two Foscari v. i, Why So rashly? 'Twill give scandal. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair xxxiii, That old wretch had given himself up entirely to his bad courses, to the great scandal of the county. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. 43 The disclosure, indeed, could not be made without great scandal. 1893Leland Mem. I. 160 The injured husband came raging on board and tried to shoot the captain, which made a great scandal.
5. The utterance of disgraceful imputations; defamatory talk. Now often playfully in milder sense, talk that is concerned with the faults or foibles of others, malicious gossip.
The word differs from the etymologically identical slander in not implying the falsity of the imputations made.
1596Lodge Wits Misery 17 The next Harpie of this breed is Scandale and Detraction. 1692R. L'Estrange Fables xxxi. 31 Those Liberties in Conversation... When they Exceed these Limits, they Degenerate into Scurrility, Scandal, and Reproach. 1716Addison Freeholder No. 32 ⁋11 Secret History and Scandal have always had their Allurements. 1779Sheridan Critic ii. i, Sneer. No scandal about Queen Elizabeth, I hope? 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. vi. 411 Scandal affirmed that neither of them was really of kingly birth. 1886Welldon Serm. Harrow x. (1887) 148 Even in the worst courts there have been ladies upon whom the breath of scandal has never passed.
6. a. Law. Any injurious report published concerning another which may be the foundation of legal action.
1838Bell Dict. Law Scot. s.v., All actions upon scandal,..although competent in inferior courts, may also be brought before the Court of Session.
b. An irrelevancy or indecency introduced into a pleading to the derogation of the dignity of the court.
1750Vesey's Chanc. Cases (1773) II. 24 The single question is, whether these charges, referred for scandal and impertinence, may be relevant to the merits. 1801Ibid. (1827) VI. 514 It is not to be called scandal, if material, and relevant to the justice of the case. 1835J. S. Smith Chanc. Pract. (1837) I. 567.
7. Comb., chiefly objective, as scandal-bearer, scandal-bearing adj., scandal-monger, scandal-mongering, scandal monging n. and adj., scandal-mongery; scandal-broth, -potion, -water, humorous names for tea; scandal-crimp, an agent for collecting scandal; scandal-proof, † n. see quot.; adj., unable to be touched by scandal; scandal sheet, a newspaper that is notorious for publishing scandalous or sensational stories.
1712Steele Spect. No. 427 ⁋1 The Unwillingness to receive good Tidings is a quality as inseparable from a *Scandal-Bearer, as the Readiness to divulge bad.
1790Burns Let. to Cunningham 13 Feb., The *scandal-bearing help-mate of a village priest.
1795Potter Dict. Cant (ed. 2), *Scandal broth, tea.
1798Wolcot (P. Pindar) Tales Hoy Wks. 1812 IV. 389 Even Rose's News-hunters, his *Scandal-crimps Are changed to wits.
1721Amherst Terræ Fil. xxxiii. 173 There is no society in the world without *scandal-mongers and tale-bearers. 1899Watts-Dunton Aylwin v. ii. 216 A man may be a scandal-monger without being really malignant.
1865Cornh. Mag. Nov. 579 The infernal *scandal-mongering in the neighbourhood. 1874Helps Soc. Press. xii. 158 The grander vices of calumny and scandal-mongering. 1902Westm. Gaz. 12 Mar. 2/1 A scandalmongering old lady.
1838Carlyle Misc. (1857) IV. 186 Are there not dinner-parties, ‘æsthetic teas’, *scandal-mongeries?
1801G. Hanger Life II. 109 Gossiping, *scandal-monging, and sweethearting. 1904E. Rickert Reaper 57 Get you home for a scandal-monging body!
1786Burns Twa Dogs 224 Whyles, owre the wee bit cup an' platie, They sip the *scandal potion pretty.
a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, *Scandal-proof, a thorough pac'd Alsatian, or Minter, one harden'd or past shame. 1904Sladen When we were Lovers in Japan ii. viii, Their friendship was still recognised as scandal-proof.
1904Ade True Bills 110 The *Scandal Sheets never show up my Family History. 1939R. Chandler Big Sleep xi. 82 The deal has to be closed to-night or they give the stuff to some scandal sheet. 1974M. House et al. Lett. Charles Dickens III. 363/2 The Age and Satirist, though infamous indeed, were mere weekly scandal-sheets of no influence or political import. 1981C. R. Lajeunesse Dead Man Running xi. 33 Nobody pays attention to that scandal sheet, let alone reads it.
1873Leland Egypt. Sketch-Bk. 234 The Tabbies [kill their neighbours' reputations] with ‘*scandal-water’.
▪ II. scandal, v.|ˈskændəl|
Forms: 6–7 scandall, scandale, 7– scandal.
[f. scandal n.]
†1. trans. To disgrace, bring into ill repute or obloquy. Obs.
1592Nobody & Someb. E 2 b, O God, that one borne noble should be so base, His generous blood to scandall all his race. 1615Chapman Odyss. xxii. 586 Scandalling the Court, With men debaucht, in so abhorr'd a sort. 1662J. Wilson Cheats ii. iii, Lest the Profession should be scandal'd by it, we hold it better, to trust Providence, by forswearing the Fact. 1684Bunyan Holy Life 99 If you will not leave off to name the name of Christ, nor yet depart from iniquity, you also scandal the sincere professors of Religion.
2. a. To spread scandal concerning (a person); to defame. Now arch. and dial. (see E.D.D.). †b. To vituperate, revile. Obs.
1601Shakes. Jul. C. i. ii. 76 If you know That I do fawne on then [sic], and hugge them hard, And after scandall them..then hold me dangerous. 1632Lithgow Trav. vi. 245, [I] intreat you..onely to abstaine from scandalling and mocking our Rites. 1700Dryden Flower & Leaf 607 She..gave me Charms and Sigils, for Defence Against ill Tongues that scandal Innocence. 1894F. S. Ellis Reynard the Fox 79 And Reynard's crimes were finely handled; Well he and Ermelyne were scandalled.
†3. To be a cause of stumbling to; to injure by evil example. Obs.
1632Strafford in Browning Life (1892) 301 As for his example of life, itt was soe vertuouse, or so viciouse, as I beleeue wee might finde hundreths scandalled sooner, then one betterd by it.
†4. To shock the feelings of; to scandalize. Obs.
1643Chas. I in Clarendon Hist. Reb. vi. §346 To the great danger of scandaling of our well affected Subjects. 1701Steele Chr. Hero (1711) 60 There are Earthly and Narrow Souls, as deeply Scandal'd at the Prosperity the Professors and Teachers of this Sacred Faith enjoy. |